Li dongzeng

　　editorial comment/note

　　Recently, a case of bubonic plague was confirmed in Wulate Zhongqi, Bayannaoer City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Subsequently, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region announced that three plague foci had been discovered, and close contacts had been observed in isolation at home. This is the second case of plague in Inner Mongolia since last November. Because there have been many plagues in human history, many people turn pale at the sight of them. In fact, today, through effective preventive isolation measures and treatment, plague has long been less terrible. In this issue, we will introduce the spread characteristics and prevention methods of this disease in detail.

　　one

　　The infectivity of different plague is high or low.

　　There are three common types of plague, namely bubonic plague, pneumonic plague and septicemic plague. Plague is usually transmitted from animals to people through rat fleas biting the skin. After a rat flea carrying Yersinia pestis bites a person, Yersinia pestis invades the body from the skin and first reaches the nearest lymph node, causing inflammation of the lymph node, which leads to high fever and swollen lymph nodes. The swollen lymph nodes can be felt from pigeon eggs to the size of eggs, which is bubonic plague.

　　If patients with bubonic plague are not treated in time, swollen lymph nodes may fester and rupture. These pus are also contagious and may be infected if they are touched. Yersinia pestis may also spread to the blood and lungs, becoming septicemic plague and pneumonic plague.

　　Pneumonic plague developed from bubonic plague is called secondary pneumonic plague, and patients with pneumonic plague will have severe pneumonia. There is Yersinia pestis in the respiratory secretions of patients with pneumonic plague, which is highly contagious. Others will be infected after inhalation. People who inhale Yersinia pestis from the respiratory tract can directly suffer from pneumonic plague, which is called primary pneumonic plague. Whether it is primary pneumonic plague or secondary pneumonic plague, the manifestations are similar, and they all have the ability of respiratory transmission. Plague spread from person to person is mainly pneumonic plague.

　　Bubonic plague is the most common, but the risk is lower than pneumonic plague, and it is generally not contagious. However, patients with pneumonic plague are highly contagious, and the mortality rate is relatively high if they are not treated in time.

　　When Yersinia pestis spreads into the blood from lymph nodes or lungs, it may become septicemic plague. Septic plague is rare, but it is the most dangerous and has a high mortality rate. If the patient is not rescued in time, he may die within 1 to 3 days after onset. Septic plague appears ecchymosis because of bleeding under the skin, and the skin is purple-black. Therefore, it was called "Black Death" after the outbreak of plague in medieval Europe.

　　2

　　There is little chance of infection without entering the epidemic focus.

　　The main sources of infection of plague are rats and other rodents, and in China, it is mainly Rattus and Marmota. Other animals such as rabbits, foxes, wolves, camels and some domestic animals such as cats, dogs and sheep can also become sources of infection. The spread of plague among animals is mainly due to being bitten by rats and fleas.

　　Plague itself is spread among animals. There are 12 types of plague natural foci in China, distributed in 19 provinces, and animals in these natural foci may carry Yersinia pestis. Under normal circumstances, plague will not infect humans, but some people are at risk of being infected because of their professional needs or because of travel and exploration. Therefore, the staff in pastoral areas are often high-risk people infected with plague. People who enter pastoral areas are most likely to be bitten by rat fleas in the lower limbs, so the most common symptom of bubonic plague is swelling and pain of inguinal lymph nodes. There are also some people who enter the plague natural focus because of hunting or traveling, and they are also at risk of infection after contacting animals. If you strip animals suffering from plague, you may be infected by rat flea bites, or you may be infected by skin wounds touching the blood and body fluids of sick animals. Plague infected by stripping animals is more common in axillary and cervical lymph nodes of upper limbs.

　　If ordinary people do not enter the natural focus of plague, there is little chance of being infected with plague, and rats in urban areas usually do not carry Yersinia pestis. If you plan to travel to the plague natural focus, you must know the local plague situation in advance, try to keep a distance from wild animals, and don’t get in touch with the woodchuck when you see it. When entering the grassland, try to wear long trousers and gloves, avoid being bitten by rats and fleas, don’t sit and roll on the grassland, don’t picnic and camp on the grassland, and try to reduce the risk of infection.

　　three

　　Symptoms and treatment after plague infection

　　People infected with plague have different symptoms according to different types. The common characteristics of plague patients are rapid onset, repeated high fever, chills, shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat and severe headache. The symptoms of bubonic plague are mainly swelling and pain of lymph nodes, mainly groin, armpit and neck, which are generally unilateral swelling and pain. Patients dare not move easily when the pain is severe. The bubonic plague may be misdiagnosed as other causes of lymph node swelling and pain, such as acute lymphadenitis, lymphadenopathy caused by filariasis, tuberculosis of lymph nodes, etc., but other diseases with lymphadenopathy usually start slowly and develop less rapidly than bubonic plague.

　　Pneumonic plague is characterized by severe chest pain, cough, expectoration, hemoptysis, dyspnea and wheezing. Pneumonic plague is easily misdiagnosed as common bacterial pneumonia or viral pneumonia, so it needs to be distinguished from other pulmonary infection diseases, including lobar pneumonia, pneumonia secondary to influenza, novel coronavirus and so on.

　　Septic plague can be characterized by high fever, no increase in body temperature, unconsciousness, confusion and even coma, extensive bleeding, ecchymosis, cyanosis and necrosis of the skin, and some patients’ bodies are purple and black after death. Septic plague is easily misdiagnosed as coma and shock caused by other reasons, such as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, septicemia caused by epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis, epidemic Japanese encephalitis spread by mosquito bites, shock caused by staphylococcus aureus or streptococcus infection, etc.

　　After people are infected with plague, the disease can be effectively controlled through timely drug treatment. At present, the treatment of plague is mainly antibacterial treatment, supplemented by symptomatic support treatment. Antibacterial treatment refers to the use of antibiotics to sterilize. Streptomycin is the most effective antibiotic against Yersinia pestis, especially in the treatment of pneumonic plague, mainly by intramuscular injection, which can be injected continuously for 10 days. Gentamicin can also be used in the case of human infection with plague. Tetracycline has bacteriostatic effect, which is effective for mild patients. It can be taken orally or used together with other antibiotics. Sulfonamides are widely used in the treatment and prevention of plague. Sulfonamides are the earliest synthetic antibacterial drugs, which have good curative effect on plague, and they are easy to use, stable in nature and low in price. Symptomatic support therapy refers to helping patients recover as soon as possible by means of antipyretic analgesia, anti-shock, respiratory support and nutritional support.

　　four

　　What should I do if I find a mouse at home?

　　Domestic hamsters and rabbits usually don’t have access to wild animals, and animals don’t naturally carry infectious diseases. Without the source of infection, they won’t be infected, so there is no need to worry about domestic hamsters and rabbits catching plague. However, rats, rabbits and other animals do have a lot of bacteria in their mouths. After being bitten, it is necessary to disinfect the wound in time to avoid bacterial infection. If the wound shows signs of infection such as redness, swelling, pain and skin color change, you need to seek medical attention in time.

　　Families find that rats need to be scientifically killed. The first is to clean up the dead corners and garbage in time to reduce the living space of rats. Secondly, try to block all the passages that mice may enter and leave the room, such as air-conditioning pipe holes and sewer holes, so that mice have nowhere to hide and can’t enter the room. Around houses, corridors and other areas, compliant rat traps, rat boards and rat poison can be placed in places where rats are infested, and eye-catching signs should be made at the same time to prevent others, especially children, from accidentally contacting rat poison.

　　Don’t put snacks in the house at will. The food and all kinds of food in the house should be stored out of the reach of mice. If conditions permit, community managers should invite professional rodent control companies to carry out rodent control in a unified way to improve efficiency. If you find dead rats at home, don’t touch them with your bare hands to avoid being bitten by rats and fleas. You can wear long trousers, masks and gloves, collect the dead rats in sealed plastic bags, and contact the community property management department to dispose of the dead animals.

　　Plague prevention includes bubonic plague prevention and pneumonic plague prevention. The bubonic plague is mainly caused by the bites of rats and fleas on animals, so the prevention of bubonic plague by ordinary people is mainly to avoid contact with animals in the natural focus of plague, and to prevent rats and fleas. If you must enter the epidemic area, you can wear long trousers, boots and gloves, and try not to expose your skin to avoid being bitten by rats and fleas.

　　During the tour, everyone should try not to touch wild animals, including wild animal carcasses. Don’t buy wild animals. If you find dead animals on the roadside, you should report them to the local health and disease control departments in time.

　　If you are just traveling, you can do these preventive measures well, and you don’t need to use drugs in advance to prevent it. If you are bitten by rat fleas in areas with plague, or have close contact with patients with pneumonic plague without protection, you can use tetracycline, doxycycline, sulfanilamide and other drugs to prevent it. (Author: Deputy Chief Physician, Department 2, Infection Center, Beijing You ‘an Hospital)

Beijing Zhengban Fa [2005] No.59

The people’s governments of the districts and counties, the commissions, offices and bureaus of the municipal government, and the municipal institutions:

　　"Beijing highly pathogenic avian influenza emergency plan" has been approved by the municipal government and is hereby issued to you, please implement it carefully.

　　November 22nd, 2005

Emergency plan for highly pathogenic avian influenza in Beijing

(Revised in 2005)

catalogue

　1 General rules

　　1.1 Purpose of compilation

　　1.2 Compilation basis

　　1.3 Scope of application

　　1.4 working principles

　　1.5 epidemic situation confirmation

　　1.6 epidemic classification

2 Organization and responsibilities

　　2.1 emergency command organization

　　2.2 Daily management organization

　　2.3 Expert Advisory Group

　　2.4 Emergency handling institutions

　　2.5 Responsibilities of District and County Governments

3 Early warning and reporting

　　3.1 Early warning level

　　3.2 Early warning release

　　3.3 Early warning response

　　3.4 epidemic situation report　

　4 emergency response

　　4.1 the principle of emergency response

　　4.2 Graded response

　　4.3 Basic emergency

　　4.4 Expand emergency response

　　4.5 Emergency response in areas without epidemic situation

　　4.6 Safety Protection of Emergency Handling Personnel

　　4.7 Termination of emergency response

　5 after-treatment

　　5.1 Late evaluation

　　5.2 Reward

　　5.3 Responsibility

　　5.4 Disaster compensation

　　5.5 Pensions and subsidies

　　5.6 Resume production

　　5.7 Social assistance

　6. Guarantee of emergency response

　　6.1 Technical Support of Command System

　　6.2 Communication Guarantee

　　6.3 Emergency resources and equipment support

　　6.4 Technical Reserve and Guarantee

　7 Training, exercises and publicity and education

　　7.1 Training

　　7.2 exercise

　　7.3 publicity and education

　8 supplementary provisions

　　8.1 Definitions and descriptions of noun terms and abbreviations

　　8.2 Plan Management and Update

　　8.3 Plan Interpretation Department

　　8.4 implementation time of the plan

　　1 General rules

　　1.1 Purpose of compilation

　　Through the preparation and implementation of this plan, we will earnestly strengthen the basic work of emergency treatment of highly pathogenic avian influenza, build a long-term management and emergency treatment mechanism that combines prevention and extermination, realize systematic prevention, scientific decision-making, intelligent command and overall security, ensure that administrative and technical resources can be mobilized in time when a highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic occurs, and take strict measures to effectively control and exterminate the epidemic, so as to minimize the losses caused by the epidemic.

　　1.2 Compilation basis

　　This plan is formulated in accordance with People’s Republic of China (PRC) Animal Epidemic Prevention Law, People’s Republic of China (PRC) Entry-Exit Animal and Plant Quarantine Law, Emergency Regulations on Major Animal Epidemic, National Emergency Plan for Sudden Major Animal Epidemic, National Emergency Plan for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza, Measures for Beijing to Implement People’s Republic of China (PRC) Animal Epidemic Prevention Law, Beijing Overall Emergency Plan for Public Emergencies and related regulations.

　　1.3 Scope of application

　　This plan is applicable to the emergency treatment of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic that has caused or may cause serious losses in poultry production and serious damage to public health.

　　The management object of this plan is the poultry and its products produced, slaughtered, transported, stored, imported and sold in this city, the poultry used for viewing, performing arts, competitions, scientific research and teaching, diagnosis and treatment, and wild poultry such as migratory birds.

　　1.4 working principles

　　1.4.1 Territorial management

　　Governments at all levels shall uniformly lead and direct the emergency handling of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic; Territorial management shall be implemented for emergency handling of epidemic situation; Governments at all levels are responsible for extinguishing the epidemic situation of highly pathogenic avian influenza within their respective administrative areas, and all relevant departments shall, in accordance with the provisions of the plan, do a good job in emergency handling of the epidemic situation within their respective functions and duties. According to the scope, nature and degree of harm of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic, the epidemic situation shall be managed at different levels.

　　1.4.2 Rapid response

　　Governments at all levels shall, in accordance with relevant laws and regulations, establish and improve the emergency system, emergency response mechanism and emergency handling procedures for highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic, and improve the emergency handling capacity for highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic; When a highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic occurs, governments at all levels should respond quickly and take decisive measures to control and extinguish the epidemic in time.

　　1.4.3 Prevention first.

　　Carry out the policy of putting prevention first, implement various prevention and control measures, do a good job in emergency reserve of personnel, technology, materials and equipment, and carry out technical training and emergency drills on a regular basis as needed; Carry out epidemic monitoring, early warning and forecasting, and timely analyze and warn all kinds of situations that may lead to highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic, so as to achieve early detection, quick action and strict handling.

　　1.4.4 Scientific control

　　Implement scientific prevention and control, further establish and popularize scientific immunization and disinfection procedures, strengthen epidemiological research, standardize the operating procedures of epidemic prevention and quarantine, and realize scientific and standardized prevention and control work.

　　1.4.5 Group prevention and control

　　Strengthen the propaganda of epidemic prevention knowledge, popularize the epidemic prevention knowledge of highly pathogenic avian influenza, popularize immunization, diagnosis and disinfection techniques, improve the epidemic prevention awareness and self-protection awareness of animal breeding practitioners and the general public, and enhance the awareness of the whole society to prevent highly pathogenic avian influenza; The emergency treatment of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic situation depends on the masses, the whole people’s epidemic prevention, and mobilization of various resources to achieve mass prevention and control.

