The following article comes from architecture magazine, the author architecture magazine.

Architectural magazine.

The only periodical publishing unit directly under the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development is an important public opinion position of the housing and construction system. ■ Urban and Rural Construction magazine (bimonthly, founded in 1956, with the title inscribed by Comrade Deng Xiaoping) ■ Architecture magazine (bimonthly, founded in 1954, with the title inscribed by Marshal Zhu De) ■ Future Urban and Rural Research (internal magazine, published irregularly).

Famous historical buildings

Office building of Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development

(Former Construction Engineering Department)

Location: No.9 Sanlihe Road, Haidian District, Beijing

Completion time: 1954

Designer: Gong Deshun

Coverage: It covers an area of 10 hectares, with a building area of 37,740 square meters, and has a 7-story brick-concrete structure.

Honor: It was included in the 20th century architectural heritage project in China.

Architecture is the carrier of solidified music and culture, the embodiment and inheritance of urban context, and the nostalgia and memory of generations.

Architecture is a silent history and the most objective witness of the years.

Architecture is an important carrier of scientific and technological development achievements and the crystallization of design innovation, material innovation and construction technology.

These characteristics are all presented in the office building of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (referred to as "the office building of the Ministry of Construction").

The office building of the Ministry of Construction was built in 1954, and it has been put into use since 1955. It is an important landmark building in Sanlihe area, which has had a wide influence in China’s construction industry and is an objective witness to the development of the Republic’s construction industry.

The office building of the Ministry of Construction is large in scale, simple and majestic, with coordinated overall layout, proper simplicity, economical and reasonable internal layout, simple and generous external decoration. After decades of use test, it is still enduring and attractive, and has been well received by the architectural community. It is one of the best buildings in Beijing after the founding of the People’s Republic of China and a successful design masterpiece in modern architectural history.

gain distinction

On March 31st, 1981, People’s Daily published a news in the 8th edition. Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, 37 buildings in China have been listed in the History of World Architecture published in Britain, including the office building of the Ministry of Construction.

In 1993, the office building of the Ministry of Construction won the "Excellent Architectural Creation Award of China Architectural Society (1953-1988)". In 2017, it was selected as "the first batch of China 20th century architectural heritage projects" (jointly organized by China Cultural Relics Association and China Architectural Society).

Famous architect Gong Deshun

The office building of the Ministry of Construction was designed by Gong Deshun, a master architect (once the director of the Design Bureau of the Ministry of Construction, and a senior architect (professor level) of the Architectural Design Institute of the former Ministry of Construction of China Construction Science and Technology Group, and was awarded the title of "Master of Architectural Design" by the Ministry of Construction in 1989). It was one of the first buildings built after the establishment of New China, and the office areas of various ministries in the State Council were located in the western suburbs (Yuetan area). At that time, the western suburbs were still large areas of farmland and there were no high-rise buildings. After the completion of the main building, it was very conspicuous in the empty western suburbs at that time. After the completion of the North-South Annex Building, a complete building complex was formed, and the main building was even more magnificent.

Comrade Liu Shaoqi inspected the office building of the Ministry of Construction.

In late spring and early summer of 1955, Comrade Liu Shaoqi inspected the office building of the Ministry of Construction. Designer Gong Deshun and his comrades answered some questions raised by Comrade Liu Shaoqi. For example, the office building has one floor underground and seven floors above ground. The designed floor height is 4.5 meters, the top floor height is 4.0 meters, the other floors are all 3.6 meters, and the five-story auditoriums at both ends are 7.2 meters high. The brick-concrete structure was adopted in the project. At that time, the seismic grade of the area south of Erligou was 6~7. Comrade Liu Shaoqi also inquired about the cost of the office building of the Ministry of Construction, which is 140 yuan/m2. Finally, Comrade Liu Shaoqi also asked Gong Deshun: "What do you personally think are the shortcomings of this design?" Gong Deshun replied: "The nearby people have given this building a nickname, called’ Nine Dragon Wall’, because it is really thin from the north-south direction of the building now, like a shadow wall, and it will not feel thin when the north-south annex building is built in the future. As for the shortcomings, mainly in the design of the five-story auditorium at the north and south ends of the building, for the treatment of the main facade and cornice, the height of two floors is occupied, about 7.2 meters, and the area of one floor is missing; It is a pity that a lot of money was spent on making fake beams during the decoration. These two auditoriums should be converted into two-story offices, so that the two ends of the building will be six floors. The seven-story office in the middle of the building should be properly raised and converted into an auditorium, which is ideal, not only increasing the construction area, but also reducing the cost per unit area of the building. "

Construction background

The design and construction period of the office building of the Ministry of Construction coincided with the first "Five-Year Plan" period (1953-1957), and the national economy entered a planned and rapid development period.

At that time, the architectural design unit learned the design experience focusing on industrial architectural design, and initiated by some influential experts, set off a creative activity of exploring "national forms" characterized by large roofs. In 1954, all kinds of waste in economic construction became increasingly obvious, and the government felt that it was urgent to oppose waste. Subsequently, a large-scale anti-waste action was launched in the construction industry. As an anti-waste measure, the state has proposed to control the construction investment index and reduce the cost of office buildings: 100~160 yuan/square meter for public buildings; The residential building is 30~40 yuan/m2. In this context, the office building of the Ministry of Construction did not adopt the big roof architecture form that was generally designed at that time, but was designed with a flat roof, and the cornice parapet did not use glazed tiles, but was made of water brush stone, which was more economical and applicable, and created the feasibility for adding stories and buildings later.

Basic technical indicators

The office building of the Ministry of Construction covers an area of 10 hectares, facing Sanlihe Street, with a building area of 37,740 square meters and a 7-story brick-concrete structure. Under the technical conditions at that time, building such a high building with brick-concrete structure reflects the innovation consciousness and construction level, and it is also challenging. In the plane and vertical traffic treatment, the route is reasonably shortened and the traffic area is compressed, and proper measures are also adopted for fire prevention and earthquake resistance. This building passed the test of Tangshan earthquake in 1976, and there was no safety problem, and it is still as strong as ever today.

The beam and slab of the load-bearing structure of the office building of the Ministry of Construction is designed according to 3.0m× 6.0m, but the elevation is treated according to 6.0m× 6.0m, in order to avoid the vertical lines of the elevation being too dense and the appearance being more light.

The original main building is 30 meters high and 90 meters wide. Later, the main building and the five-story annex building of the north and south wings built later were integrated into a whole, with a total width of 220 meters, which was basically a national form of axially symmetric buildings.

Planning and design characteristics

The office building of the Ministry of Construction retreats from the red line, forming a Little Square, which is even more magnificent when viewed from a distance. The architectural design fully embodies the "Chinese but new" style advocated by Mr. Liang Sicheng at that time, that is, a modern building with China characteristics. The architectural appearance is mainly flat roof modeling, and the overall modeling is simple and lively, which is both magnificent and economical. Between the south and north annex buildings and the main building, the scale is appropriate and the connection is smooth, and the overall effect of the building is more magnificent.

At that time, the design requirements had a certain height and boldness of vision. Considering the characteristics of the new China architecture, the designer absorbed the characteristic modeling elements of the traditional national architecture in China from the ancient stone que, such as adopting the eaves treatment method which was common in the Yuan Dynasty in China, and the facade was treated as a double cornice. The diameter of reinforced concrete overhangs, tiles and dripping water is 18 cm. No matter from which angle, the proportions of all aspects are very appropriate.

one

Agility and vitality

The office building of the Ministry of Construction has successfully used the traditional symmetrical layout of the central axis, with the solemn and magnificent 7-story main building as the central main building and the five-story buildings in the north and south as the wings, thus shaping a national office building with the traditional enclosed space form of China. In the design of architectural style, China’s traditional architectural forms and decorative arts are skillfully used to innovate.