　　1.5 epidemic situation confirmation

　　1.5.1 After receiving the epidemic report, the supervising agency for animal epidemic prevention immediately dispatched two or more epidemic prevention personnel with relevant qualifications to the site for clinical diagnosis and put forward preliminary diagnosis opinions.

　　1.5.2 In case of suspected highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic, timely collect disease materials and send them to the Municipal Veterinary Laboratory for serological detection (waterfowl cannot use agar diffusion test). If the diagnosis is positive, it can be confirmed as a suspected case of highly pathogenic avian influenza.

　　1.5.3 Suspected cases must be sent to the laboratory designated by the animal husbandry and veterinary administrative department of the State Council for virus isolation and identification for final diagnosis.

　　1.6 epidemic classification

　　According to the nature, harm degree and scope of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic, the epidemic situation of highly pathogenic avian influenza is divided into four levels: particularly serious (Grade I), major (Grade II), large (Grade III) and general (Grade IV).

　　1.6.1 particularly serious and highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic situation (Grade I)

　　Within 21 days, there were more than 4 districts and counties with epidemic situation; Or the number of epidemic spots is more than 10; Or there are more than 4 townships or more than 3 contiguous townships in one district and county; Or in several districts and counties, there are multiple trends, and some people are infected, which continues to spread in a large area.

　　1.6.2 Major highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic (Grade II)

　　Within 21 days, there were 2 to 3 districts and counties with epidemic situation; Or there are 4 to 9 epidemic spots in one district and county; Or an epidemic occurred in two townships.

　　1.6.3 Large and highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic (Grade III)

　　Within 21 days, there are two or three epidemic spots in one district and county.

　　1.6.4 General epidemic situation of highly pathogenic avian influenza (Grade IV)

　　Occurred in a township and an epidemic spot.

　　2 Organization and responsibilities

　　2.1 emergency command organization

　　2.1.1 Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters) shall lead, organize and coordinate the emergency treatment of highly pathogenic avian influenza in the city.

　　Responsibilities of the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters):

　　(1) Implement the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on Animal Epidemic Prevention and the Measures of Beijing for Implementing the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on Animal Epidemic Prevention and other laws and regulations;

　　(2) Organizing the formulation and revision of the Emergency Plan for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Beijing;

　　(3) To lead, organize and implement the prevention and control of highly pathogenic avian influenza in this Municipality, and formulate working procedures for the prevention and control of highly pathogenic avian influenza;

　　(4) to guide the prevention and treatment of highly pathogenic avian influenza in districts and counties.

　　2.1.2 The commander-in-chief of the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters) is the deputy mayor in charge, and the deputy commander-in-chief is the deputy secretary-general in charge of the municipal government and the director and deputy director in charge of the Municipal Agriculture Bureau. He is responsible for the unified leadership and unified command of the emergency treatment of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic and makes major decisions to deal with the highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic.

　　2.1.3 member units and responsibilities of the municipal headquarters for the prevention and control of major animal diseases (emergency headquarters).

　　Municipal Bureau of Agriculture: (1) Responsible for organizing and coordinating relevant departments to do a good job in the prevention and control of highly pathogenic avian influenza; (2) To undertake the work functions of the Office of the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters), and organize and carry out the work of epidemic monitoring, immunization, culling, disinfection, disease diagnosis and reporting, epidemiological investigation and focus tracking in a unified way; (3) Put forward the technical scheme for epidemic control and extermination; (4) Delineate epidemic spots, epidemic areas and threatened areas, put forward blockade suggestions to the municipal government and participate in the organization and implementation; (5) Supervise and guide the culling of poultry in epidemic areas, carry out harmless treatment of poultry carcasses and poultry products according to the prescribed standards, disinfect and treat pollutants in epidemic areas, and disinfect breeding sites and surrounding environment; (6) Organize emergency immunization of related animals in the threatened area; (7) Monitoring related animals and animal products in the threatened area; (8) Organize the establishment of emergency epidemic prevention materials storage, and reserve enough vaccines, diagnostic reagents, disinfection drugs, machines and tools, equipment, protective articles, blockade facilities and harmless treatment facilities; (9) To be responsible for the training of the emergency response reserve team; (10) to participate in the propaganda work of epidemic spots, epidemic areas and surrounding people.

　　Municipal Agriculture Committee: responsible for studying and putting forward policy suggestions for the development of agricultural industry.

　　Propaganda Department of the Municipal Party Committee: responsible for coordinating and organizing the news propaganda work of highly pathogenic avian influenza and popularizing relevant scientific prevention and control knowledge.

　　Municipal government supervision room: responsible for supervising the prevention and control of highly pathogenic avian influenza in all districts and counties and relevant departments.

　　Legislative Affairs Office of the municipal government: responsible for organizing the formulation of policies, regulations and compulsory measures for the prevention and control of highly pathogenic avian influenza.

　　Municipal Information Office: responsible for the construction of information network for the prevention and control of highly pathogenic avian influenza, do a good job in network maintenance and ensure the safety and smoothness of the network.

　　Municipal organization: responsible for the implementation of the staffing of major animal disease prevention and control institutions.

　　Foreign Affairs Office of the Municipal Government: responsible for the review and coordination of foreign-related matters concerning the prevention and control of highly pathogenic avian influenza in this Municipality, and handling matters related to foreign embassies in China, overseas news agencies in Beijing, overseas personnel in Beijing, Hong Kong and Macao Beijing offices and personnel.

　　Municipal Health Bureau: responsible for prevention, medical observation and human epidemic monitoring of high-risk groups, and strengthening contact and information communication with animal epidemic prevention departments.

　　Municipal Development and Reform Commission: responsible for making plans and arrangements for infrastructure construction related to epidemic prevention and control.

　　Municipal Finance Bureau: responsible for ensuring the funds needed for emergency treatment of epidemic diseases such as immunization, monitoring, disinfection, culling and harmless treatment, and strengthening supervision over the use of funds.

　　Beijing Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau: Strengthen the quarantine of inbound and outbound animals, animal products and other quarantine objects to prevent the spread of epidemic diseases.

　　Municipal Public Security Bureau: responsible for assisting relevant departments to do a good job in blockade and forced culling of epidemic areas, and to do a good job in security and social security management of epidemic areas.

　　Municipal Administration for Industry and Commerce: It is responsible for closing the poultry and poultry products trading market in epidemic areas and cracking down on the illegal operation of poultry and poultry products in the market.

　　City Urban Management and Law Enforcement Bureau: responsible for cracking down on the illegal operation of poultry and poultry products outside the bazaar according to law.

　　Municipal Transportation Commission: Cooperate with epidemic prevention and control, and be responsible for giving priority to the dispatch of emergency epidemic prevention materials.

　　Municipal Science and Technology Commission: responsible for strengthening the research on early warning and forecasting of epidemic situation and prevention and control technology.

　　Municipal Bureau of Commerce: responsible for strengthening market monitoring and management of reserved poultry products, organizing market regulation and maintaining market stability.

　　Municipal Management Committee: responsible for coordinating the relevant units to do a good job in the collection and harmless treatment of kitchen waste.

　　Municipal Forestry Bureau: It is responsible for cracking down on illegal hunting and management of wild birds, closely monitoring the health status of wild birds, and immediately notifying the local supervising agencies for animal epidemic prevention when any abnormality is found, and assisting the animal husbandry and veterinary departments in monitoring relevant diseases.

　　Municipal Water Affairs Bureau: responsible for the observation of aquatic wild birds in water source protection areas and surrounding areas, and immediately notify the local supervising agencies for animal epidemic prevention when any abnormality is found, and assist the animal husbandry and veterinary departments to do a good job in disease monitoring.

　　Municipal Bureau of Landscape Architecture: responsible for coordinating the immunization of birds in parks under the guidance of animal quarantine departments and health and epidemic prevention departments at the county level, closely monitoring their health conditions, immediately notifying the local supervising agencies for animal epidemic prevention when finding any abnormality, and cooperating with the animal husbandry and veterinary departments to do a good job in monitoring the epidemic situation.

　　Municipal Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision: responsible for strengthening the supervision of poultry products production and processing enterprises.

　　Logistics Department of Beijing Garrison: responsible for the prevention and control of epidemic diseases in its subordinate units, actively cooperating with the prevention and control of epidemic diseases in the station, and timely reporting epidemic information.

　　Municipal Local Taxation Bureau: It is responsible for regulating and controlling the taxation of poultry farms (households) affected by the disaster, and promoting them to resume production as soon as possible.

　　Civil Affairs Bureau: responsible for providing life assistance to poultry farm personnel and poultry farmers who have difficulties in living due to disasters, and properly arranging the basic life of the affected people.

　　Municipal Tourism Bureau: responsible for cooperating with the Municipal Agriculture Bureau to carry out epidemic prevention supervision and management of hotels and restaurants.

　　Beijing Railway Bureau: Ensure the transportation of emergency personnel dealing with highly pathogenic avian influenza, emergency materials and relevant samples such as prevention and control drugs and instruments, and ensure safety and speed; Cooperate with the supervising agencies for animal epidemic prevention to do a good job in quarantine supervision of poultry and their products transported by rail.

　　Civil Aviation North China Regional Administration: organize and coordinate relevant units to do a good job in air transportation support for emergency personnel dealing with highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic situation, emergency materials such as prevention and control drugs and equipment, and related samples; Supervise the relevant units to cooperate with the supervising agencies for animal epidemic prevention to do a good job in quarantine supervision of poultry and their products transported by air, and cooperate with the inspection and quarantine departments to do a good job in inspection and quarantine of inbound and outbound poultry and their products.

　　Beijing Ershang Group Co., Ltd.: Responsible for the reserve of national and municipal commodities and ensuring the quality of the reserved commodities.

　　Beijing Dafa Animal Products Company: responsible for the animal epidemic prevention work of this enterprise.

　　Beijing Huadu Group Co., Ltd.: Responsible for the animal epidemic prevention work of this enterprise.

　　Beijing Sanyuan Group Co., Ltd.: Responsible for the animal epidemic prevention work of this enterprise.

　　2.2 Daily management organization

　　The municipal headquarters for the prevention and control of major animal diseases (emergency headquarters) has an office as a daily office. The office is located in the Municipal Agriculture Bureau. The office of the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters) is equipped with a command site and corresponding facilities and equipment as a command platform when a major animal epidemic occurs, and it is interconnected with the command platform of the Municipal Emergency Committee.

　　The functions of the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters) Office for the prevention and control of highly pathogenic avian influenza are as follows:

　　(1) Responsible for organizing the implementation of the decision of the Municipal Emergency Committee and the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters), mobilizing the reserve team for emergency treatment of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic, coordinating the member units of the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters), and contacting the municipal expert advisory group.

　　(2) Responsible for organizing the drafting and revision of the Emergency Plan for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Beijing, organizing emergency drills for highly pathogenic avian influenza incidents, and organizing publicity, education and training for the prevention and treatment of highly pathogenic avian influenza.

　　(3) Responsible for the collection, analysis and reporting of highly pathogenic avian influenza information at home and abroad.

　　(4) responsible for organizing the investigation of hidden dangers of highly pathogenic avian influenza in the city.

　　(5) Responsible for issuing blue and yellow warning information, and put forward suggestions on issuing orange and red warning information to the office of the Municipal Emergency Committee.

　　(6) responsible for the construction of the city’s highly pathogenic avian influenza emergency command system and the management of emergency resources.

　　(7) coordinate and deal with the problems encountered in the prevention and treatment of highly pathogenic avian influenza.

　　2.3 Expert Advisory Group

　　City headquarters for the prevention and control of major animal diseases (emergency headquarters, a major animal disease) hired experts to form a highly pathogenic avian influenza expert advisory group.

　　Main responsibilities:

　　(1) to put forward suggestions on technical measures to deal with the corresponding level of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic;

　　(2) Make suggestions on emergency preparedness for highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic;

　　(3) to participate in the formulation or revision of emergency plans and disposal technical schemes for highly pathogenic avian influenza;

　　(4) to provide technical guidance and training for emergency treatment of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic;

　　(5) Put forward suggestions on termination and post-evaluation of emergency response to highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic;

　　(6) To undertake other tasks assigned by the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters) and the Office.

　　2.4 Emergency handling institutions

　　2.4.1 Field headquarters

　　The on-site headquarters is responsible for organizing the implementation of the decision of the Municipal Emergency Committee and the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters), and coordinating and mobilizing the member units of the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters) to jointly carry out the emergency treatment of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic.

　　2.4.2 Reserve Team for Emergency Treatment of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza

　　Key personnel in animal husbandry and veterinary administration, animal epidemic prevention supervision, health and epidemic prevention, public security and other aspects are drawn from relevant departments and units of the city and county to form an emergency response reserve team, and epidemic situation handling, public security blockade, emergency immunization and health and epidemic prevention teams are set up separately, and each team is composed of corresponding professionals. Its main duties are to blockade the epidemic areas, cull susceptible poultry in the epidemic areas, strictly disinfect the epidemic areas and do a good job in personnel protection according to the requirements of emergency command agencies for major animal epidemics at all levels and the specific scope of designated epidemic areas and threatened areas.

　　2.5 Responsibilities of District and County Governments

　　The district and county governments shall take overall responsibility for the prevention and control of highly pathogenic avian influenza within their respective jurisdictions. According to the contents of this plan, formulate the planning, monitoring plan and emergency plan for the prevention and control of highly pathogenic avian influenza in this area; Establish an emergency command system and daily offices for major animal epidemics in districts and counties, uniformly lead and direct the emergency handling of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic within their respective administrative areas, make decisions on handling highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic within their respective administrative areas, and decide on measures to be taken.

　　3 Early warning and reporting

　　3.1 Early warning level

　　According to the possible harm degree, development and urgency of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic, it is divided into four warning levels from low to high: general (level IV), severe (level III), severe (level II) and particularly severe (level I), which are indicated by blue, yellow, orange and red in turn.

　　Blue Warning: Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza with neighboring countries or other provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities (except Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Liaoning Province, Shandong Province, Henan Province, Shanxi Province, Hebei Province and Tianjin City).

　　Yellow warning: The outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Liaoning Province, Shandong Province, Henan Province and Shanxi Province has a tendency to spread to this city.

　　Orange warning: Highly pathogenic avian influenza has broken out in Hebei Province and Tianjin, and it has a tendency to spread to this city.

　　Red warning: A suspected case of highly pathogenic avian influenza occurred in this city, or a suspected case of human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza appeared.

　　3.2 Early warning release

　　3.2.1 According to the monitoring information provided by the supervising agency for animal epidemic prevention and the epidemic dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza at home and abroad, the office of the municipal headquarters for the prevention and control of major animal epidemics (emergency headquarters) analyzes the harm degree and development trend according to the occurrence, development law and characteristics of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic, puts forward corresponding early warning suggestions, and releases them after being approved by the municipal headquarters for the prevention and control of major animal epidemics (emergency headquarters) and the municipal emergency committee.

　　3.2.2 After confirming the early warning information that may cause highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic, the Municipal Command for Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters) shall deploy in time according to the formulated plan, and promptly notify all relevant departments and units to take action to prevent the occurrence and spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic.

　　3.2.3 In accordance with the relevant provisions on the release and confidentiality of the epidemic situation, early warning of highly pathogenic avian influenza with different levels shall be released and cancelled. General and heavier level of early warning, by the municipal headquarters for the prevention and control of major animal diseases (emergency headquarters) organization issued and announced the cancellation. Serious and especially serious warning information needs to be reported to the main leaders of the city for approval, and the office of the Municipal Emergency Committee is responsible for organizing the release and announcement of cancellation.

　　3.3 Early warning response

　　3.3.1 Blue Early Warning Response

　　Pay close attention to the development trend of epidemic situation in neighboring countries or relevant provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities. Strengthen the reserve of epidemic prevention materials such as vaccines and disinfectants. Strengthen the monitoring of immune effect. Strengthen the observation and monitoring of transit migratory birds. It is forbidden to import birds and their products from countries and regions in epidemic areas announced by the Ministry of Agriculture and the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, and strengthen the quarantine of imported birds and their products in non-epidemic areas. After the epidemic situation in neighboring countries or relevant provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities is controlled, the blue warning will be cancelled.

　　3.3.2 Yellow Early Warning Response

　　On the basis of implementing the blue warning response measures, all poultry farms (households) should adopt closed feeding methods to strictly control the flow of people and logistics. Expand the monitoring scope of poultry immune effect, and timely supplement the poultry farms (households) with low immune titer. Thoroughly disinfect the internal and external environment of poultry farms (households). In addition to the live birds from the breeding bases outside Beijing designated by this Municipality entering Beijing according to the relevant procedures, other live birds from other places will be stopped from entering Beijing. Suspend the city’s live poultry trading activities, suspend the release of pigeons and temporarily close the bird trading market. Strictly inspect and quarantine poultry and products entering Beijing through roads, railways, civil aviation and other channels according to law. Combine neighboring provinces and cities to carry out compulsory immunization of poultry within 5 kilometers from both sides of the administrative boundary of this Municipality, and establish a "firewall" for the prevention and control of highly pathogenic avian influenza in this Municipality; Carry out dragnet inspection, strengthen the monitoring of the immune effect of poultry within 5 kilometers from both sides of the administrative boundary of this Municipality, and make up for the exemption in time when problems are found. All members of the emergency command organization for major animal diseases strengthen information communication and jointly strengthen various prevention and control measures. After the epidemic situation in relevant provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities is effectively controlled, the yellow warning will be cancelled.

　　3.3.3 Orange Early Warning Response

　　On the basis of implementing the yellow early warning response measures, stop foreign poultry and their products from entering Beijing. When necessary, purchase poultry within 3 kilometers of the border between this city and the epidemic area. Strengthen joint prevention and control with Hebei Province and Tianjin City, and establish an information notification mechanism to ensure timely and effective communication of information. After the epidemic situation in Hebei Province and Tianjin City was effectively controlled, the orange warning was cancelled.

　　3.3.4 Red Warning Response

　　On the basis of implementing the orange early warning and response measures, the relevant departments closed the area where suspected cases occurred, and implemented measures such as culling and compulsory immunization for poultry in this area and surrounding areas. Isolate people suspected of being infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza and their close contacts. The Municipal Agriculture Bureau and the Municipal Health Bureau strengthen information communication and jointly strengthen various prevention and control measures. If suspected cases are excluded, cancel the red warning; If the epidemic situation is confirmed, enter the emergency response procedure.

　　3.4 epidemic situation report

　　Any unit or individual has the right to report the epidemic situation of highly pathogenic avian influenza and its hidden dangers to governments at all levels and relevant departments, and to report the departments, units and individuals that fail to perform or fail to perform the duties of emergency handling of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic in accordance with regulations to higher government departments.

　　3.4.1 Responsibility Reporting Unit and Responsibility Reporting Person

　　(1) Responsibility reporting unit

　　a。 Units related to poultry breeding and management, production and management of poultry products, various animal clinics and other related units;

　　b。 Relevant scientific research units and institutions;

　　c。 Supervising agencies for animal epidemic prevention under local governments at or above the county level;

　　d。 Other relevant departments and units.

　　(2) Responsible reporter

　　Personnel who raise and manage poultry and produce and manage poultry products; Staff of various animal clinics; Relevant staff of scientific research units and colleges; Personnel of supervising agencies for animal epidemic prevention at all levels performing their duties; Other relevant personnel.

　　3.4.2 Report Form

　　The supervising agencies for animal epidemic prevention at all levels shall report the epidemic situation of highly pathogenic avian influenza according to the relevant provisions of the state; Other responsible reporting units and individuals report by telephone or in writing.

　　3.4.3 Time limit and procedures for reporting

　　When a suspected highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic situation is found, it must be reported to the district and county supervising agencies for animal epidemic prevention immediately. After receiving the report, the county supervising agencies for animal epidemic prevention shall immediately rush to the scene for clinical diagnosis. If necessary, please ask the municipal supervising agencies for animal epidemic prevention to send people to assist in the diagnosis. After it is identified as a suspicious epidemic situation, it shall report the epidemic situation to the municipal supervising agencies for animal epidemic prevention step by step within 2 hours, and also report it to the county emergency headquarters for major animal epidemics. The municipal supervising agency for animal epidemic prevention shall, within 1 hour after receiving the report, report to the office of the municipal headquarters for the prevention and control of major animal diseases (emergency headquarters) and the municipal veterinary administrative department. The office of the municipal headquarters for the prevention and control of major animal diseases (emergency headquarters) and the municipal veterinary administrative department shall report to the municipal government (Municipal Emergency Committee) and the Ministry of Agriculture respectively within 1 hour after receiving the report.

　　If it is identified as a suspicious epidemic situation, it shall immediately collect sick materials and send them to the laboratory of the Municipal Veterinary Laboratory for preliminary diagnosis; Confirmed as a suspected case of highly pathogenic avian influenza, sent to the National Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory for diagnosis.

　　3.4.4 Report content

　　(1) the time and place of the epidemic;

　　(2) species and quantity of infected or suspected infected animals, number of animals in the same group, immunity, number of deaths, clinical symptoms, pathological changes and diagnosis;

　　(3) Epidemiology and focus tracking;

　　(4) Control measures taken;

　　(5) the unit, person in charge, reporter and contact information of the epidemic situation report.

　　4 emergency response

　　4.1 the principle of emergency response

　　When a highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic occurs, the municipal, district, county and township governments and their relevant departments make emergency response according to the principle of graded response. At the same time, it is necessary to follow the objective law of the occurrence and development of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic, and adjust the response level in time in combination with the actual situation and the needs of prevention and control work. Pay attention to the analysis of the development trend of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic situation, and upgrade the response level in time for the epidemic situation with expanding situation and influence; For the epidemic with limited scope and no further spread, the response level should be reduced accordingly. The emergency treatment of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic should adopt the methods of investigation, treatment and verification to effectively control the development of the epidemic.

　　Districts and counties where highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic has not occurred should organize personnel, materials and other emergency preparations, take necessary preventive and control measures to prevent highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic from occurring within their respective administrative areas, obey the unified command of the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters), and support the emergency treatment at the place where highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic has occurred.

　　4.2 Graded response

　　4.2.1 Emergency response to particularly serious and highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic (Grade I)

　　By the office of the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters), suggestions are made to the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters) and the Office of the Municipal Emergency Committee, and the emergency plan is launched after being approved by the main leaders of the municipal party committee and the municipal government. The mayor is responsible for emergency command; The deputy mayor in charge should rush to the scene, and set up an on-site headquarters composed of the municipal headquarters for the prevention and control of major animal diseases (emergency headquarters) and the local district and county governments. The mayor is the commander in chief, responsible for participating in the formulation of plans, guiding, coordinating and urging relevant departments to carry out their work; The commander-in-chief of the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters) and the relevant leaders of the local districts and counties shall be the executive commander-in-chief, responsible for the specific command and disposal of the epidemic.

　　When a particularly serious and highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic occurs, the municipal government or district/county government shall issue a blockade decision according to law. The public security department and the armed police force blocked the epidemic areas and set up temporary checkpoints. The city stopped all poultry and its products from entering and leaving Beijing and closed all live poultry trading markets. If someone is infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza, the health department should treat the infected person in isolation and observe the people in contact with him in isolation. By the epidemic emergency response reserve team, poultry within a radius of 3 kilometers with the epidemic as the center will be culled, and poultry products will be treated harmlessly; The supervising agencies for animal epidemic prevention shall organize the implementation of compulsory immunization for poultry within 5 kilometers outside the epidemic area; Strictly disinfect the internal and external environment of all poultry farms (households) and strictly control the flow of people and logistics.

　　4.2.2 Emergency Response to Major Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Epidemic (Level II)

　　The municipal headquarters for the prevention and control of major animal diseases (emergency headquarters) is responsible for starting the emergency plan. The deputy mayor in charge is responsible for emergency command, and the deputy secretary-general in charge assists the deputy mayor in his work. The director and deputy director of the Municipal Bureau of Agriculture should rush to the scene and set up an on-site headquarters composed of the municipal headquarters for the prevention and control of major animal diseases (emergency headquarters) and the district and county governments. The deputy mayor in charge is the chief commander, responsible for participating in the formulation of the plan and coordinating the work of relevant departments; The director of the Municipal Bureau of Agriculture, the deputy director in charge and the relevant responsible comrades of the districts and counties shall be the executive chief commander, responsible for the specific command and disposal of the incident.

　　When a major highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic occurs, the municipal government or district/county government shall issue a blockade decision according to law. The public security department and the armed police force blocked the epidemic areas and set up temporary checkpoints. The poultry within a radius of 3 kilometers centered on the epidemic spot shall be culled by the emergency response reserve team; Birds within 5 kilometers outside the epidemic area shall be given compulsory immunization by the supervising agencies for animal epidemic prevention; Strictly disinfect the internal and external environment of all poultry farms (households) and strictly control the flow of people and logistics.

　　4.2.3 Emergency response to a large and highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic (Grade III)

　　The office of the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters) is responsible for starting the emergency plan and taking full command. When necessary, the person in charge of the office of the Municipal Agriculture Bureau or the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters) was present to participate in the formulation of the plan and coordinate the work of relevant departments.

　　When a large highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic occurs, the local district and county governments shall issue a blockade decision according to law. The public security department and the armed police force blocked the epidemic areas and set up temporary checkpoints. The poultry within a radius of 3 kilometers centered on the epidemic spot shall be culled by the emergency response reserve team; Poultry within 5 km outside the epidemic area shall be given compulsory immunization by the supervising agency for animal epidemic prevention. Strictly disinfect the internal and external environment of all poultry farms (households) and strictly control the flow of people and logistics.

　　4.2.4 Emergency Response of General Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Epidemic (Grade IV)

　　The emergency headquarters of major animal diseases in the epidemic areas and counties shall be responsible for starting the emergency plan and handling it with full authority. When necessary, the office of the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters) sent technicians to the site to give guidance and support.

　　When a general highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic occurs, the local district and county governments shall issue a blockade decision according to law. The public security department and the armed police force blocked the epidemic areas and set up temporary checkpoints. The poultry within a radius of 3 kilometers centered on the epidemic spot shall be culled by the emergency response reserve team; Birds within 5 kilometers outside the epidemic area shall be given compulsory immunization by the supervising agencies for animal epidemic prevention; Strictly disinfect the internal and external environment of all poultry farms (households) and strictly control the flow of people and logistics.

　　4.3 Basic emergency

　　Under the unified leadership and command of governments at all levels and close cooperation with relevant departments, emergency treatment of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic situation will be carried out.

　　(1) according to the needs of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic, mobilize all kinds of personnel, materials, transportation and related facilities and equipment to carry out emergency treatment.

　　(2) Issue a blockade order to blockade the epidemic areas. If the blockade of epidemic areas exceeds the area under its jurisdiction, and the blockade of epidemic areas leads to the interruption of trunk traffic, it shall be reported to the government at the next higher level for approval and release the blockade decision according to regulations.

　　(3) Organize supervising agencies for animal epidemic prevention to investigate and deal with the epidemic situation of highly pathogenic avian influenza; Delineate epidemic spots, epidemic areas and threatened areas, and propose and implement targeted prevention and control measures; According to the provisions of the collection of disease materials, sent to the city veterinary laboratory for testing, such as confirmed as suspected cases, sent to the National Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory for diagnosis.

　　(4) Organize emergency preparedness teams to temporarily requisition houses, places and vehicles, take emergency measures such as culling infected animals and related animals, sealing public drinking water sources contaminated by highly pathogenic avian influenza pathogens, and organize emergency immunization as needed.

　　(5) Take measures to restrict or stop the trade of poultry and poultry products according to the epidemic level.

　　(6) Organize public security, transportation and other departments to set up temporary animal epidemic prevention supervision and inspection stations at traffic stations according to law to inspect and disinfect vehicles.

　　(7) Organize township governments, sub-district offices, neighborhood committees and village committees to carry out mass prevention and control.