The design of the entrance hall of the office building of the Ministry of Construction is also very clever. The entrance treatment is to highlight a porch in front of the building, and the entrance hall is located in the building. This design requires the height of the entrance hall to be increased, which will make it look spacious.

The passage connection not only has the transition space of the front hall, but also reflects the heaviness, solemnity and atmosphere through the beams and columns. The decoration of glazed tiles not only reflects the inheritance of traditional architecture in China, but also shows agility and vitality through carved stone. The passage and the doorway below expand the overall width and add a solemn atmosphere.

The window cover on the bottom floor is semicircular arch, showing a powerful and strong visual effect. The sill wall under the window of the standard floor is embedded with simple decorative patterns to enrich the aesthetic effect of the facade.

2

Beauty of symmetry

Generally speaking, the functional requirements of office buildings are relatively simple, and there are fewer restrictions on function and content when determining the body shape. Therefore, when determining the body shape, we should first consider whether the building height is in harmony with the surrounding environment and its influence on the city appearance. Building a single main building on an empty site, symmetrical style can better meet the requirements of public aesthetics, especially the shape of the building itself should pay attention to the effects from all angles to avoid "a thin sheet" shape. For example, before the building of the Ministry of Construction was connected to the north and south wings, the masses called it the "Nine Dragon Wall" and the "Great Wall of the People". After the construction of the north-south annex building, the situation has completely changed. It can be seen that symmetry is very important for a large office building.

According to Han Aixing, former deputy director of the Standard and Quota Department of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, the main building and annex building were built and rebuilt several times separately. For the first time, only six floors of the main building were built, and then four floors of the north-south annex building were built. Later, it was found that the main building was not high enough, and the seventh floor of the main building was added. After the addition of the main building, it was found that the annex building was not high enough, and finally the fifth floor of the north-south annex building was added. Finally, the current architectural complex pattern of the main building and the annex building was formed.

three

See the foundation for details.

In architectural design, the architect fully considered the traditional elements of China architecture, combined with local residential styles, stone buildings, decorative patterns, etc., and finally presented both the historical and cultural heritage of China architecture and the diversity, reflecting the characteristics of national architecture. For example, creatively drawing lessons from the overhanging practice of ancient stone chambers more than 1,000 years ago, the double eaves are decorated with glazed hooks and dripping water, and the traditional patterns such as moving beam heads, sparrows and colored paintings are skillfully used to express architectural details, especially the overhanging eaves, tiles, porches, stone pillars and stone steps. The cornice is picked out by reinforced concrete rafters with reference to the cornice-overhanging technology of traditional buildings in China. Due to repeated full-scale model tests in design, the cornice proportion and size are very appropriate. The exterior wall is made of water brush stone, which is durable.

Another detail of the office building of the Ministry of Construction is very reasonable, that is, the main staircase in the office building is set in an obvious position facing the gate. Because the general working hours are concentrated, there are many contacts between the upper and lower floors during office hours, and spacious stairs are particularly suitable. At the same time, in addition to the main staircase, another set of stairs is set on the north and south sides respectively, which is beneficial to solve the problem of crowded people going upstairs and downstairs during peak hours.

four

Exquisite and elegant demeanor

The architectural details are decorated with simplified China traditional architectural components and patterns, which reflects the traditional architectural style of China. The decorative patterns distributed in various positions of the building are ingenious and exquisite everywhere, which makes the whole building add delicate artistic beauty to its majesty.

five

remain unshakable and become even firmer as time goes by

According to Gong Deshun’s recollection, the detailed treatment of this building was inspired by the traditional stone buildings in China. The cornice overhang and the size and spacing of the rafters were made of plywood, which were put in place and checked repeatedly at the construction site before they were finally determined.

Gong Deshun raised the parapet on the roof of the five-story conference room on both sides and connected the eaves on the sixth floor to a horizontal plane. The eaves on the sixth and seventh floors and the main entrance and exit porches were designed as small slopes with rafters under the eaves picked out one by one. The architectural details were handled perfectly and played a good aesthetic effect on the facade. The whole building is simple and proper, solemn and generous, simple and magnificent. After decades of tests, it is still a classic building with unique style and is deeply loved by the broad masses of the people.

Mr. Xu Ronglie, the former chief engineer of the Ministry of Construction, once recalled: "The majestic, solemn, elegant, generous and China-rich architectural charm emanating from the artistic style of the office building of the Ministry of Construction has greatly attracted many experts, scholars and people in the industry at home and abroad, especially us young people. After more than half a century of ups and downs, this building is still one of the proud leaders among many high-rise buildings in Beijing. "

six

Green energy saving

Compared with the classic appearance, the interior space of the building is also remarkable. Whether it is corridor or indoor office space, it shows spacious and bright atmosphere. In order to save energy, the designed wall is thick and the ratio of window to wall is moderate, which can not only meet the lighting requirements, but also achieve the thermal insulation effect, and has the comfort of warm in winter and cool in summer.

At that time, the original appearance of the wooden window was designed, and the two-story window had good thermal insulation effect. According to the memories of the leaders who used to work here, the original windows also have external shading, roller blinds and shading pages made of pine.

After 2000, a maintenance and decoration was carried out, the building was strengthened and the windows were replaced.

seven

Architectural model

The Beijing Declaration issued at the 20th International Association of Construction (Beijing) Conference held in 1999 pointed out that the development direction of world architecture in the 21st century will be "the localization of modern architecture and the modernization of regional architecture", and the idea of creating "Chinese but new" local modern architecture has risen again, that is, China’s modern architecture is localized, not imported. From this point of view, looking at the office building of the Ministry of Construction today, although it has experienced nearly 70 years of wind and rain, it still stands tall, full of traditional architectural cultural elements, and embodies the modern, cutting-edge and fashion trends, and is still an important representative building to carry forward China’s traditional architectural culture.

Feng Jicai, a famous writer, once said, "Historical buildings retain a historical space. Because this space still exists, history becomes beyond doubt. In the meantime, history seems to be suddenly enlarged by flesh and blood. The past life forms seem to be called back at any time. Those empty narratives in the history books are all magically and richly resurrected here, and even the spirit of the past can be truly touched. "

Every autumn, the two ginkgo trees in front of the office building will bring gorgeous colors, attracting office workers and residents in nearby communities to enjoy the scenery and take pictures, which reflects the vitality and vitality of the solemn and elegant office building.

tag

The rain and the hurricane are one child, making contributions to the Sanli River.

The office building of the Ministry of Construction is the representative and epitome of Beijing’s modern administrative office building. After nearly 70 years of wind and rain, it is still majestic, solemn, elegant, generous and simple, with the charm of China traditional architecture, and is hailed as a milestone of China’s architectural modernization.

Compared with ancient buildings with a heavy history, the office building of the Ministry of Construction is closer to our work and life, which embodies the life memories of several generations of builders. The people who have worked in this building from generation to generation, although they have experienced rapid modernization changes, feel extremely cordial and familiar whenever they see it. At the same time, it is an indispensable part of a city’s historical memory, reflecting the history and inheritance of Beijing’s capital.

references

Gong Deshun, Architect

Xiao Tong’s 50 Years in the Construction Industry

Li Xiankui’s Living Protection of Architectural Cultural Heritage

For the original text, see the 20th issue of Urban and Rural Construction.

Special thanks to China Architectural Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd. for providing many precious historical photos!

Original title: "Red Buildings Remember Classics | Office Building of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development"

Read the original text

　　The Spring Festival is the most important festival in Chinese. One of the most important contents of the Spring Festival is the New Year’s Eve dinner.

　　Dinner on New Year’s Eve is called New Year’s Eve.