　　(8) Organize relevant departments to ensure the supply of commodities, stabilize prices, severely crack down on illegal and criminal activities such as spreading rumors and spreading rumors, making and selling fake goods and disturbing social order, and maintain social stability.

　　(9) Responsible for the supervision and inspection of emergency handling.

　　(10) In accordance with the provisions of the state, timely carry out training on relevant technical standards and norms.

　　(11) to carry out targeted publicity and education on epidemic prevention knowledge of highly pathogenic avian influenza, and improve people’s awareness of prevention and control and self-protection ability.

　　(12) Organize experts to comprehensively evaluate the handling of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic situation, including the epidemic situation, on-site investigation, tracking of epidemic sources, and measures such as poultry culling, harmless treatment, disinfection and emergency immunization.

　　(13) do a good job in information collection, reporting and analysis of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic.

　　4.4 Expand emergency response

　　(1) When an epidemic situation of highly pathogenic avian influenza involving foreign countries occurs, the Foreign Affairs Office of the municipal government, the Municipal Publicity Office and other relevant departments should send people to participate in the work of the on-site headquarters according to the needs of emergency handling and the division of responsibilities, and be responsible for undertaking related matters.

　　(2) With the existing emergency resources and manpower in this city, it is difficult to implement effective disposal, and it is necessary for the state or other provinces and cities to provide assistance and support. The Municipal Emergency Committee should immediately report the situation to the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, request the CPC Central Committee and the State Council to directly direct or authorize Beijing to direct, coordinate and mobilize the emergency resources of the central state units in Beijing, the Beijing Military Region, the Beijing Armed Police Corps and other aspects to participate in the handling of the epidemic.

　　4.5 Emergency response in areas without epidemic situation

　　According to the epidemic nature, characteristics, occurrence area and development trend of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic area, analyze the possibility and degree of being affected in this area, and focus on the following work:

　　(1) Keep close contact with the epidemic area and obtain relevant information in time.

　　(2) Organize the preparation of personnel and materials needed for emergency treatment in this administrative area.

　　(3) to carry out monitoring and prevention and control of highly pathogenic avian influenza in breeding, transportation, slaughter and circulation to prevent the introduction, occurrence and spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza.

　　(4) to carry out epidemic prevention knowledge propaganda of highly pathogenic avian influenza, and improve public protection ability and awareness.

　　(5) do a good job in quarantine supervision of highway, railway, aviation and water transportation according to regulations.

　　4.6 Safety Protection of Emergency Handling Personnel

　　It is necessary to ensure the safety of personnel involved in the emergency response to the epidemic. Emergency personnel should take special protective measures, such as wearing protective clothing, inoculating corresponding vaccines, and conducting serological tests regularly.

　　4.7 Termination of emergency response

　　The termination of the emergency response of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic situation must meet the following conditions: after all poultry and their products in the epidemic area are treated according to regulations, there are no new cases of the epidemic in at least one longest incubation period.

　　Especially serious and highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic situation shall be evaluated by relevant experts organized by the municipal animal husbandry and veterinary administrative department, and suggestions for terminating emergency response shall be put forward, submitted to the municipal government for approval, and reported to the Ministry of Agriculture.

　　The larger and generally highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic situation shall be evaluated by the county animal husbandry and veterinary administrative department to organize relevant experts to control the epidemic situation, put forward suggestions to terminate the emergency response, report to the county government for approval, and report to the municipal headquarters for the prevention and control of major animal epidemics (emergency headquarters) and the municipal emergency committee office.

　　5 after-treatment

　　5.1 Late evaluation

　　After the highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic is extinguished, the emergency command institutions of major animal diseases at all levels shall organize relevant personnel to evaluate the handling of the epidemic. The contents of the assessment should include: the basic situation of the epidemic, the process of the epidemic, the results of field investigation and laboratory testing; Analysis and conclusion of the main causes of the epidemic; The process of handling the epidemic situation, the preventive measures taken and their effects; The problems and difficulties in the emergency process, as well as the reasons for the outbreak of this epidemic, the problems and difficulties in prevention and control work, etc., put forward improvement suggestions and countermeasures.

　　The assessment report shall be submitted to the government at the corresponding level (emergency committee) within 20 days, and a copy shall be sent to the emergency command organization of major animal diseases at the next higher level.

　　5.2 Reward

　　The municipal or district/county government shall commend the advanced collectives and individuals who have contributed to the emergency treatment of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic; Those who died heroically in the emergency treatment of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic situation shall be regarded as martyrs according to relevant regulations.

　　5.3 Responsibility

　　In the process of prevention, reporting, investigation, control and treatment of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic, there are dereliction of duty, dereliction of duty and other violations of law and discipline, and the responsibility of the parties concerned shall be investigated according to relevant laws and regulations.

　　5.4 Disaster compensation

　　In accordance with the relevant provisions of this Municipality on the management of special funds for compulsory animal culling compensation, the amount and grade standards shall be determined, and compensation shall be made according to the procedures. The object of compensation is the units and individuals whose poultry or property have suffered losses in order to put out the epidemic or prevent its spread.

　　5.5 Pensions and subsidies

　　Governments at all levels should organize relevant departments to give corresponding subsidies and pensions to those who are sick, disabled or killed due to their participation in emergency response work in accordance with relevant state regulations.

　　5.6 Resume production

　　After the highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic is extinguished, restrictive measures such as blockade restrictions and circulation control will be cancelled. According to the characteristics of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic situation, the epidemic spots and epidemic areas should be continuously monitored, and animals can be reintroduced to resume poultry production if they meet the requirements.

　　5.7 Social assistance

　　After the outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza, the competent civil affairs departments at all levels should do a good job in the reception, distribution and use of relief materials and funds provided by all sectors of society to the epidemic areas in accordance with the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Public Welfare Donation Law, the Interim Measures for the Administration of Disaster Relief Donation and relevant state policies.

　　6. Guarantee of emergency response to epidemic situation

　　After the outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza, governments at all levels should actively coordinate with veterinary, health, finance, transportation, public security, industry and commerce, urban management, quality and technical supervision, forestry and other departments to do a good job in emergency support for epidemic handling.

　　6.1 Technical Support of Command System

　　6.1.1 The Office of the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters) shall improve the technical support system for emergency command to meet the command requirements for handling the highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic. It mainly includes: wired communication system, wireless command and dispatch system, information reporting system, basic geographic information system, analysis and decision support system, video conference system, mobile command system, etc.

　　6.1.2 The Office of the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters) and all districts and counties shall gradually establish and improve the basic information database of emergency command. The basic information database of emergency command includes epidemic monitoring and early warning database, emergency plan database based on spatial location, emergency decision-making consulting expert database, and auxiliary decision-making knowledge database, etc. It should be maintained and updated in time to ensure the quality of data and provide support for emergency command, analysis and decision-making of highly pathogenic avian influenza.

　　6.2 Communication Guarantee

　　Under the leadership of the Municipal Emergency Committee Office and the cooperation of the Municipal Information Office and the Municipal Communications Administration, a four-level network transmission system covering cities, districts, counties, streets (towns) and communities (villages) will be formed through various telecom operators in this city, Beijing wired government private network and wireless government private network, and a stable and reliable emergency communication system with multi-routing, wire and wireless will be established. When the communication trunk line is interrupted or the existing network is blind, the communication means such as satellite and microwave are used to ensure the contact between the office of the Municipal Emergency Committee and the municipal headquarters for the prevention and control of major animal diseases (emergency headquarters) and the on-site headquarters.

　　6.3 Emergency resources and equipment support

　　6.3.1 The emergency team ensures that the municipal, district and county governments should establish a reserve team for emergency treatment of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic, and specifically implement culling, disinfection and harmless treatment. The reserve team consists of personnel from veterinary, health, public security, industry and commerce, armed police, military and other departments, and is relatively fixed.

　　6.3.2 Transportation Guarantee The transportation department should give priority to the dispatch of emergency epidemic prevention materials.

　　6.3.3 The health department of medical and health security is responsible for carrying out human monitoring of highly pathogenic avian influenza and doing a good job in prevention and security. Veterinary administrative departments and health departments at all levels should inform each other of the epidemic situation in a timely manner and work together.

　　6.3.4 Public security departments and armed police forces should assist in the blockade and forced culling of epidemic areas, and do a good job in the security and social security management of epidemic areas.

　　6.3.5 Material Guarantee Governments at all levels shall, according to the principle of graded storage, establish emergency epidemic prevention material storage, and store enough medicines, vaccines, diagnostic reagents, instruments, protective equipment, transportation and communication tools.

　　Reserve materials should be planned reasonably according to the poultry breeding quantity and disease control. Mainly includes: (1) highly pathogenic avian influenza inactivated vaccine; (2) diagnostic reagents; (3) Disinfecting drugs, including stable chlorine dioxide, peracetic acid, chlorine disinfectant, caustic soda, potassium permanganate, etc. (4) disinfection equipment, including high-pressure sterilizers, portable disinfection machines and tools, disinfection containers, etc.; (5) Protective articles, including breathable jumpsuits, latex gloves, ordinary white coats, hats, masks, waterproof shoes, safety goggles, etc. (6) Means of transport, including closed transport vehicles, trucks and special vehicles for on-site diagnosis and disinfection; (7) Sealing appliances, including high-strength environmentally-friendly sealed plastic bags and plastic sheets; (8) Communication tools, including car phones and walkie-talkies; (9) Other articles, including towels, flashlights and disposable 2ml syringes.

　　6.3.6 Funding guarantee

　　The financial departments of the municipal, district and county governments should arrange emergency funds for sudden major animal diseases in the general expenditure budget, use government reserve funds when necessary, and gradually increase the proportion of funds extraction according to the needs of urban public safety management.

　　After the outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza, first, adjust the internal structure of departmental budget according to the actual situation, cut departmental expenditure budget, and concentrate financial resources to deal with the epidemic; Second, with the approval of the government, the emergency special reserve fund was launched. In accordance with the principle of "emergency handling", simplify the work link, and complete the relevant procedures within 1 working day for the funding approved by the municipal government to ensure the smooth progress of the emergency handling of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic.

　　The funds required for immunization, emergency epidemic prevention materials reserve and epidemic monitoring every year shall be guaranteed by the governments at all levels, and the specific subsidy standards and management measures shall be jointly formulated by the agricultural department and the financial department. In the event of a highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic, there is a gap between the actual capital demand and the budget arrangement, and the financial departments at all levels should add it to ensure the expenditure needs.

　　The financial departments at all levels should strengthen the management and supervision of the use of epidemic prevention funds while ensuring that the epidemic prevention funds are in place in time and in full.

　　6.4 Technical Reserve and Guarantee

　　Establish an expert Committee on highly pathogenic avian influenza. The expert committee is composed of technical officials, animal disease prevention experts, epidemiologists, health and epidemic prevention experts, wildlife experts, animal welfare experts, economic experts, risk assessment experts, legal experts, etc. It is responsible for consulting the strategies and methods of disease prevention and control, and participating in the planning, formulation and implementation of prevention and control technical schemes.

　　7 Training, exercises and publicity and education

　　7.1 Training Governments at all levels should organize systematic training for members of the reserve team for handling highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic. The contents include: (1) knowledge of prevention, control and eradication of highly pathogenic avian influenza, including knowledge and skills of immunization, epidemiological investigation, diagnosis, collection and inspection of sick materials, disinfection, isolation, blockade, quarantine, culling and harmless treatment; (2) animal epidemic prevention laws and regulations; (3) Personal protection knowledge; (4) Common sense of public security and environmental protection; (5) Work coordination and cooperation with relevant requirements.

　　7.2 Exercise When there is no highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic, the emergency headquarters of major animal diseases at the city, district and county levels should organize drills in a planned way every year to ensure the emergency response capability of the emergency response reserve team.

　　7.3 Publicity and Education Governments at all levels should organize relevant departments to widely spread the emergency knowledge of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic to the public through radio, film and television, newspapers, manuals and other forms, publicize the popular science knowledge of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic prevention, and guide the masses to treat the highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic in a scientific way. It is necessary to give full play to the role of relevant social groups in popularizing animal epidemic prevention knowledge and popular science knowledge.

　　8 supplementary provisions

　　8.1 Definitions and descriptions of noun terms and abbreviations

　　Epidemic spot: the place where sick poultry are located. Generally refers to the poultry farm (household) where sick poultry are located or other relevant slaughter and business units.

　　Epidemic area: refers to the area with the epidemic spot as the center and within a radius of 3 kilometers. When dividing epidemic areas, we should pay attention to the local breeding environment, natural barriers (such as rivers and mountains) and traffic and other factors.

　　Threatened area: refers to the area within 5 kilometers outside the epidemic area.

　　In the expression of relevant quantities in this plan, "above" includes the number, and "below" does not include the number.

　　8.2 Plan Management and Update

　　This plan is formulated by the office of the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters), organized by the office of the Municipal Emergency Committee, reported to the Municipal Emergency Committee for the record, and approved, issued and implemented by the municipal government. The plan should be reviewed regularly, and revised in time according to the situation changes of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic and the problems found in the implementation. The emergency plan for highly pathogenic avian influenza formulated by all districts and counties and their relevant departments shall be reported to the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters) for the record.

　　8.3 Plan Interpretation Department

　　This plan shall be interpreted by the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters).

　　8.4 implementation time of the plan

　　This plan shall be implemented as of the date of issuance, and the Notice of Beijing Municipal Bureau of Agriculture on Printing and Distributing the Emergency Plan for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Beijing (Jing Nong Zi [2004] No.2) shall be abolished at the same time.

　　China is the hometown of tea. Chinese has discovered and used tea for thousands of years, and many people like drinking tea very much. However, there is news on the Internet recently that drinking tea is bad for the heart and may even lead to heart disease. Is it true?/You don’t say.

　　In fact, drinking tea is not bad for the heart, and it may even be beneficial — — This should start with the special ingredients in tea. Tea is usually rich in flavonoid antioxidants, such as tea polyphenols and catechins, which give tea an attractive fragrance. In addition, tea also contains a lot of caffeine. In the process of making tea, some of these substances will dissolve into the tea. Therefore, tea is actually a drink containing a variety of plant antioxidants and caffeine.

　　Tea is rich in antioxidant substances such as tea polyphenols, which can scavenge human free radicals and have certain benefits to health. Judging from a large number of current studies, drinking tea is good for the heart and cardiovascular system — — It may significantly reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke by reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ("bad cholesterol").

　　A study in Journal of American Heart Association took six years to analyze the relationship between the change of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level in the blood of more than 80,000 Chinese and drinking tea. The results show that the HDL-C level of people who insist on drinking tea for a long time decreases more slowly, and the risk of cardiovascular diseases decreases by 8%, which is beneficial to cardiovascular health.

　　China’s "Food and Health-Scientific Evidence and Consensus" summarizes and analyzes the research on tea and health, and thinks that drinking tea can reduce the risk of diabetes, stroke and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, it can be considered that drinking tea is not only harmless to the heart, but also beneficial.

　　However, because tea contains caffeine, some people drink too much tea, which will lead to discomfort such as palpitations, so some people worry that drinking tea is not good for the heart. In fact, this is a normal phenomenon, which is called "tea drunk" by the people. As long as you drink it in moderation, there will be no problem.

　　At present, the international research on caffeine is relatively sufficient, and authoritative health institutions believe that moderate drinking of coffee and caffeine will not cause damage to the heart. For example, the American Heart Association, the European Heart Association, the Australian National Institute of Health and Medical Research and other institutions believe that healthy adults drinking coffee in moderation (1 to 2 cups a day, about 200 milligrams of caffeine) will not increase the risk of heart disease and cardiovascular disease.

　　Compared with coffee, there is much less caffeine in tea. The caffeine content in a cup of tea is usually only 40 to 80 mg, which is less than half that of an equivalent cup of coffee. Therefore, it is no problem to drink 3 to 4 cups of light tea, such as white tea and green tea every day; For some strong tea, such as black tea, the caffeine content will be more, but drinking 2 cups will not be a problem. Of course, if your heart and head are really uncomfortable after drinking tea, try not to drink or drink less.

　　According to the data of China Cardiovascular Disease Report 2017, the number of cardiovascular patients in China has reached 290 million, and cardiovascular deaths account for 40% of the deaths of residents, which is higher than tumors and other diseases, ranking first; Moreover, the morbidity and mortality are still on the rise. From the current research, maybe drinking some tea every day can also reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, which is beneficial to the body.

　　It is worth noting that many people may drink tea in the wrong way. How can drinking tea be beneficial to health?

　　First, don’t drink too much tea or drink too much tea. Drinking a lot of tea, in addition to too much and too strong caffeine intake, tannic acid in tea may also affect the absorption of iron, which is not good for health — — It is recommended not to drink more than 4 cups of tea every day. Second, drinking tea every day is best arranged in the afternoon, not too late, so as not to affect sleep. What needs special reminder is that you should try to stay away from sugary tea drinks. At present, there is no evidence that sugary tea drinks also have cardiovascular protection. Therefore, tea drinks should not be used instead of drinking tea, let alone deliberately drinking tea drinks to protect cardiovascular health.

　　(The author is Ruan Guangfeng, Director of Science and Technology Department of Food Nutrition and Information Exchange Center)

　　Original title: Why are there many industrial and commercial halls in Chongwai area?

　　The traffic location is convenient for businessmen.

　　According to the Records of Place Names in Chongwen District, there are 154 halls in Old Chongwen District. Although some of them are called fellow country halls, they are actually industry or industrial and commercial halls. There are not many halls that really serve the literati who came to Beijing to take the exam. There are only two halls, Jizhou Trial Hall and Zunhua Trial Hall, which are called trial halls, which are different from other halls.

Linfen Guild Hall, located in Ximaochang Street, is more than 400 years old, and was jointly built by five elements merchants in Linfen, Shanxi.

　　Historically, Shanxi businessmen and Shandong businessmen once dominated Beijing’s economy. Lu ‘an Guild Hall, which was once located in the south of Guangqumen Inner Street Road (now around Anhua Building), was built by Shanxi merchants who engaged in copper, iron, tin and carbon. In the old days, the hardware industry regarded the old gentleman in Taishang as the industry god, so there was an old gentleman hall dedicated to the old gentleman in Taishang in the guild hall. According to historical data, Lu ‘an Guild Hall appeared in the Ming Dynasty, and it grew from small to large, becoming one of the great guilds in Beijing. The "Monument" in the hall in 1920 said: "There was a Shenlu Temple in the old Lu County Hall, and the room outside the courtyard was the tomb of Lu people. For example, offering sacrifices to the meeting, raising the life and stopping the coffin, to the managers of the three gangs of copper, iron and tobacco bags for the county people. " Lu ‘an Guild Hall has the Laojun Temple and the altar for offering sacrifices to the furnace god, because the hardware industry can’t do without smelting furnace, so it is natural to offer sacrifices to the furnace god in the Guild Hall, and the old place name of the Guild Hall was called the furnace holy temple.

　　Shanxi Linfen Guild Hall was established by Shanxi merchants, and Shanxi pigment merchants also built another pigment guild hall in Qingyun Hutong. Pigment is not a concept in the old days, it includes many building materials and daily necessities, and it is a big industry. According to the data of Beijing’s economic history, "the cover of the paint shop is a flower stick, which is more than a foot long. Generally, it is painted in five colors: red, yellow, black, green and blue, decorated with golden flowers and painted with golden paths". This kind of flower stick, also known as the Five Flower Stick, is said to be specially designed to beat the emperor who fainted, and Emperor Yangdi was killed by the Five Flower Stick. Later, the five-flower stick became the symbol of the paint shop. "This kind of cover is always hung, not if other shops hang it early and later, it is intended to be the monarch of Yongzhen."

　　The pigment shop also sells all kinds of waxes, such as Jingyang Yellow Wax and Sichuan White Wax. In the years when there was no electric light, wax was mostly used for urban residents’ lighting, and wax was still a sacrificial object. When they got married, they were called "wedding night", and some scholars "read by candlelight at night", and candles were wax.

　　Linxiang Guild Hall, located in the eastern city of Chongwai, is also related to Shanxi merchants. It was established by Xiangling merchants in Linfen.

　　Cixi Guild Hall was established by a clothing merchant in Cixi, Zhejiang. Garment shops are shops that process, customize and sell garments. In 1923, there were 84 garment shops in Beijing. Shanxi cloth merchants built Jinyi Guild Hall in Xiaojiang Hutong, which was also called "Cloth Guild Hall" because it was built by cloth merchants among Shanxi merchants. According to "Atlas of China Cultural Relics", by the time of the Republic of China, Jinyi Guild Hall was no longer used as a cloth business meeting, but as a place for people from Yicheng, Shanxi Province to reunite in Beijing, and also provided free living services for people who went to Beijing temporarily. In 2011, Jinyi Hall became a part of Liu Laogen Hall.

　　In addition, Fujian paper merchants built Yanshao Guild Hall in Chongwai, while Yuanning Guild Hall was funded by Jiangsu silk merchants.

　　There are many historical reasons for "worshipping foreign countries" industries and industrial and commercial halls. Since the Ming Dynasty, the Grand Canal was cut in two due to the construction of the outer city. "The soil is getting higher and higher, and the boat can’t reach it." The pier of Jishuitan can’t be used anymore, and the terminal pier of the Grand Canal was changed under the Datong Bridge in Dongbianmen, not far from Chongwenmen. In addition to water transport vessels, there are many merchant ships at Datong Bridge Wharf. Merchants often unload ships here. Besides building warehouses and warehouses in Chongwai, they also build industrial and commercial halls. They live in the halls to facilitate business.

　　Since the Ming Dynasty, Chongwenmen has been a very important tax gate. At the end of Qing Dynasty, Prince Su once supervised Chongwenmen’s tax gate. He honored the collected taxes to "Lafayette" and became Cixi’s "rouge money" for her to squander at will. It is said that many of Beijing’s "official residences" were built by her with uncountable rouge money, and she profited a lot from them, which shows that the amount of tariffs and taxes in Chongwenmen is large. After paying taxes, most businessmen live in Chongwai area nearby. They don’t live in chicken feather shops, but prefer private residences. Of course, the most convenient place is the clubhouse built by peers. As a result, it is normal that there are many industrial and commercial and trade halls in Chongwai area.

　　In addition, Chongwai area is the hometown of handicraft industry in history, and all kinds of products have become the source of goods for merchants from all walks of life. Vendors from all over the world bargain and discuss business here. Merchants will build some halls in Chongwai nearby. Although some halls are nominally literati test halls, the imperial examination is held once every three years, and people in the industrial and commercial circles mainly live in them on weekdays. It is natural that there are many industrial and commercial halls in Chongwai Hall.

　　Handicraft developed and business prospered.

　　There are many industrial and commercial halls in Chongwai area, which has a lot to do with the development of handicrafts here. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, in addition to many small weaving factories, hosiery factories, hemp rope factories and towel factories, handicrafts such as paper, silk, paper and flower, filigree inlay, cloisonne, ivory carving and feeder have been worshiped abroad, especially around Huashi Street, where they have grown and developed, leaving an unforgettable page.

　　In the 1920s, Beijing Practical Guide made statistics on handicraft workshops and shops in Chongwai area. For example, there are 9 Cui Hua Bureau (making glass jadeite); There are 18 paper flower shops, most of which are in the flower market. There are 13 hemp rope shops, 14 hemp shops and 4 official hemp shops. Chongwenmen was the gate of liquor import and export in history. There was a great demand for wine baskets in that year, and there were as many as 13 shops buying and selling wine baskets in Chongwai area. Interestingly, the shops that buy and sell shoulder poles are also concentrated in the flower market area, with 8 shops. There are 6 feeder shops, and all the mirrors in Beijing are laid in four flower markets, totaling 11.

　　In 2008, Donghuashi Street also made statistics on the shops and workshops in Donghuashi Street in the 1940s, and made the brand "Flower Market Store Directory". There are more than 300 shops recorded in the store directory, mainly Donghuashi Street, excluding Xihuashi Street and the surrounding hutongs, among which there are four paper flower velvet flower shops, and the velvet silk flower Trade Association is also in this street, with one feeder, one silk cutter, one inlay and one enamel shop (workshop) each.

　　The flower market is famous for its flowers, but the flowers here are not flowers, but velvet flowers, silk flower flowers and paper flowers, which are called "Beijing flowers". "Jinghua" was once an indispensable ornament for Beijingers, especially decades ago, middle-aged and elderly women wore bright red velvet flowers on their heads during the Chinese New Year holiday, which was very festive from a distance. Flowers bloom for a short time in the north, and there are seasonal restrictions. People who love beauty decorate the environment with silk flower and put silk flower in a vase to make the room full of spring scenery. As for paper flowers, wreaths are mainly made, and all kinds of flowers have their own uses. The "Jinghua" industry was once very prosperous. According to the "Overview of Industry and Commerce in Beiping", in old Beijing, "there are more than 1,000 flower growers in various markets and homes."

　　The "Jinghua" workshop in the flower market generally does not do all the work, but has a clear division of labor. Some specialize in flowers, some in pistils, some in leaves, and some people or workshops assemble them into finished flowers. "Every morning, thousands of people gather in the flower market to display their products in the market". In addition to retail, larger stalls and "Flower Village" run wholesale and sell "Jinghua" to all parts of the country. In the development of "Jinghua", large-scale merchants, such as flower shops and flower villages, appeared to specialize in the sale of "Jinghua".

　　The technical content of making "Jinghua" is not high. Assembling flowers, stamens and branches is called "saving live". Adults and children can do it, which has solved many people’s employment. In addition to being used as headgear and decorating life, "Jinghua" merchants also provide services for opera artists and act as "outfits". Famous artists such as "Hua Er Liu", "Hua Er Gong" and "Hua Er Jin" have emerged in Beijing Flower Industry. Hemp rope is an indispensable material for Beijing gardeners, so there are many hemp shops in Donghua Market alone. Later, plastic flowers appeared on the stage, and velvet flowers and silk flower plummeted. Coupled with changes in folk customs, not many people wore velvet flowers. "Jinghua" basically doesn’t exist, except for those who make wreaths, and even "Jingyi silk flower Sales Department" has disappeared.

　　In addition to the flower industry, there are many handicrafts in Chongwai that are unique in Beijing, such as filigree mosaic, which is very famous. Filament inlay is a traditional handicraft in China. It processes gold and silver into filaments, shapes them by pushing, pinching and weaving, and engraves patterns on the gold and silver filaments, and then inlays them with beautiful pearls, jade and precious stones. The products inlaid with filigree can be roughly divided into three categories, one is jewelry, the other is display and decoration, and the other is to decorate filigree with some daily necessities. Nowadays, filigree mosaic has become a national intangible cultural heritage.

　　The feeder is also an ancient industry. The grape feeder made in the famous "Grape Factory" is as shiny and shiny as a real grape. The grape feeder is inherited by the "Chang sisters" who originally lived in the flower market. They are Mongolians. In order to keep this craft secret, the Chang sisters never marry. Their deeds are often seen in newspapers. Scholar Deng Tuo once wrote: "The two generations of the Chang family kept the cold, and a hundred years passed down. The purple color of the grapes damages the beauty, and the old dreams are like smoke! "

　　There are many kinds of feeders in old Beijing, except grapes, peaches, fruits, pears, flowers, animals and people can be confused. The feeder takes glass as the main material, and the handicrafts made are colorful, ingenious, lifelike, exquisite, crystal clear and lovely, and are loved by people. In 1964, the feeder company built a building near Longtan Lake, and more than 800 people were engaged in feeder production. Prior to this, feeder artists were all based on families or workshops, distributed in Huashi Street and surrounding alleys, which should be the birthplace of old Beijing feeders in Huashi area.

　　Cloisonne, also known as inlaid enamel, is a kind of ware made of fine copper wire woven into various patterns on a copper tire, and then the enamel glaze is mainly blue and filled in the patterns. Cloisonne craft has a history of 600-700 years in China, and it is called "Cloisonne" because of its high development, exquisite technology and various varieties during the Jingtai period in the Ming Dynasty. Before the Japanese invaders invaded China, cloisonne products in Beijing sold very well, and most of them were exported to Europe, America and Japan, and the Japanese secretly copied them. At the time of its prosperity, there were nearly 100 cloisonne workshops with more than 2,700 employees. Dexingcheng, the second lane in Chongwai, and Da Rui Hall in Tea Hutong are among them. In 1923, there were 15 "Jingtai enamel shops" in Beijing, specializing in cloisonne products. In 1950, Beijing Enamel Factory was built in the south of the Temple of Heaven, and the road next to the factory was named Jingtai Road.