　　New Year’s Eve is very important, and many places call it "family fun", which is an important family banquet. Amid the cheerful firecrackers and the laughter and laughter of the Spring Festival Gala broadcast by CCTV, it is the warmest and happiest moment in the world for the whole family to sit together, share wine and delicacies, and bid farewell to the old year and welcome the new year together. Especially for the elderly, the reunion of their families has comforted and satisfied them spiritually. Looking at healthy children and lively and lovely children and grandchildren, the smile of the elderly is more stretched and warm than ever.

　　It can be said that the New Year’s Eve dinner is the most delicious, sweet and sometimes the most expensive dish in a year. More than 30 years ago, people were looking forward to the Chinese New Year. In a way, they were looking forward to this "big meal". Children, in particular, entered the "twelfth lunar month" gate and counted them with their fingers. I remember when I was a child, most of the neighbors in the courtyard were living in poverty, and there were few opportunities to eat meat and fish at ordinary times, not to mention those famous cooking and fancy pasta. When friends get together and talk about eating good food, they are all looking forward to the New Year, especially the New Year’s Eve. The dishes of New Year’s Eve are the most in a year, both vegetarian and cold and hot. Generally, there are at least 8 dishes and more than a dozen. Only then will the adults let the children eat.

　　In fact, the so-called good things that were eaten at the New Year’s Eve dinner in those days are as common as ever at today’s dinner table, and can be eaten every day. But not then. Because of the lack of materials, most of them are supplied by ticket. Even if you have some money, you can’t buy what you want. Pork, fish, peanut oil, preserved eggs, beer, sugar, tea, etc. are all rationed according to the population or family, and supplied by ticket. National Day, New Year’s Day and Spring Festival sometimes increase the supply items and quantity, for example, each person can supply half a catty of pork, and each household can buy two jins of candy and several boxes of Daqianmen cigarettes. Many families will "diet" and "cut down on meat" during the period near the Chinese New Year. I haven’t seen meat stars in the dishes for more than ten days, so I should eat as little white flour as possible and keep steamed buns. Pork tickets are saved and bought at one time on the eve of Chinese New Year. In this way, in addition to keeping the bag for jiaozi, you can also stir-fry rice flour meat and even stew braised pork. Once such a "reduced" stomach is released, it is followed by a sharp increase in gastrointestinal diseases. Every year on the 30th, the hospital is very busy. The patient has nothing else, most of which are the problems that come out. In the final analysis, it is the word "poor" that caused the disaster.

　　More importantly, the New Year’s Eve is an auspicious day for family reunion. On New Year’s Eve, no matter how far apart and how busy the work is, people always want to go back to their homes, have a reunion dinner and meet their loved ones who miss them so much. Spring Festival travel rush is the largest and most spectacular "migration" to go home in the world, and those "migration troops" who have worked tirelessly and traveled long distances in anxious to return all expect to arrive before the New Year’s Eve. The New Year’s Eve dinner has become a signal and beacon to call people home, which goes far beyond the meaning of a meal. In some families, you will see such a scene: there is a seat and a pair of chopsticks in front of the dining table, but no one is there. This means that the relatives of this family did not arrive in time for various reasons, or could not go home to reunite with their relatives, but the family could not forget him. Put tables, chairs, bowls and chopsticks, and take the right to be a relative among them. Therefore, many dishes on the New Year’s Eve are also born from this. "Reunion", "family happiness" and "good luck at the head" all contain the wish to pray for family safety and happiness.

　　Many people are very particular about the New Year’s Eve dinner, and they have everything to say about whether they eat or not. Even in the era of food shortage, people showed their magical powers and tried their best to get symbolic food for good luck. Of course, every nation has its own customs and habits, and there are great differences between the north and the south. For example, southerners like to eat rice dumplings, rice cakes, glutinous rice balls, and some eat raw garlic and preserved eggs. Among them, the meaning of rice cake is the most obvious: "sticky (sticky) high (cake) every year", which is auspicious and wishful, and is interpreted as the meaning of rising year by year. The traditional food of northerners is mainly pasta, and jiaozi is the most common Chinese New Year food, which is also a traditional habit with a long history. Some say that it appeared as early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, some say that it was officially listed as a must-eat thing for the New Year from the Han Dynasty, and some say it was the Tang Dynasty. In many places, on New Year’s Eve, when the bell rings at twelve o’clock, they begin to eat jiaozi. Therefore, it is the time of the year, which means "making friends at a younger age", and because the white-flour jiaozi is shaped like a silver ingot, and a pot of pots on the table symbolizes "making a fortune in the New Year, and the ingot rolls in", so many people will go to the bank in advance to change some brand-new coins, or sterilize the old coins with boiling water and pack them into jiaozi with stuffing. This has great appeal to children. On New Year’s Eve, no matter how sleepy or tired I am, I just wait to eat jiaozi and eat coins, and I am happy. Then there is fish, which is also indispensable for the New Year’s Eve, and you can’t eat it all. You have to leave a little, which means "more than one year."

　　With the improvement of living standards, people’s attitude towards New Year’s Eve has become more and more persistent, more and more loving and, of course, more rational. Those who go out to work, work outside the home, and relatives who are temporarily separated from their families for various reasons, whether they have made a fortune or are down and out of luck, are heading for home near the end of the year, all looking forward to catching up with this extraordinary dinner. However, few people bother about the New Year’s Eve. Because people don’t care what they eat or drink, and they don’t look forward to the delicious food that they can enjoy on the New Year’s Eve as before. The New Year’s Eve dinner has gone far beyond the simple appetite temptation. People are more concerned about and attached to the feelings between their loved ones and the warmth of home brought by the New Year’s Eve dinner. These are the most abundant New Year’s Eve dinners!

　　People’s Daily (January 29, 2014, 24th edition)

   Comments on live broadcast helping traditional culture: live broadcast, let the younger generation and traditional art go in both directions.

    Xinhuanet Beijing, March 17th (Reporter Chen Tingyu) Intangible arts such as opera, folk music, traditional dance and traditional handicrafts are being understood and loved by the younger generation such as "post-00" and "post-90" through live broadcast. Love the "quintessence of the country" and pursue the "tide of the country". When watching and enjoying the colorful non-legacy projects such as Huagu Opera and Yangxi Opera, the younger generation is cultivating deep local identity and cultural self-confidence. In the digital era, intangible cultural heritage, a treasure of traditional culture, is entering the daily life of young people.

    In recent years, more and more non-legacy practitioners have entered the live broadcast room and put the long-lost minority art on the second stage of live broadcast. Nowadays, xiang opera and Dongting fishing songs are no longer unfamiliar terms in textbooks, but are "seen" by more and more young people, and they are also loved from all over the world.

    A few days ago, at the Hunan Station of the intangible anchor salon jointly sponsored by Tsinghua University Cultural and Creative Development Research Institute and Tik Tok, Xiao Yan, a representative of Tik Tok live broadcast business, introduced that in the past year, the cumulative number of intangible live broadcasts in Hunan Province exceeded 150,000, and the number of such live broadcasts exceeded 640 million, a year-on-year increase of 178%; 17,000 Hunan non-legacy anchors broadcast in Tik Tok, with a cumulative broadcast duration of over 2.93 million hours, up 95% year-on-year. It is not difficult to find that watching intangible cultural heritage live in Tik Tok has become the daily life of Hunan audience.

The picture shows the event site of "Hunan Station of Non-legacy Anchor Salon"

    According to the data of Tik Tok Platform, in the past year, the live broadcast of intangible cultural heritage in Tik Tok averaged 1,617 performances per day, with the total number of performances increasing by 642% year-on-year. The number of non-legacy anchors who received rewards increased by 427% year-on-year, and the amount of rewards increased by 533% year-on-year. We also found that the income of non-genetic inheritors increased by 34% year-on-year, of which the sales of non-legacy goods increased by 668% year-on-year. Now, it has become a new trend across regions to listen to opera, enjoy national music and watch the intangible cultural heritage in the live broadcast room.