　　Chongwai is known as the hometown of handicrafts and the birthplace of many handicrafts in Beijing. The "Hundred Workshops" established a few years ago confirmed the prosperity of Chongwai handicrafts. Before 1990, there were glassware factories, feeder products factories, art red light factories, craft woodcarving factories, jade factories, theatrical outfitting factories, etc. Many handicraft factories gathered in the same area, which explained the origin of industrial and commercial halls in Chongwai area from the side. (Zhang Shuanglin)

　　In order to ensure that critically ill patients can receive timely priority treatment, the reporter learned from the Beijing Municipal Hospital Administration that from May 1, 2019, 20 Beijing-owned hospitals providing emergency services will uniformly implement emergency pre-examination and triage ("emergency classification").

　　According to the former Ministry of Health’s Guide to the Construction and Management of Emergency Department (Trial) (Wei Yi Zheng Fa [2009] No.50) and the national health industry standard "Standardized Process of Hospital Emergency Department" (WS/T390-2012), it is clearly put forward that "emergency departments should formulate and strictly implement triage procedures and triage principles": patients should be divided into "endangered, critical, emergency and non-emergency" 1.

　　Level 1 patients are in critical condition and may be life-threatening at any time, and immediately enter the resuscitation room or rescue room for rescue. Such as cardiac arrest, shock, definite myocardial infarction, status epilepticus, body temperature > 41℃, systolic blood pressure < 70mmHg, blood sugar < 3.33mmol/L, etc.

　　Grade 2 patients are critically ill or rapidly deteriorating and life-threatening, and enter the rescue room for treatment within 10 minutes. Such as severe dyspnea, lethargy, acute stroke, ECG suggesting acute myocardial infarction, active or severe blood loss, etc.

　　Grade 3 patients are in an urgent condition and have potential life threats, and priority is given to diagnosis and treatment before grade 4 non-emergency patients. Such as acute asthma, foreign body inhalation, dysphagia, persistent vomiting, chest and abdominal pain, mild and moderate trauma, mild and moderate bleeding, etc.

　　Grade 4 patients are non-emergency, and the degree of illness is average. According to the guidelines, the waiting time is longer. Such as mild pain without dangerous features, minor abrasions without suture, follow-up visit of patients in stable recovery period, and only issuing medical certificates.

　　How to achieve scientific classification and give consideration to fairness and safety? According to reports, first of all, the emergency departments of all hospitals have arranged experienced personnel to engage in emergency pre-examination and triage, and organized all medical staff related to emergency to conduct special training for all staff; Secondly, the most important basis for grading is the collection of patients’ vital signs by professional instruments, including heart rate, blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation, etc., and the medical staff will combine the patient’s medical history, symptoms and signs to make the final scientific grading and subordinate to the specialty; Third, professionals monitor the condition of patients in the waiting area. For Grade 3 and Grade 4 patients, when waiting in the waiting area, there will be specialized medical personnel to patrol regularly to dynamically evaluate the condition and potential risks of the patients waiting for treatment, and they can be graded again according to the latest evaluation to ensure the safety of patients. If the patient has sudden discomfort, please inform the medical staff in time so as to take corresponding medical care measures in time.

　　20 municipal hospitals providing emergency services:

　　1. Beijing Friendship Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University

　　2. Beijing Tongren Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University

　　3. Beijing Chaoyang Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University

　　4. beijing jishuitan hospital

　　5. Beijing Tiantan Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University

　　6. Beijing anzhen hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University.

　　7. Beijing Millennium Monument Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University

　　8. xuanwu hospital of Capital Medical University

　　9. Tsinghua Chang Gung Memorial Hospital.

　　10. Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University

　　11. Beijing Children’s Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University

　　12. Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics

　　13. Beijing Maternity Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University

　　14. Beijing Chest Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University

　　15. Beijing Stomatological Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University

　　16. Beijing You ‘an Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University

　　17. beijing ditan hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University.

　　18. Beijing Anding Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University

　　19. Beijing huilongguan hospital

　　20. Beijing Geriatric Hospital

Special feature of 1905 film network In an office building in Dongcheng District, Jan Heinze, executive producer of PIXOMONDO, opened his eyes wide in front of the camera: "China is an exciting market. We have only been here for five years and have witnessed its tremendous changes, which are unbelievable. "

Just last week, Jiang Wen’s highly anticipated new work "One Step Away" was officially released. After a series of twists and turns, such as censorship, dubbing, and the cancellation of the premiere, One Step Away confidently entered the cinema and left the heated discussion to the fans. As of December 23rd, the cumulative box office of One Step Away has reached 380 million yuan. The magnificent colors and dreamy style of the film must still stay in your mind, and it is the German "Oscar-level" special effects company PIXOMONDO that helped Jiang Wen create this "magic realism" masterpiece. Recently, 1905 Film Network visited PIXOMONDO Beijing Branch exclusively to reveal the special effects industry hidden behind the film.

"Boutique-style" operation: resource sharing for 8 branches in the global market.

Maybe you haven’t heard of PIXOMONDO at all, but its works can list a must-see list for fans: Hugo, iron man 2, The Hunger Games, Snow White and the Hunter, Fast and Furious 5, Farewell Atlantis, Star Trek: Dark Boundless &hellip; &hellip; PIXOMONDO won the Best Visual Effects Award (Hugo) at the 84th Academy Awards in 2012 and the Best Special Effects Award (Game of Thrones) at the 63rd Emmy Awards. How did this mysterious behind-the-scenes team work, and how did they get together with director Jiang Wen?

Ten years ago, many films had almost no special effects, but now it is different. Even a small-budget love movie will have several special effects shots. "If you look at last year’s box office data, you will find that the top ten are special effects blockbusters. For filmmakers, special effects are tools that can shoot things that are impossible in reality, help explain the stories in movies, and create a whole new world. " Jan believes that special effects can actually be divided into two categories. Due to technical reasons, some special effects are easily visible to the audience, while others are more reflected in the imagination, which helps to increase the richness of the story.

Christoph Zollinger (hereinafter referred to as Chris), the visual effects producer of One Step Away, added: "Special effects make the visual elements and story statements of a movie more complete. For sci-fi films, which are particularly dazzling, artistic drive and technical means are indispensable. Fortunately, now is the digital age, and we can easily make many pictures that we can’t shoot in reality. Special effects producers are also storytellers and filmmakers to explore and realize those unknown things. "

Pixomondo was founded in Germany in 2001, with 8 studios in the United States, Canada, Germany and China. Unlike those big companies with 500 or 600 employees, PIXOMONDO’s eight studios are not large in scale, and the most special thing is that they have a clear division of labor and cooperation with each other. "We are more like a boutique. We focus on a variety of markets around the world, and Hollywood is just one of them. " Jan shrugged his shoulders, as if he was helpless about people’s prejudice against special effects. Every studio in PIXOMONDO will share talents, resources, film projects and so on, and sometimes eight studios will start work at the same time for a film. "We started five when we were doing One Step away."

To do special effects, you should also be able to "tell stories": "One step away" takes a year and a half to set the picture style.

It is said that Jiang Wencai found PIXOMONDO on the recommendation of martin scorsese. Perhaps it is the dazzling colors of European movies in Hugo that attracted him, or the same retro storyline is more likely to resonate. PIXOMONDO visual artists began to get involved in the film project one and a half years before the filming of One Step Away. Chris stressed: "Compared with previous film projects, this one is very different. PIXOMONDO Beijing Studio played a leading role for the first time. "

In people’s impression, special effects seem to be just a processing link on the film production line, such as ornaments on the Christmas tree, which are responsible for creating a glamorous appearance. Jan corrected in the interview: "Nowadays, special effects companies will not define themselves by what kind of technological means. Post-production is just a means. We should think about how to combine technology with storytelling and become a director or screenwriter ourselves." Hundreds of people participated in the production of One Step Away, and PIXOMONDO was involved in the pre-planning from the beginning to help determine the overall visual style of the film.

This article comes from WeChat WeChat official account:　8-word intersection (id: crosseight), Author: Han Sai, original title: "Participate in the African version of" Win in China ",what did Ma Yun say? 》, the title map comes from: vision china

On November 16, 2019, local time, a TV studio in Accra, the capital of Ghana, an African country.

On the stage stood ten young people, men and women, black and white. Ten smiling and confident faces looked at the camera under the stage.

On the big screen behind them, a row of English is displayed:

Africa’s Business Heroes(African business hero)

Under the stage, four judges, three men and one woman, sat in danger.

Two Africans, respectively, are Zimbabwe’s telecom tycoon Straf Mahiywa.(Strive Masiyiwa)And Ibkun Awosika, a Nigerian female banker.(Ibukun Awosika).

Outstanding African entrepreneurs in these years.

The other two Asian faces are Cai Chongxin, executive vice chairman of Alibaba’s board of directors, and the one who just stepped down as chairman of Alibaba’s board of directors not long ago:

Ma yun

Ten young people are carefully selected from more than 10,000 entrepreneurs in more than 50 countries in Africa.

They need to tell their dreams in front of the camera, introduce their projects, and accept comments from four judges to compete for a total of $1 million in venture capital.

Ten years ago, a similar program in China was all the rage. It was called Win in China.

Ma Yun is also a judge.

01

The first one is a girl from Rwanda, Kevin Kejirimpudu.（Kevine Kagirimpundu）.

Her entrepreneurial project is to make a pair of shoes worn by Rwandans.

The reason that prompted her to start this career was that walking in the streets of Rwanda, she often saw various shoe repair shops, but a large number of people were barefoot.

The reason behind this is that Rwanda’s light industry is very backward, and its shoes and socks are basically imported. Local shoe repairers can only repair shoes, and no one can make shoes.

After a long time, many local people go barefoot all the year round.

Discovering this market, she decided to teach herself and do it herself.

The first step is to search in Google:

How to make a pair of shoes?

According to the steps provided on the internet, Kevin began to practice his hands by using the existing materials at hand-discarded tires that can be seen everywhere on the streets of Rwanda. How to cut the sole, how to polish the leather, how to stick, and how to sew. ……

After several months of trying and consulting the shoe repairer repeatedly, she finally made the first pair of shoes and founded her own footwear brand, employing 70% female employees.

The raw materials she uses basically come from waste tires. This is also a practice of environmental protection.

Are you wearing shoes made by yourself now? Judge Straff asked suddenly.

Kevin standing on the stage directly took off his shoes and sent them to him barefoot.

Sure! You see, there is my company’s LOGO…… in it … I’m so embarrassed!

The audience burst into laughter, and Ma Yun sitting next to him also laughed.

This is far from his first contact with Africa and the young people here.

Two years ago, in 2017, Ma Yun gave a speech to thousands of young people in the university auditorium in Nairobi, Kenya.

In particular, he highlighted his failure to take the college entrance examination three times when he was young, and his failure to apply for a job 30 times to encourage young people to stick to their dreams.

In the cheers of the young people in the audience, Ma Yun said on the spot:

From now on, I will come to Africa every year and visit three African countries. I hope I can visit all 54 African countries in the next 10 to 15 years.

02

Vaccine promotion, agricultural technology, palm oil … One contestant after another came on stage to tell their dreams.

Their dreams are often linked to the suffering of the African continent.

In 1994, the biggest news that shocked the world came from Africa.

This year, a humanitarian disaster broke out in Rwanda, which is destined to be written into human history.

A few years ago, a civil war broke out between Hutu and Tutsi, two major ethnic groups in China, which killed more than 1 million people in just three months and wiped out one seventh of the country’s total population. Many Chinese have seen the film Hotel Rwanda.

Rwandan girl Kristel Quezela（Christelle Kwizera）I was born in this year. Fortunately, her home was far from the front line of the conflict and was not affected.

But for Rwandans, the massacre is only part of the disaster. Even if you get away with it, you need to face many challenges and death traps in your life.

The biggest threat comes from the water that everyone can’t live without every day.

In sub-Saharan African countries, almost all of them face the problem of water shortage because of drought. In fact, except for a few areas, most countries have rivers flowing through them, and water shortage is not serious.

What is really lacking is a safe water source that can be used.

In Africa, many deadly diseases, cholera, dysentery, typhoid fever or polio viruses are hidden in surface water, and a large number of people get sick and die after drinking unclean surface water every year.

Many years after the massacre, people in Rwanda are still dying all the time-just because of water.

Quezela’s childhood was full of experiences of fetching water again and again.

As long as she can remember, she and her mother walked to a water point more than ten miles away every day, carrying nearly 20 kilograms, ranging from five or six hours to more than ten hours.

It can be said that most of the labor force in the whole family only do one thing when they are alive: fetch water.

In Rwanda, only a few big cities have a tap water network, which can provide safe groundwater. The annual use price is about 500 dollars, which is about a quarter of the income of an ordinary person.

During her college years, Quezela studied mechanical engineering. After graduation, she founded Rwanda Water Resources Company.

Since 2014, Rwanda Water Resources Company has drilled wells and installed pipelines in more than 90 residential areas all over the country, and built hundreds of tap water networks.

Their price is one-third to one-fifth of the government water supply network.

Ma Yun comments:

Your biggest competitor should be the Rwandan government, because they have been actively promoting water supply construction in recent years.

Only if you are faster than them, provide better services and make your competitors worry about you, can your company continue to survive and grow in the future.

In March this year, after visiting Africa, Ma Yun established the Ma Yun African Youth Entrepreneurship Fund with a total amount of 10 million US dollars.

This fund will spend 1 million yuan each year to support entrepreneurs in the next ten years.

The "African Business Heroes" to be broadcast on major TV stations is the first.

03

In 2009, Temi Jiwatobson, a Nigerian girl studying in the United States.（Temie Giwa-Tubosun）I signed up for an internship program and returned to Nigeria to participate in medical volunteer activities.

In her hometown, Tammy witnessed a scene that she will never forget in her life. A pregnant woman suffered from dystocia that lasted for three days.