    It is gratifying that many traditional performances and skills are connected with modern young people through non-legacy live broadcasts. For example, Huagu Opera, a national intangible representative project, gained wide popularity from college students to "silver-haired people" in the live broadcast room. At the same time, Huagu Opera, Guzheng and Crosstalk are also the most praised performing arts in Hunan Province.

The picture shows Yi Zhenghong, a young actor of the Drama Heritage Center in Zhuzhou City, Hunan Province and the anchor of Tik Tok Huagu Opera, performing at the Hunan Station of the Intangible Anchor Salon.

    How to arouse the public’s enthusiasm for the protection of intangible heritage and drive more young people to participate in the inheritance of intangible heritage has always been an unresolved problem.

    Yan Yunyu, the anchor of Tik Tok Erhu, believes that the live broadcast has narrowed the distance between intangible cultural heritage practitioners and the audience, and even promoted the popularity of intangible cultural heritage. Live broadcast and short video make the ancient intangible heritage glow with the glory of the times, and it is also known and loved by more and more young people.

    Cao Min, deputy secretary-general of Guzheng Art Committee of Hunan National Orchestral Society, national third-class performer and Tik Tok Guzheng anchor, said that in modern times with advanced technology, the intangible cultural heritage with a long history is gradually fading out of people’s daily life, and Guzheng is one of them. However, in the fast-paced social life, traditional culture and music are like a good medicine that can comfort the soul. We should rebuild the sense of identity of traditional culture in a way that is more acceptable and recognized by modern people. The live broadcast in Tik Tok has enabled folk music to find a modern bosom friend.

    Guqin art is a new form with the longest history and continuous inheritance in China, and it is a master of instrumental art.. Spreading to the public, especially teenagers, is an important part of the inheritance and protection of Guqin art.

    According to Lynne, an associate researcher at the Music Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Art and a representative inheritor of the national intangible guqin art, as early as 2006, the Chinese Academy of Art and the China Intangible Cultural Genetic Protection Center established and planned the activities of guqin art entering universities, with the active participation of local guqin artists and non-governmental organizations, and publicized and educated the public guqin art for college students nationwide. Subsequently, the object of communication activities has gradually changed from university teachers and students to cover the vast number of primary and secondary school students and young guqin lovers. The purpose of these activities is to sow childlike innocence and hand over the intangible art to the future. Nowadays, the new media communication mode has brought new experience and hope to these works.

    To a certain extent, the non-legacy live broadcast is still a form of universal education.

    Cao Min believes that the live teaching of art courses is a more advanced mode, which solves the problem of uneven art education resources. In the past, children in the mountains had to be exposed to advanced art education unless they went out of the mountains and went to first-and second-tier cities, which required huge efforts and often had little chance. Now through the live broadcast platform, children have the opportunity to appreciate traditional culture and skills, enriching people’s spiritual world and real life. At the same time, anchors can also use their real talents to get recognition and feedback from fans, such as praise and reward, forming a virtuous circle of two-way complementarity.

    At the same time, the current traditional handicrafts and non-legacy arts are also facing the bottleneck of lack of successors, and there has been a talent gap, while new communication methods such as live broadcast have brought traditional arts closer to young people.

    Lian Chunhai, a researcher at the Institute of Fine Arts of the Chinese Academy of Art, said that the age of practitioners of traditional handicrafts is gradually aging, and it takes a long time to learn traditional skills, so there is a talent gap. In the new media era, the emergence of live broadcast, short video and other forms of communication has created new opportunities for the spread of traditional handicrafts and brought new ideas for the inheritance of traditional arts.

    Zheng Zhang, vice president of Tsinghua University School of Journalism and Communication, said that in order to invite many non-genetic inheritors around and reach more young people, it is necessary to use diversified technical means to give young people access to high-quality and high-level cultural content products. Intangible art can be combined with digital new media and technical means, which is a two-way process for the younger generation and traditional art.

    It is hoped that national music and traditional culture will be popular again and "tidal" with the help of modern communication methods such as live broadcast and new media platforms, and will be perceived, loved and passed on by more young people.

　　The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader sent a message to the young people in the new era, stressing that "in the new era, young people in China should inherit and carry forward the May 4th spirit, strengthen their ideals and beliefs, stand firm on the people’s stand, practice their excellent skills, devote themselves to the great cause of strengthening the country, and always maintain the forward posture of hard struggle, together with hundreds of millions of people, and fight bravely on the new long March to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese dream by the Chinese nation." The author thinks that in the new era, the young people in China should carry forward the patriotic banner, scientific spirit and the tradition of eternal struggle to implement the message spirit of the Supreme Leader General Secretary.

　　To inherit and carry forward the spirit of May 4th Movement, we should hold high the banner of patriotism.

　　Since its establishment, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has regarded young people as the new force and commando for the development of the cause of the party and the people, and has always led, cared for and supported young people to realize their life values and lofty ideals in the great struggle of participating in the country’s prosperity and national rejuvenation, whether in the stormy revolutionary years, in the raging construction period or in the magnificent reform era. A generation of youth has the spiritual coordinates of a generation of youth, a generation of youth has the historical experience of a generation of youth, and a generation of youth has the mission of a generation of youth. In the face of the sudden outbreak of COVID-19, under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core, young people in China in the new era hold high the banner of patriotism, stimulate patriotic enthusiasm and show patriotic feelings. After achieving phased results in fighting the epidemic with the people of the whole country, they are fully committed to the vivid practice of resuming work and production, promoting stable and orderly economic and social development and realizing the decisive victory in building a well-off society in an all-round way. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "In contemporary China, the essence of patriotism is to adhere to a high degree of unity of patriotism, love for the Party and love for socialism". In the new era, young people in China should know and grasp the historical inevitability of the development of human society and Socialism with Chinese characteristics from our party’s exploration of Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s historical development and great practice, and constantly establish their faith and confidence in fighting for the lofty ideal of communism and the common ideal of Socialism with Chinese characteristics. In the new era, young people in China should carry forward the spirit of the May 4th Movement and hold high the banner of patriotism.To unswervingly follow the Party’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics road, we should clearly understand, profoundly understand and thoroughly understand the truth that "without communist party, there will be no new China, only socialism can save China, and only Socialism with Chinese characteristics can develop China", learn the history of the Party, know the Party’s situation, listen to the Party’s words and follow the Party. We must adhere to the guidance of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the new era, closely link our ideals with the future of the motherland, closely link our growth with the destiny of the nation, and integrate our personal pursuit of happiness into the great practice of seeking happiness for the people of China and the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, so that our ideals, careers, happiness and the future of the country, the people’s happiness and the destiny of the nation can be United in the same direction, with the same direction and with the same strength, so that our youth can serve the motherland, the people and the people.

　　Inheriting and carrying forward the spirit of May 4th Movement should carry forward the scientific spirit.

　　The majority of young people insist on taking science as a sharp weapon to win the epidemic prevention and control war, establish scientific spirit, adopt scientific methods, strengthen scientific research, insist on asking science for answers, methods and results, and make outstanding contributions to the phased achievements of epidemic prevention and control together with the people of the whole country.

　　In the new era, young people in China should carry forward the scientific spirit. First, they should adhere to the Marxist scientific outlook. Marxism is a science about realistic people and their historical development, and its research object is all human historical activities and the whole historical process. We should learn, understand and implement Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the New Era, the latest achievement of Marxism in China. From a macro perspective, we can handle the relationship between man and nature and realize the sustainable development of the country’s economy and society. From the middle point of view, we can handle the relationship between people and society, effectively solve the problem of "people’s dependence on things" formed by the logic of capital, and provide guidance for work, study and life; From the microscopic point of view, it can deal with the relationship between good people and self, effectively eliminate cultural nihilism, and enhance their sense of acquisition and happiness.