Although the doctors and nurses tried their best to rescue them, they failed to recover them. The mother eventually bled heavily, resulting in the death of the baby.

To save the baby’s life, only an ordinary caesarean section is needed, or timely and sufficient blood supply is needed.

It looks like a common condition, but it is almost impossible in Nigeria.

Nigeria is the largest oil producer in Africa, selling oil to Britain, the United States, China and Japan. However, in the World Health Organization’s ranking of public health conditions, it ranks 187th in the world, ranking fourth from the bottom.

In Nigeria, local couples have an average of 5-8 children, with 814 deaths per 100,000 births. The main cause of death is postpartum hemorrhage.

Five years later, Tammy had her own family, was pregnant with a son, and also suffered from dystocia and bleeding during childbirth.

After a day’s struggle with fate, she has no strength, thinking about whether the fate of that pregnant woman will repeat itself on herself.

Fortunately, she has returned to America. The doctor gave her a blood transfusion easily and performed a caesarean section, saving the lives of mother and son.

After that, Temi, who returned to Nigeria, found:

This country is not short of blood, but information.

Because the information is not interoperable, some hospitals or blood stations store blood that has expired and thrown away, and some places have no blood available. The core issues are information and logistics.

In 2015, she founded a "life bank" based on this idea.（Lifebank）To build the largest virtual blood bank in Nigeria.

On the platform of Life Bank, the real-time reserve information of 60 large hospitals and blood banks in China is collected. Hospitals and patients can timely inquire about the nearest blood bank, the reserves of blood of different blood types and blood products, and make reservations at the first time.

Life bank, which provides information and blood distribution services, charges a service fee ranging from 10 to 50 dollars each time.

At first, motorcycles that can walk freely in the streets and lanes and speedboats that cross urban rivers were used to transport blood, and then drones were used.

Since its establishment four years ago, Life Bank has saved the lives of 5,300 Nigerians with its 7×24-hour service.

Temi said that her dream is not only the $20 million blood supply market in Africa, but also the $30 billion African medical market. In addition to transporting blood, Life Bank can also try to transport oxygen, medical equipment, vaccines and other medical supplies urgently needed in Africa.

Ibkun, a female banker familiar with Nigeria’s predicament, spoke highly of this project:

You can’t expand too fast. The market in Nigeria is huge, and your products are related to people’s lives. This sensitivity is bound to require you to be cautious in your business.

Ma spoke, serious, dry goods:

First, global vision, local success. Blood supply is enough, don’t think about anything else.

Second, it’s useless to take away ppt and show the future figures. It doesn’t matter how big the market is. Most entrepreneurs say how big the market is. The market has 10 thousand yuan, but you only earn five yuan. What’s the use?

I don’t like ppt. Your expected data in the future is very vague. Only the specific figures at present can reflect your achievements.

This is not the first time Ma Yun talked about blood in Africa.

He said something like this:

Africa needs hematopoiesis, not blood transfusion. Countries that give more money and children who give more money can’t make a difference.

What we have to do in the end is to support young people in Africa and make them change.

I hope that in the next 20 years, Africa will have at least 100 Alibaba and 1,000 Ma Yun.

During Ma Yun’s trip to Africa, an official of China’s local embassy also used a similar metaphor in his speech:

What about Africa? Ma Yun brought the answer.

One is environmental protection, and the other is the activities of Ma Yun Africa Venture Fund, which stimulates Africa’s endogenous motivation and cultivates local entrepreneurs.

Money can only be given for blood transfusion, and now it is for Africa to make its own blood.

04

Coming to this final, there are also African entrepreneurial projects created by copying the China model.

Walid Rahman, a young man from Cairo, Egypt, told a beautiful story. His project is to make an African version of Hungry.

According to him, in Egypt, more than 35% of the population and nearly 19 million Egyptians are obese. Among them, 3.6 million children are seriously overweight, but another 900,000 children suffer from anemia.

Therefore, his goal is to provide Egyptians with cheap and nutritious food and stay away from junk food.

In 2015, his online ordering platform "Mom" was launched in Cairo, employing all kinds of housewives and using the family kitchen to make food.

Users only need to pay a monthly membership fee of $9 to become members and enjoy free delivery service.

However, the reality is very skinny. In four years, Walid only attracted 7,000 users to register, and the number of orders per year was about 40,000.

Before the total population of 22.8 million in Cairo, this figure seemed to have little influence.

In contrast, China’s Hungry occupied Shanghai Jiaotong University with more than 20,000 people in the first year, and covered all of Shanghai in the second year, with more than 10,000 cooperative restaurants.

For this project that talks too much about ideas, judge Straff gave severe criticism:

I thought your scale was not good at first, but now I find there is something wrong with your figures.

When you introduce your project, you always emphasize nutrition, but it is often children who need to consider nutrition, and adults don’t have time to take care of so many nutrition problems.

You only cook so-called nutritious meals. How competitive can you be in front of Uber Eat (a takeaway service launched by Uber)?

For this project, Ma Yun pointed to the crux of the problem:

It is not a good idea to start a business, which is packaged with too many ideas and stories and lacks a business model.

Make the enterprise bigger first, and then talk about nutrition.

What an entrepreneur should do is to try to make things simple and not to put lipstick on monkeys.

The last project on stage has two CEOs. One speaks on the stage and the other sits under the stage.

Of the two people, one is good at operation and the other is good at financing strategy, so their work is generally mixed up, and whoever does it will do it. Their employees also report to both sides respectively.

A judge asked him why he didn’t come to the stage, and the CEO who came to the stage replied: His eloquence is not good, so I will speak out.

Ma Yun comments:

I had 18 founders and 20-30 businesses. It is impossible to have 20-30 CEOs. Why are there two CEOs? Four CTOs can do it, but two CEOs can’t.

A person has only one heart, so he can’t report his nose to his brain and his eyes to his heart.

Full house laughing and clapping.

After deliberation, four judges named the top three "African business heroes", and Temi, the founder of Life Bank, won the championship.

She will receive a prize of $250,000. Others share the remaining 750,000 in different amounts.

05

This time I went to Africa, Ma Yun was very busy.

In addition to participating in the "African Business Heroes", he also awarded prizes to the rangers who protected nature and animals, and visited many countries, running up to three times a day.

In every country, he was warmly received by the head of state of that country and was asked a question at the same time:

How can Africa learn from China better?

Ma Yun said to the young African people at the scene:

Seeing you is like seeing myself 20 years ago.

I tried to go to Silicon Valley for financing, and I hit a wall again and again. Because no one believes that the Internet in China will develop, and no one believes in China, because we have no credit cards and no logistics.

But because of this, there are opportunities for us entrepreneurs.

If China has everything, what else do we need?

In the past two months, Ma Yun has not been idle, even busier than before.

His schedule is full of public welfare, education, environmental protection, encouraging entrepreneurship and cultivating female leadership …

Africa is also a very important part of it.

He said:

People often ask me why China’s institutions want to protect African animals, and I want to say, why not China?

China and Africa, we live on the same earth, and we only have this earth. If the earth is sick, no one will be healthy.

Africa is a land of hope. Seeing African entrepreneurs, I feel like I saw myself 20 years ago.

This article comes from WeChat WeChat official account:　8-word intersection (id: crosseight), author: Hansel

On August 17, the Chinese special warfare team rounded up the "terrorists" after the plane landed and rescued the hostages. Xinhua News Agency reporter Li Gangshe
The military representatives of a military agency of the Communications Department of the General Staff Department aim at the needs of the future information battlefield, actively explore new modes of equipment support, and become the behind-the-scenes heroes of our army’s "information sword".
■ Aiming at the modern battlefield: changing "fighting independently" into "cross-system cooperation"
[Past Playback] Near the Spring Festival, in order to test the tactical performance of a certain type of communication equipment in plateau and cold areas, the comrades in Shenzhen Military Representative Office came to a plateau test base. The motor starts, the power is turned on, the green light flashes frequently, and all indicators are normal, but it is impossible to contact. Test and adjust, record data, find faults … Take turns to go into battle, fighting for 6 days and nights, they can’t find the reason, so they have to ask for help from their superiors.
[Click today] In the initial assembly of a large-scale equipment system, the military representatives in charge, Gu Yuheng and Lv Yan, successively reviewed more than 4,000 documents and 2,000 drawings, found 83 quality problems and put forward 8 quality improvement suggestions.
In recent years, communication equipment has been transformed into a large-scale complex system integrating optics, machinery and electricity, and the requirements for military representatives are getting higher and higher. To this end, they hold training courses to encourage everyone to study professional knowledge and high technology. Tian Jiuchang, political commissar of the bureau, told the reporter that at present, 90% of the military representatives of the bureau have obtained the qualification certificates of internal auditors, 19 comrades have obtained the qualification certificates of external auditors, and nearly half of the military representatives have obtained master’s degrees.
■ Aiming at joint operations: changing "installation management" into "standard specification formulation"
[Past Playback] Late at night, everything was silent. An engineer in a military representative office in Tianjin endured a stomachache to test the technical performance of a certain type of communication equipment. He couldn’t help sighing: "Because there is no uniform quality standard, every one should be inspected with all his heart and effort!"
[Click Today] A certain communication vehicle has passed the indoor acceptance index, but its calling distance is obviously less in the field. After demonstration, the military representative found that the reason was that the indoor inspection standard was low. As a result, Yuan Xin, the general representative, led the military representatives and manufacturers to upgrade and improve the technical standards, effectively expanding the communication distance.
Modern warfare is a confrontation between systems in a complex electromagnetic environment. To this end, all kinds of equipment must be standardized to ensure interconnection, interoperability and interoperability in combat. According to Zhang Jin Shan, director of the Bureau, during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, they organized and formulated more than 50 laws and standards, compiled 41 national military standards, and strictly audited the quality management system of the contracting units, checked for missing parts, and upgraded the version. Established a quality file covering thousands of raw materials, original devices, supporting products and other components.

Night shooting training of Chinese Army wheeled infantry fighting vehicles [data picture] ■ Aiming at the forefront of information technology: changing "hardware-oriented" to "both hardware and software"
[Past Playback] In 1996, a large-scale communication network system of the whole army conducted a joint test in Chengdu, and military representatives found that the network was unstable. After half a year, they found that 70% of the problems came from software design defects, because there was no unified standard. With the support of higher authorities, a military representative office in Chengdu started the research on "Quality Supervision Standard of Military Communication Software". Two years later, their achievements filled the gap of the whole army.
[Click Today] In 2003, in the development of a large-scale integrated network system, a military representative office in Chengdu used the advanced software engineering management model to track, monitor and review the quality of dozens of software contractors throughout the whole process, and the initial sample joint test was successful in one fell swoop, marking that the software engineering management of our army has reached the domestic advanced level.
In a sense, software has become the soul of information equipment, but how to check the quality has always been an international problem. At the beginning of 2000, with the support of superiors, the bureau organized more than 10 military representative offices and dozens of technical backbones, including Chengdu, and led by Du Lihua, chief engineer, took the lead in carrying out related research on software engineering management in the whole army. In 2006, their "Research and Construction of Engineering Management of Certain Equipment Software" won the first prize of military scientific and technological progress and became a "green paper" to guide the quality management of equipment software in the whole army. (People’s Liberation Army Daily/Cheng Gang Zhang Japanese Army Wang Qingsong)

Editor: Cao Jin

Jing Huan Fa [2023] No.25

　　In order to implement the relevant provisions of the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on the Prevention and Control of Soil Pollution on organizing the evaluation of soil pollution risk assessment report, risk control effect assessment report and remediation effect assessment report for construction land, and further standardize the evaluation procedures, relevant matters are hereby notified as follows:

　　I. Scope of acceptance

　　1. According to the evaluation results of the soil pollution investigation report, the soil pollution risk assessment report of the construction land plot shows that the pollutant content exceeds the soil pollution risk control standard.

　　2. Through the implementation of risk management and remediation activities, the risk management and remediation objectives determined in the soil pollution risk assessment report are achieved, and the risk management and remediation effect evaluation report and remediation effect evaluation report of the construction land plots that can be safely used.

　　Second, handle the required materials

　　1. Review the application and its attachments. Two copies of paper version (seal) shall be submitted, and the attachments include the report review application form, the applicant’s commitment letter and the report issuing unit’s commitment letter (see attachment).

　　2. Report on application for review. Before the application for review is submitted, the report for review shall be submitted to the National Construction Land Soil Environment Management Information System (http://114.251.10.109/page/landuserlogin.html).

　　Apply for risk assessment report review, and submit the soil pollution risk assessment report for review; To apply for the evaluation of the effect evaluation report, submit the risk control effect evaluation report and the remediation effect evaluation report, including relevant testing, risk control/remediation scheme, risk control/remediation design scheme, construction scheme, secondary pollution prevention and control during construction, contaminated soil transfer and other supporting materials.

　　Third, the application method

　　During working hours (9:00-12:00, 13: 30-17: 00 on weekdays), the review application and its attachments will be sent to the Beijing Municipal Affairs Service Center: the comprehensive window of No.1 West Third Ring South Road, Fengtai District, Beijing; Tel: 010-89150423,010-82567927.

　　Fourth, the review time limit

　　Make a decision on acceptance or rejection within 5 working days from the date of receiving the application for review and its attachments. The report that belongs to the scope of acceptance and applies for review has been submitted to the "National Construction Land Soil Environmental Management Information System" and basically conforms to the relevant standards and guidelines, and shall be accepted; Do not meet the above conditions, will not be accepted.

　　From the date of accepting the application, the review shall be completed within 30 working days. Inform the evaluation results within 5 working days. The time required for on-site reconnaissance, sampling inspection and revision of the applicant’s report according to the review shall not be counted.

　　This circular shall be implemented as of the date of issuance. On September 14th, 2020, the Notice of Beijing Municipal Planning and Natural Resources Committee of Beijing Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment on Standardizing the Evaluation of Soil Pollution Risk Assessment Report and Effect Assessment Report for Construction Land (No.20, 2020) was abolished at the same time.

　　This is for your information.