　　Second, we must learn to think scientifically and be brave in pioneering and innovating. On the one hand, we should carry forward the tradition of pioneering spirit, promote innovation consciousness in the whole society with practical actions that dare to innovate, dare to innovate and be good at innovation, stimulate the innovation wisdom of all people, unite the innovation strength of all people, release the innovation vitality of the whole society, seize the historical opportunity of the new round of scientific and technological and industrial revolution, give full play to the key role of scientific and technological innovation, and seize the "bull’s nose" of scientific and technological innovation to seize the opportunity, win the initiative and win the initiative for promoting reform and development. On the other hand, we should strengthen the comprehensive research, systematic planning and overall promotion of all work, make clear the distance in time, use the long to see the short, from near to far, and orderly, so as to be steady and far-reaching; Make clear the size in space, look at the small with the big, accumulate the small to be the big, and make the easy first and then the difficult, so as to make the big things easy, make the difficult things easy, achieve career success and promote national development.

　　Third, we must persist in joint efforts in scientific research and promote the integration of science and humanities. On the one hand, it is necessary to enhance team awareness, work together to tackle key problems scientifically, and in view of the increasingly prominent reality of cross-disciplinary clustering and multi-field technology integration, rely on team strength to gather wisdom to tackle key problems, integrate scientific research strength and resources, and give full play to the advantages of all aspects, so as to form an overall joint force to promote scientific and technological innovation and accelerate the construction of an innovative country. On the other hand, it promotes the integration of science and humanities, emphasizing both the value of humanistic spirit and the charm of scientific rationality; He is good at using empirical methods to study social science issues, but also good at thinking about natural science issues from the perspective of humanities, realizing the interaction between scientific research and humanistic thinking, the blending of scientific spirit and humanistic spirit, and the scientific application of natural science research methods and social science research methods, further highlighting the role of science and technology in economic and social development.

　　Inheriting and carrying forward the spirit of the May 4th Movement should carry forward the tradition of permanent struggle.

　　Young people in the new era carry forward the tradition of eternal struggle. First, they should guide their life with ideals and beliefs. In the new era, young people in China need to set up lofty ideals of communism, as well as their faith in Marxism, Socialism with Chinese characteristics and the Chinese nation’s great rejuvenation of the Chinese dream. They should proceed from reality, plan from the present, start from the present, and handle the dialectical relationship between ideal and reality, long-term and present. They should set up ideals as well as focus on reality, guide practical work with lofty ideals and support lofty ideals with practical work. It is necessary to take a long-term view and base on the present. Only by taking a long-term view can we motivate ourselves to move forward, and only by standing on the present can we make steady progress. To establish a high degree of consciousness of integrating one’s ego into the motherland’s ego and the people’s ego, we must be ambitious and down-to-earth. We must temper our noble character and practice it. We must not only improve our ability and quality, but also ensure our physical and mental health, so that we can become builders and successors of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

　　Second, we should take hard study as a ladder for growth and progress. The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out, "In the new era, young people in China should enhance their sense of urgency in learning, be eager to study tirelessly, study hard Marxist standpoints and methods, master scientific and cultural knowledge and professional skills, improve their humanistic quality, increase their knowledge and temper their character in their studies, increase their talents and skills in their work, serve the people with genuine talents and practical learning, and contribute to the country with innovation!" In the new era, young people in China should establish the concept of lifelong learning, learning all the time and learning everything, understand the truth that "young people are easy to learn when they are old, and one inch of time can’t be light", grasp the method that "what they get on paper is shallow at last, and they know nothing about it", adhere to the tenacity that "the bench should be cold for ten years, and the article should not be empty", and bear in mind that "it is the night when men are reading"

　　Third, we should regard practice as a stage to keep our passion for struggle forever. In the new era, young people in China should join the people in the great practice of Socialism with Chinese characteristics, deeply understand the development concept of innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing, promote the implementation of the innovation-driven development strategy, dialectically treat the development speed, efficiency and sustainability, and fully understand the characteristics of the new round of scientific and technological and industrial revolution, such as the continuous emergence of major subversive technologies, the accelerated transformation of scientific and technological achievements, and the monopoly of industrial organization forms and industrial chains. Actively cultivate new impetus for development, shape more leading development that can give full play to the first-Mover advantage, and contribute their youth and strength to the Chinese dream of building an innovative country and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　(Li Zhongshuang is a researcher at the Theoretical System Research Center of Socialism with Chinese characteristics, Jilin Province)

　　Refine the definition of domestic violence and make it clear that it is also domestic violence that commits violations through the internet; Improve the mandatory reporting system, and include those who are unable to report due to old age, disability, serious illness, coercion, intimidation and other reasons into the protection object; Creatively expand the protection object, and make it clear that minors who witness domestic violence are victims of domestic violence …

　　A few days ago, the Measures for the Implementation of the Anti-Domestic Violence Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) in Guangdong Province (hereinafter referred to as the Measures) was voted by the 22nd meeting of the Standing Committee of the 13th National People’s Congress of Guangdong Province and will be implemented on October 1, 2020.

　　It is understood that the "Measures" have a number of highlights reflecting Guangdong characteristics. The relevant person in charge of the Guangdong Women’s Federation, the drafting unit, said that it is of great significance for the Measures to innovate relevant work systems and measures and strive to build an anti-domestic violence prevention and control system with Guangdong characteristics to promote the province’s anti-domestic violence work, safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of women and children, promote family harmony and maintain social stability.

　　Chen Yongkang, deputy director of the Social Committee of the Guangdong Provincial People’s Congress, introduced that during the drafting of the Measures (Draft), relevant systems were established to solve the problems existing in the current anti-domestic violence work, such as unclear division of responsibilities among departments, nonstandard handling of complaints, difficulty in giving evidence to victims of domestic violence, and insufficient assistance to victims, and efforts were made to legislate against the problems and solve the problems through legislation. At the same time, learn from the experience of brother provinces, adapt to local conditions, and do not simply transplant.

　　Li Mingshun, secretary of the Party Committee and professor of China Women’s University, believes that the overall characteristics of the Measures are the most striking: First, it highlights the responsibility of public power to moderately intervene in domestic violence; Second, it is emphasized that the prevention and treatment of domestic violence must adhere to the victim-oriented principle and give priority to the rescue of victims.

　　It is understood that the "Measures" innovate relevant work systems and measures, presenting ten highlights.

　　Highlight 1: Domestic violence is expressed by sub-items, and "freezing hunger", "stalking", "harassing" and "spreading privacy" are clearly defined as domestic violence.

　　The Measures itemize domestic violence from five aspects: injury, restriction of personal freedom, threat to personal safety, mental aggression and other domestic violence. According to the needs of work practice and in response to social concerns, freezing hunger, confinement, stalking, harassment, slander and spreading privacy are clearly defined as domestic violence. Clearly through the Internet and other means to implement the relevant violations, but also domestic violence.

　　Highlight 2: Anti-domestic violence implements social co-governance, and if the victim is found to face personal safety threats, he should call the police in time.

　　Several articles of the Measures respectively stipulate the responsibilities and obligations of people’s organizations, village (neighborhood) committees, social organizations, enterprises and institutions to carry out anti-domestic violence. It is stipulated that any unit or individual has the right to dissuade the ongoing domestic violence, and the victim who is threatened by personal safety shall report the case to the public security organ in time.

　　Highlight 3: Build a comprehensive prevention system for anti-domestic violence work, and bring domestic violence prevention work into grid management.

　　The "Measures" respectively define the responsibilities of all parties concerned around strengthening the publicity and education of family virtues and anti-domestic violence laws and regulations, conducting business training, promoting the construction and sharing of information resources, and resolving conflicts and disputes between marriage and family. Among them, people’s governments at all levels are required to incorporate family education guidance services into the urban and rural public service system; Require the civil affairs department to guide the marriage registration authority and provide marriage and family counseling services for the parties involved in marriage registration; Schools and kindergartens are required to carry out self-protection awareness publicity and education for students and children.

　　Highlight 4: Establish and improve the linkage mechanism of anti-domestic violence, and handle major cases with bad social impact together.

　　The Measures clarify the responsibilities of the people’s governments at or above the county level to establish and improve the linkage mechanism against domestic violence. Require the first department and unit to do a good job of acceptance, follow-up and referral according to their job responsibilities; Major cases of domestic violence involving the responsibilities of multiple departments and units or cases of domestic violence with bad social impact shall be handled jointly with other relevant departments and units.

　　Highlight 5: Improve the mandatory reporting system and expand the protected objects and reporting subjects.

　　In terms of mandatory reporting, people who cannot report due to old age, disability, serious illness, coercion, intimidation and other reasons are included in the protection object, and people’s mediation organizations and their staff are added as the subject of mandatory reporting.

　　Highlight 6: Standardize the public security organs to receive the police, and issue a warning in "four situations".

　　The public security organs are explicitly required to include the domestic violence alarm in the scope of the "110" police service. After receiving the domestic violence report, they should go to the police in time, make a police record, and do a good job in stopping domestic violence, collecting evidence, finding out basic facts, assisting in rescue, identifying injuries, assisting in asylum, and informing victims of their rights. The public security organ shall accept and investigate domestic violence in violation of public security administration according to law; Anyone suspected of committing a crime shall file a case for investigation according to law. The public security organ shall issue a warning if the circumstances of domestic violence are relatively minor, and the public security administration punishment is not given according to law, which is in line with one of the four situations, such as "failure to obtain mediation from the victim".

　　Highlight 7: Enrich the measures of personal safety protection orders, and you can apply for multiple protection measures, and the court will make them in batches.

　　The Measures stipulate that the personal safety protection order can take the following measures: prohibition order, departure order and removal order. Where the applicant is required to apply for a number of habeas corpus measures, the people’s court may make them several times in batches.

　　Highlight 8: Special chapter provides assistance to victims of domestic violence, and temporary shelters should protect the privacy of victims.

　　Attach importance to the assistance to victims, and set up a special chapter on "assistance to victims of domestic violence" to provide victims with multi-level, diversified and three-dimensional assistance from temporary shelter, social assistance, legal aid and judicial assistance, covering temporary accommodation, legal needs, psychological services and difficult assistance.

　　Highlight 9: Improve the family investigation system and the lawyer’s investigation and evidence collection system, and promote the solution to the problem of difficult proof.

　　It is clear that in the civil action of domestic violence, if the victim cannot collect evidence by himself due to objective reasons, he can entrust a lawyer to investigate and collect relevant evidence according to law.

　　Highlight 10: Creatively expand the object of protection, and minors who witness domestic violence are victims of domestic violence.

　　Strengthen the protection of minors and make it clear that minors who witness domestic violence are victims of domestic violence.

　　Vaccination is the key to immunization planning, and it is also a sharp weapon for China to deal with a series of infectious diseases such as COVID-19.

　　According to the "Immunization Agenda 2030" announced by 26 institutions including the World Health Organization (WHO), the goal is to achieve 90% coverage of basic vaccines for children and adolescents by 2030, and to reduce the number of children who have not been vaccinated at all by half. The "Healthy China 2030" Planning Outline clearly stated that "the expanded national immunization program should be continued, and the vaccination rate of school-age children in the national immunization program should be maintained at a high level".

　　At present, 14 kinds of vaccines under China’s immunization program can prevent 15 kinds of infectious diseases, including hepatitis A, meningitis and rubella, and the coverage population is mainly children aged 0 to 6. However, there are still four kinds of vaccines recommended by WHO that are internationally recognized as cost-effective and have not been included in China’s immunization program.

　　What is the urgency and cost-effectiveness of these four vaccines for patients? How to set relevant evaluation standards? On the occasion of "World Immunization Week", CBN interviewed a number of clinical and immunization planning experts and gave their answers.

　　The dilemma of high price of PCV vaccine

　　The vaccines recommended by WHO but not included in China’s immunization program mainly include Hib vaccine (Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine), HPV vaccine (human papillomavirus vaccine), PCV vaccine (streptococcus pneumoniae conjugate vaccine) and RV vaccine (rotavirus vaccine).

　　"Streptococcus pneumoniae (SPN) is the main pathogen of community-acquired pneumonia and invasive infection among children in China." Zeng Mei, chief physician of the Pediatric Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, said that according to multi-center research, nearly 80% of patients with invasive pneumococcal diseases are children under 5 years old. "It is urgent to vaccinate this population with streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine."

　　As a pediatric clinician, Zeng Mei has been concerned about the impact of Streptococcus pneumoniae on children and the related immunization planning process for many years. For example, a multi-center clinical study covering 1138 cases of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in children from 2012 to 2017 showed that the mortality rate of these invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae diseases was as high as 16.2%, and the proportions of meningitis, bacteremia and bacteremia caused by these diseases were 22.9%, 9.1% and 7.8 respectively.

　　In terms of vaccine supply, at present, there are two kinds of PCV13-valent vaccines available in China. Among them, imported vaccines are suitable for infants aged 6 weeks to 15 months, and domestic vaccines are suitable for infants and children aged 6 weeks to 5 years. PPV23(23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine) is used for people over 2 years old who are infected with SPN and have an increased risk of IPD (invasive pneumococcal disease).

　　"In China, there are obvious regional differences in deaths caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, and about 49% of deaths caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae occurred in the western region. In terms of mortality, the mortality rate in the western region is 17 per 100,000, which is about twice as high as that in other regions. " Wang Weibing, director and professor of the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, said that the vaccination rate of PCV13 vaccine in Shanghai has reached almost 50% in recent years, and the risk of pneumonia can be reduced by about 82% after vaccination, but the vaccination rate in the western region is less than 1%.

　　Wang Weibing further said that from the perspective of economic burden, the price of PCV vaccine in most countries covered by Gavi (Global Alliance for Vaccine Immunization) is about US$ 3.3 per dose. The price of imported PCV13 vaccine in China is about 700 yuan per dose, which still has a certain gap. "The current price also leads to the vaccine not being cost-effective in health economics." .

　　It is necessary to comprehensively consider many factors such as disease, vaccine, vaccination ability and so on when vaccines are included in the immunization program. Wang Weibing told reporters that on the one hand, epidemiological evidence such as the disease burden of influenza and pneumococcal diseases in China is still insufficient. Because pneumonia, influenza and other respiratory diseases usually have similar symptoms, there are many kinds of pathogens that can cause the same disease, which makes it difficult to estimate the disease burden of vaccine-preventable diseases, and it is difficult to observe the effect after vaccination.

　　On the other hand, from the point of view of vaccine supply, because PCV vaccine contains many serotypes, the production process is complex and there are certain technical barriers, which leads to the vaccine supply can not meet the needs of being included in the national immunization plan. However, with the joining of Chinese manufacturers who independently research and develop PCV vaccine, it is believed that the current situation of insufficient supply will be expected to be improved.

　　Significance of free HPV vaccination

　　Since the first government-led HPV vaccine free vaccination project was launched in Erdos city three years ago, at present, Guangdong, Hainan, Jiangxi, Fujian, Tibet and Chongqing provinces have also started or announced that they will launch a global HPV vaccine free vaccination program.

　　According to other data, there are six kinds of HPV vaccines listed in the world, including two bivalent HPV vaccines independently developed by China (one from Wan Tai and one from watson biological). As of March 2023, 126 countries and regions have included HPV vaccine in the immunization program.