Beijing Municipal Bureau of Ecological Environment　　　　

Beijing Municipal Commission of Planning and Natural Resources　　　　

November 30, 2023　　

[Editor’s note]Through the superficial phenomenon of "little white" in online literature, many works with equal emphasis on entertainment and ideology have been born. This book list will introduce a more diverse online world, from the unpopular to the popular, from the small crowd to the public, and those outstanding works of various types.

Uneasy Daily Lazy Angel

Comprehensive daily city youth

The story tells the story of the protagonist of the fun man, as a social terrorist, who engages in daily activities in the world of spring things. The story line is mainly about spring things, including bunnies and ice cakes, and there are some super-power elements (not many), which are unique in the development of the original work. Through the protagonist’s epileptic behavior, he psychologically persecutes all the cartoon characters and promotes the emotional progress of the characters.

The protagonist’s personal design should be the biggest highlight of the novel. The whole process is full of joy, self-release, willingness to spoof, epilepsy but not infatuation, and constant coquettish operation. It is like a social terrorist to solve the problems and contradictions between the original characters and solve others. It can be called a blow to reduce the dimension.

The controversy lies in: the background setting of the same person and the integration of a large number of secondary elements in the writing set a high reading threshold to some extent. If you don’t have a certain understanding of the secondary elements, it seems that you will still be confused.

The recommendation index, from three stars to five stars, is recommended to book lovers who like fun, have requirements for writing, like daily plots and don’t dislike two-dimensional light novels. From the feedback point of view, two-dimensional readers must see it, and non-two-dimensional readers are also worth a try. There are many fragrant parties. After all, there is no lack of such feedback: "Even people who don’t know who the original male owner of Spring Things is can enjoy it with relish", and it’s really the whole journey if they can get the radio waves.

"The King" New Sea Moon 1

Low Magic and Western Fantasy, Lord Farming, Ancient Morning Wind and Bai Shuangwen

The background is the sword and magic version of the coexistence of all ethnic groups in the Middle Ages. The protagonist dressed as the second son of a noble, obtained the qualification of counterinsurgency with excellent negotiation skills and social skills, became a baron of fiefs in the war, embarked on the road of land reclamation for hegemony by the lords, struck a balance among the nobles, exerted great tricks, constantly made achievements, and integrated many elements, writing the feeling of gradual upgrading and step by step.

The setting and the plot are as ancient as the wind, and the words are humorous and not bitter. The author has his own understanding of the interests of western nobles. The description of the background of medieval rules and the struggle of aristocratic tactics (intrigue) with sophisticated human feelings are the highlights. The descriptions among the nobles are relatively real, and the leading and supporting actors have their own set of behavioral logic, which truly describes the shameless and brutal of the nobles. The feeling is the infighting, lords disputes and kings in the Middle Ages.

The problem is that the style of writing is dry, the words are not fastidious or fantastic, the description of characters is big and empty, the description of war is broken down, the setting of fantasy part is very old-fashioned (dreaming back twenty years ago, you dare to believe in quarrelling), the stitching is also very general, neither fish nor fowl, the space of tactics part is more, a lot of space is used to play Tai Chi with politicians, and the tension of plot is mostly described by the language of characters, which is monotonous and mediocre, some take it for granted, lacking rationality and reality.

Recommended index, 2.5 stars to 4.5 stars, should not expect too much, no poison is not recommended to read. Finally, I want to emphasize this sentence. The controversial book with constant heat must be worth a try.

"Firepower is king" is like water.

In recent years, the rare high-level urban mercenary military literature monthly good review book

Gao Guang, the protagonist, is a military fan who practiced martial arts since childhood, majoring in foreign languages at the university. He was kidnapped by drug dealers when traveling to Mexico. In order to survive, he fought against his opponent, cooperated with mercenaries who happened to rescue hostages, started to get in touch with all kinds of firearms, and set foot on the journey of legal mercenaries (private military contractors) based in beautiful countries. From then on, he began to experience the flames of war, sell information, participate in wars and devote himself to providing war-related peripheral services.

The language is simple, the leading role and supporting role are flesh and blood, the team plot is very happy, the task plot is tense and exciting, and it is clean and vivid. The description of the battlefield is incisive and interspersed with well-informed military knowledge and popular science. Compared with the previous plot that focuses on fighting, there are many more political and conspiracy developments, and the writing style has been greatly improved.

It should be noted that there is little difference between the protagonist template and the previous work. From the previous work, the daily plot is a sub-item, and the emotional drama is also a sub-item. However, if you look at the military literature, these issues are not the focus.

Recommended index, three to four stars. Many book lovers think that this is the author’s work to return to the peak, and the theme is rare. It is suitable for book lovers who are tired of watching Xianxia fantasy and Dihua simulator, for a change and to find feelings.

Henghua is bright and bright.

Family immortal writing

The protagonist is dressed as a member of the family of cultivating immortals, just as the family’s bodhi old zu has not yet broken through, with only ten years left. The surrounding forces are eyeing up and the family is tottering. Fortunately, the protagonist is born with wisdom and amazing understanding, and is good at deducing the family’s achievement methods, so he becomes the family’s acting master, responsible for deducing the family’s achievement methods, helping people tailor-made personalized achievement methods suitable for personal physique, and assisting his grandfather to create suitable Yuan Ying achievement methods, which is similar to that of coaches to athletes.

The style is fresh and the setting is interesting. The protagonist has a partial counselor’s wits, and the Golden Finger is a step-by-step self-created achievement method based on the cultivation formula in the last The Journey to the West. The family atmosphere belongs to unity and friendship, and the writing style and world outlook are somewhat similar to tahoe’s Ming Zun. The theoretical system is relatively complete, and it is not a kind of underworld cultivation. At the end of the chapter, the author will summarize the plot content of this paragraph by means of history books, which is well received.

Controversy lies in the fact that the plot is well-behaved, everyday dull, multi-line, messy and sloppy, the writing ink, the description of the fight is dry, the overall cool point is insufficient, and the plot is particularly jumping. One second it is still saying A, and the next second it is already saying D, and it is easy to lose key information with ten lines.

Recommended index, three to four stars. If you like tahoe, it is worth a try. For me, the biggest attraction is the fresh style, interesting settings and all kinds of strange spells, which makes my setting party very satisfied.

"The Rise of House" Hushan Small Farmers

Fairy Tales, Urban Fantasy, Leisure, Wind and Buddhism, Farming Literature

I don’t know if there are any old book lovers who remember this 16-year-old house masterpiece. The whole plot idea is very different, which can be said to be incompatible with the mainstream online text upgraded to the core. The protagonist is bent on staying at home as a salted fish, with no dreams and no goals, which is very consistent with the current feeling of lying flat. It took a little fire for a while, but it passed like a meteor, and the subsequent works have no such influence.

The hero of the otaku who returned to his hometown woke up to the power of seeing the second dimension, and was able to transform the comic books and movies in the second dimension into the third dimension. So he planted a lovely Macey person, brushed tasks, collected materials, and built an animation comic game studio necessary for otaku. From time to time, he went out to take a risk with the villain of the second dimension, steadily developed farming, developed his own second dimension village, and gradually became the king in his own small world, with a sense of little luck.

Generally speaking, it is a kind of house-writing with no house smell, which is leisurely and interesting, not monotonous, unique in style, and the cool point of the protagonist is different from that of the public. The kind of one who enjoys himself does not pursue the sage before others, sticks to his own local world, and pays attention to his own happiness is the most important.

It should be noted that the whole is not cool in the usual sense, but rather self-satisfied in the later period, and there is not much cool point in business, or it is not refreshing enough. There is no in-depth development of business lines related to games and animation in the works.

Recommended index, three stars to four stars, book lovers who want to see the upgraded works had better be cautious.

Frank, the handsome dog in Dawn Trail of Beautiful World

Meiman infinite flow

With the proficiency system, the protagonist crossed the beautiful world and dressed as a minion of the DC Gotham villain organization. He wanted to jump ship to Batman but mistakenly entered the evil organization (Stars Club), and was forced to pick up garbage in the HP world where the doomsday collapsed. Fortunately, knowing the relationship between the characters, the captain died, and successfully got rid of the control of the cat hunters by using the ability of the golden finger. Later, in order to stop the doomsday, he led the team to shuttle through the world, recruiting and constantly backstab.

The novel is a multi-universe worldview based on beauty, with infinite flow elements, the copy is mainly in the western fantasy world, mixed with behind-the-scenes story puzzles. The main world is Batman, the protagonist is neutral in order, kind to decency and evil to villains. The author has his own understanding of big events, and does not copy comic books. The interaction of each world has its own characteristics, the main line is clear and not procrastinating, and the small subplots are also touching, so the deduction is reasonable.

It should be noted that as a beautiful fan, it is not qualified. Basically, the popular characters are background boards. There is no sense of surprise in writing a large section about the struggle between the protagonist and the original villain. The update is fast, which leads to a rough plot (insufficient details), many loopholes, and a mix of multi-world systems. The level is slightly chaotic, and there are disputes with some female characters’ ambiguous plots, but the conclusion is still decisive and the landing is relatively smooth.

The recommendation index is three stars. On the whole, it has outstanding advantages and disadvantages, and it is worth a try. In the words of book lovers, "The audience and the previous wow should be highly consistent, the game is beautiful, there will be no obstacles to understanding, and the setting is old, but it is very capable."

"Unemployment at the beginning, I let the singer return" Cheng Yanqiu

Entertainment circle daily copy class

When the mood swings violently, there will be corresponding music works played on the earth, but only the female host can hear it. The female host, who was originally a minority singer, became attached to the male host on campus because of her songs, so she took the initiative to chase after her brother and sister, and finally came together. Because of these songs from the earth, she became a legend in the music world.

From the perspective of novel career line, it is a literary copying type. First, the female protagonist becomes a legend in the field of music. While the male protagonist gives her assistance, she copies novels, plans, advertisements, plays and other multi-line developments, while the female protagonist provides financial support for the male protagonist’s career. The whole description is warm and smooth, and there is no particularly fierce conflict. Both the development of love and friendship are written naturally and healthily.

It should be noted that: "the female host feels a little far-fetched in explaining the origin of the work to the male host, and tells the male host that it is a song sung by the male host when he is asleep;" Secondly, the male owner’s career line has a large span, many threads, and the overall idealization, which makes it look very fragmented and relatively scattered. Many plots appear to be mentally retarded. Of course, it doesn’t matter if you come to the dog food. By the way, the man was only a freshman when he first wore it, and he passed through the woman who met five years later, so he was naive and mature. "

Recommended index, 3.5 stars to 4.5 stars. Sincere and plain, very harmonious, there is an indescribable sweetness, which is suitable for reading when you want to relax. Children’s shoes like "This star comes from the earth" and "The actor has no holiday" can be tried.

Lost moral integrity in Abnormal Ji

Wuxia Kesulu

The new book "Portrait of the Mask" and "Beyond the Burning Burnt" by the author is an old author in the late stage of Wenqing Cancer. The style is unique, and the whole protagonist is neurotic and brainwave. It can be said that they are all crazy people, and they love to let go of themselves. It may be that the sentence "Extraordinary people do extraordinary things" should be answered. The plot trend never avoids the minefield of online writing, such as the death of the hostess and seeing her off.

This time, it can be regarded as a martial arts fantasy version of "Portrait of the Mask", which continues the world outlook of maggots and flies, ghosts and immortals, and degenerate songs. The protagonist is a perverted martial artist, and because he is in a state of immortality at a price, he needs to forget martial arts to maintain immortality. In order to obtain martial arts, he is all kinds of grovelling, talking with rainbow farts, full of flattery, and playing the clown. As the saying goes,

It should be noted that after marriage, the author has converged a lot, with less crazy content, less hair knives, less toxic points, and no change of mistress in the middle. He poured water into the plot crazily, so that he can read it. In the words of book lovers, "The highlight of his book has always been the protagonist’s dressing up as a pig to eat a tiger, but there is no feeling of pretending at all. On the contrary, there is a little meaning that others laugh at me for being too crazy and I can’t wear it."

Recommended index, two stars to 4.5 stars. If you have a serious book shortage and are tired of reading online routines, you need strong medicine to save the book shortage cancer. You can also try to fight poison with poison and cure cancer with cancer.

Far pupil of Deep Sea embers

Mysterious Epic Works of 2022

Similar to the water world after the end of the dark sea, the world is destroyed and the old days are gone. The remaining human beings live on scattered islands and communicate by ships. The protagonist of a middle school teacher wakes up one night dressed as a ghost captain, and inherits a small part of his original memory. His body is similar to an evil spirit. He can take risks by randomly attaching himself to human beings through consciousness projection and explore the truth of this strange world.

The style of writing is relaxed and humorous, interspersed with various interesting stalks, the style of painting is quite smooth, the story unfolds and the bedding is set, with a secret sense of coolness, the world outlook is as grand as ever and full of suspense, the elements are complete, the dull sea, Cthulhu and so on are basically a little bit, and the techniques of Dihua flow are integrated. Through the protagonist’s exploration experience, the world structure, from the ocean to the polis, from reality to the spiritual world, is slowly unveiled like a curtain, with a sense of suspense.

The overall background setting is rich, the plot is compact, and the adventure wind is quite strong. Although it is of a patriarchal style, it does not suppress the gloom. The author uses humorous writing style to hedge the cruel reality of the world in the book. There is not much innovation in characterization, but it still gives strength. The combination of frighteners captain and garbage-talking Gothic doll miss and noisy tool, Mountain Sheep Head, looks interesting. In the words of book lovers: "This is a boundless sea adventure full of love and courage, warmth and laughter."

It should be noted that the controversial points come down in one continuous line with the previous works, and the homogenization of characters and the animation of words and deeds are the biggest persuasion points for readers who don’t like the second-generation style. If it is changed to pure western fantasy, it will be more pleasing to the Chinese, the old and the white. Secondly, the plot is slow and hot. Although the opening has consciously accelerated the pace, the story is still slightly slow and hot, giving people a feeling of water and needing some patience.

Recommended index, four to five stars. It can be said that the progress of Yuantong is very obvious, and all levels are surpassing the previous work. However, this book is even more tiring, and it is suitable for saving dozens of chapters to read together. If you read it once a month, you can borrow the words of book lovers: "The painting style of Cthulhu and Xiling has completed a historic meeting."

[Specially published by Shanghai Literature and Art Review Special Fund]