　　"In terms of HPV vaccination, people’s acceptance and participation enthusiasm are higher than expected. These explorations may provide important reference for the inclusion of HPV vaccine in national immunization planning decisions." Zhang Jun, deputy dean of the School of Public Health of Xiamen University and deputy director of the National Infectious Disease Diagnostic Reagents and Vaccine Engineering Technology Research Center of Xiamen University, said in an interview.

　　In Zhang Jun’s view, there is no doubt about the health damage caused by HPV infection in China. With the large and stable supply of high-quality domestic HPV vaccines and widely recognized by the public, the independent control of vaccine research and development and the long-term sustainability of supply have become a fact. "At present, HPV vaccines have not been included in the national immunization plan, and the main difficulty lies in the high cost and price of vaccines and the uncertainty of public acceptance."

　　Judging from the bidding price of Jiangsu Province’s previous procurement, the bivalent HPV vaccine in watson biological was 246 yuan/piece, and the bivalent HPV vaccine in Wan Tai was 329 yuan/piece, and three shots were inoculated in the whole process. In addition, the average price of HPV tetravalent vaccine ranges from 800 to 900 yuan per dose, and the total price of three doses of HPV nine-valent vaccine is about 4,000 yuan.

　　"Because the research and development cycle of HPV vaccine is generally more than 10 years, it requires high production facilities and quality control. In order to maintain a virtuous circle of market demand-R&D investment, the pricing of products should not be too low within several years of listing; This may put greater pressure on the country’s budget. " Zhang Jun analyzed the reporter.

　　Du Heng, senior project officer of the Beijing Representative Office of Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, believes that enterprises will make production capacity layout and arrangement according to market demand, and naturally leave production capacity to the high-priced vaccine market and people with higher payment capacity. The key population that should be vaccinated with HPV vaccine first, that is, girls aged 9-15, can guide the production behavior of enterprises through strengthening the national immunization program and large-scale procurement.

　　Zhang Jun suggested that, on the one hand, a more flexible medical insurance payment mechanism could be considered. For example, formulate affordable medical insurance payment standards, where the expenses within the standards are reimbursed by medical insurance/finance, and the expenses beyond the standards are paid by individuals.

　　On the other hand, on the basis of bidding and purchasing with quantity, considering increasing the time factor, relatively high prices are allowed in the first few years, so that enterprises can recover their costs as soon as possible and obtain reasonable income, maintain their enthusiasm for innovation, and quickly switch to cost pricing or market competition after a certain number of years and more diversified manufacturers, so as to ensure the sustainability of immunization planning policies.

　　Implement a scientific and accurate evaluation standard path

　　Professor Tang Shenglan, co-director of the Global Health Research Center of Duke University in Kunshan and head of the Innovation Laboratory of Vaccine Delivery Research, told the reporter that there have been many mature research results on the key decision-making research and the selection of vaccine varieties for introducing immunization programs for new vaccines in the world, which generally involve three types of indicators.

　　The first category is indicators related to disease prevalence and burden. "For example, malaria is highly prevalent and has a high disease burden in many African countries, so it is necessary to include malaria vaccines in the immunization programs of these countries. However, malaria has been effectively controlled in China. In 2021, WHO awarded China the certification for eliminating malaria. Obviously, malaria vaccine will not be considered in the expansion of immunization programs in China. " Tang Shenglan said.

　　The second kind of indicators mainly focus on the vaccine itself, including its effectiveness, safety, quality, supply capacity and health and economic benefits.

　　The third category of indicators involves financial resources, manpower and material resources. Tang Shenglan analyzed in detail for the reporter. Financial resources mainly refer to whether China’s health financing mechanism can support the expansion decision. Generally speaking, if the budget is abundant this year, it will vigorously expand vaccination, and if the budget is tight next year, it will reduce vaccination coverage (the baby born next year will not be able to enjoy the plan). This obviously violates the principle of fairness. Manpower, every time a new vaccine is added to the immunization program, it means that the workload of vaccination increases and the number of possible vaccine adverse reactions increases; Correspondingly, the inoculation technology of new vaccines needs training, and the results of disease surveillance also need to be reported. Material resources include whether the vaccine distribution has cold chain conditions, whether the monitoring system can "expand" synchronously, and whether the media and grassroots science popularization have enough resources for public science popularization.

　　In the next step, what specific measures and adjustments should be made in immunization planning in various places?

　　Tang Shenglan suggested that, first of all, from the national level, a scientific and dynamic adjustment mechanism of immunization program catalogue can be gradually established, and based on this mechanism, the adjustment plan of national immunization program in the next 5-10 years can be defined, and the market can be shaped through this plan. At the same time, guided by health and fairness, taking into account the local disease burden, financial level and residents’ ability to pay, we will explore and support the gradual inclusion of more cost-effective vaccines in the national immunization plan in different regions, batches and steps, and include high-risk groups such as teenagers, the elderly, chronically ill patients and medical workers in the vaccination scope, so as to accelerate the realization of life-cycle vaccination.

　　Secondly, it is to improve the sustainable financing mechanism of vaccines, which can establish the clear expectations of relevant enterprises for the market. "Practice in some places shows that medical insurance reimbursement or moderate subsidies can effectively incite individuals to share and improve the vaccination rate without significantly increasing the financial burden." For example, Tang Shenglan, Qinhuai District of Nanjing, for example, paid about 670,000 yuan to buy varicella vaccine through finance in 2019, accounting for only 1.10% of the basic public health service expenses in the district, but it increased the coverage rate of the first vaccination by 10 percentage points.

　　Thirdly, improve the research and development of key vaccines through policy guidance. These policy guidance can include: optimizing vaccine review and approval standards, accelerating industrial transformation and upgrading, supporting joint vaccine research and development and production, and leaving room for optimizing immunization strategies; Support the domestic substitution of key vaccines to ensure a stable and sufficient supply of vaccines included in the immunization program.

　　Finally, Tang Shenglan suggested that we can learn from some innovative international procurement mechanisms to balance the risks and benefits of enterprises while adjusting vaccine prices.

　　"For example, in the bidding process in the UK, manufacturers are allowed to give different quotations according to different purchase quantities (often the larger the purchase quantity, the lower the price), so that economies of scale can be effectively utilized and the risks of manufacturers can be reduced. The Canadian government will require provinces or regions to estimate their demand before awarding the contract to manufacturers, and require provinces or regions to purchase at least 75% of their estimated amount, thus forming a quantitative guarantee for manufacturers. " Tang Shenglan said that China can fully learn from the experience of developed countries, start with regional pilot projects, and explore a better procurement model. While reducing the price of non-immunization vaccines, it also enhances the R&D enthusiasm of enterprises and achieves the goal of multi-win.

　　CCTV News:During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the maritime industry flourished, and colored gems and jade from various countries entered China with merchant ships. In the jewelry category exhibition being exhibited in Changsha Museum, about 300 pieces of collected treasures show the beauty of the blending of Chinese and Western cultures.

　　With the continuous development of navigation and trade, China is rich in precious stones and stored in by going up one flight of stairs. Jewelry inlay technology developed rapidly in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. This Ming Dynasty’s "gold inlaid with precious silk and five phoenix crowns" is very rich in decorative elements, including the flower shape of peony, dragons, phoenixes, butterflies and other forms of decoration, using a variety of complex techniques such as tired silk and hammering.

　　The continuous export of China’s artworks has also made westerners know and understand China culture. These two French cosmetic boxes, dating from about 1920, are rich in China elements in design.

　　Bronze decoration embodies the cultural characteristics of Shang and Zhou Dynasties.

　　At the special exhibition of Shang and Zhou cultural relics on display in Tianjin Museum, more than 150 pieces (sets) of Oracle bones, bronzes and other cultural relics provide important clues for studying the origin of Chinese civilization.

　　The typical animal face pattern in Shang bronzes is the reorganization and deformation of many animals based on people’s imagination. All kinds of animal-faced tripod in the exhibition reflect the reverence and worship of nature by the ancestors of Shang and Zhou Dynasties.

　　Cicada pattern is also a common animal pattern decoration on bronzes, which means it is high in food and dew, clean and valuable. This cicada-patterned tripod in the late Shang Dynasty has a complicated craft, which embodies the exquisite skills of ancient craftsmen.

　　Zhaoji civilization sees the origin of Chinese characters from cultural relics

　　Through this special exhibition, we can learn about the history and culture of that period from the Oracle bones and bronzes with inscriptions.

　　The word "China" combined together first appeared on the bronze ware "He Zun" more than 3,000 years ago. In fact, the earliest Chinese characters "Zhong" and "Guo" can also be found in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty.

　　Oracle Bone Inscriptions can not only reflect the political and military situation at that time, but also reflect the ecological environment at that time. From the Oracle inscriptions carved on this piece of Oracle bones, we can see that the Central Plains at that time had traces of elephant survival and reproduction.

　　In Shang dynasty, people not only carved words on Oracle bones, but also wrote on wooden slips and silks with brush. Although it is no longer possible to see the Shang dynasty classics written with a brush, the inscriptions on bronzes basically retain the form of brush writing. In the inscription of Xin Ding, the father of the Shang Dynasty, we can intuitively see the trace of the writing of the word "father" with a brush.

On April 16th, BYD personalized brand equation Leopard Technology Tide SUV Titanium 3 was officially launched, with a total of five versions, with a surprise price of 133,800 yuan, and a financial discount policy of up to 5,500 yuan and five super-value car purchase rights.

"One abnormal titanium gives birth to everything", Equation Leopard Titanium 3 creates the trend aesthetics with science and technology. With its unique "one machine, three cabins" trend configuration, "E+2C" intelligent three-piece suite and "iCT" safety three-piece suite, it has the super-value value of surpassing technology, space and configuration, and at the same time, it further realizes the "scientific and technological trend products, which are shared by the whole people". Titanium 3 will work with all users to open a new chapter in urban travel and create a new era of high-tech products.

Titanium 3 configuration is full, technology is full, value is full, sincerity is full

Inspired by "Star Wars Aesthetics", Titanium 3 has created a new category of "science and technology fad" and led a brand-new "science and technology fad" with its unique technology of "one machine and three cabins". "One Machine" refers to the intelligent vehicle-mounted unmanned aerial vehicle system of Lingyuan jointly developed by BYD and DJI, which can easily achieve a good shot with one button.

"No.3 cabin" refers to the electric front cabin, ecological cockpit and convenient rear cabin. The electric front cabin is equipped with the only electric opening and closing function at the same level and a large volume of 151L; Eco-cockpit includes multifunctional smart island, ergonomic chair, custom buttons, 15.6-inch central control screen, dual-temperature air conditioner, cold and warm refrigerator, Divale audio, 6kW high-power external discharge, one-button down of the rear seat, and official customized air mattress, which can easily lie flat and change into a big bed room every second; 28L’s convenient rear schoolbag is stylish in appearance and dry in content, which can meet the daily personalized storage needs of more yuan and more flexibility.

The "iCT" safety three-piece set makes the safety technology configuration full, including iTAC intelligent torque control system, extremely fast vehicle response and one-button drift mode; CTB vehicle safety structure, which is resistant to extrusion, folding and collision, makes every trip feel at ease; TSC high-speed tire burst stability control system, assisted by 140km/h high-speed tire burst control, allows users not to panic when they are in danger. Let every time you drive actively and passively, it is safe, and the safety guard will accompany you all the time.

The "E+2C" intelligent three-piece set makes the intelligent technology configuration full, including the intelligent EVO+ platform, which has a product performance of 1 super and 3 strong, and its unique iATS intelligent all-terrain recognition system can automatically identify road conditions such as grass/sand/mud/snow, and automatically switch driving modes, so that users’ travel scenes can be opened infinitely; High efficiency, shortening the charging time of users at low temperature by 40% and the charging time of 30-80%SOC at room temperature by 18min；; Strong handling, titanium 3 is equipped with a million-class suspension, and the front two-ball joint McPherson rear five-bar linkage brings users the ultimate driving feeling; Strong performance, 20000 rpm motor, 100 km acceleration of 4.9 s; Eye of God C high-order intelligent driving assistance system can easily realize high-speed navigation assistance, intelligent parking and active obstacle avoidance; Active preview+Yunqi -C intelligent damping body control system can realize intelligent preview of road conditions and intelligent damping control, and bring users a driving experience with light sensitive cornering, smooth handling, stable body posture and strong road adaptability. Let the platform drive intelligently, and intelligent technology is always online.

Titanium 3 surprise listing, rights and interests in place, 0 yuan can also buy.

Titanium 3 successfully set off a "tide wind" and brought three surprises. First of all, it has brought a very competitive price of 133,800 Pro version of 501KM rear-drive intelligent driving, 139,800 Max version of 501KM rear-drive intelligent driving, 153,800 Max version of 501KM four-wheel drive intelligent driving, 163,800 Ultra version of 501KM four-wheel drive intelligent driving, and 193,800 UAV version of 501KM four-wheel drive intelligent driving, which will be delivered as soon as it goes on the market, with excellent price and the whole people can close their eyes.

Secondly, Titanium 3 also brought a financial discount policy of up to 5,500 yuan, and provided multiple financial schemes of "0 down payment, 0 interest and 0 monthly payment" for selection. "0 down payment", up to 5 years long loan; "0 interest", starting from 50% down payment, 24 installments with 0 interest; "Payment in 0 months", with 50% down payment and 50% final payment, and payment in 0 months at least for one year.

Finally, it sent out four great car purchase rights! Replacement subsidy of up to 6000 yuan; 7kW charging piles are delivered free of charge, and the first owner enjoys the rights and interests of charging pile basic installation service within two years from the date of self-delivery; Smart internet services, including lifelong OTA upgrade, online navigation, free car traffic for 2 years and 5G every month, etc. After-sales service, the whole vehicle repair of non-operating vehicles for 6 years or 150 thousand kilometers, the lifetime warranty of the "three power" system, etc.

Titanium 3 has launched two major reform plans, which are often used for renovation.

Titanium 3 breaks the traditional doll model of the car and provides the world’s first front face modular dressing system, so that titanium 3 truly has a variety of titanium and Vientiane forms. At the release site, the "Titanium 3 Face Change Plan" was officially released, and a variety of front face plans will be put on the official store of Equation Leopard one after another. You can make an appointment with one click, and the national Equation Leopard store can make a face change.

Titanium 3 has brought 12 joint tide reform schemes in conjunction with a number of tide reform brands. This time, the SUPER 3 version of the tide reform plan will be added, and it will also be put on the official mall simultaneously. In addition, Equation Leopard announced the launch of the "Titanium 3 Tide Reform Co-creation Competition" on April 23, and Equation Leopard official will invest a million bonus pools to help users realize their dreams of tide reform! This competition has set up a number of tracks, such as national track and professional track, so you can pay attention to the official information of the follow-up equation leopard.

High-tech products are shared by the whole people. Equation Leopard Titanium 3 is officially listed.

Text/Zhang Xinmeng

It took only one year for the industry’s TOP3 threshold to soar from 200 billion to 300 billion.

In 2016, China’s real estate turnover increased by nearly 30%. What is this concept? "The automobile industry grew by 9%, e-commerce by 20%, and express delivery by 50%. The only thing that exceeded the real estate growth rate in China was express delivery. However, the express base is too small, which is nothing compared with real estate. " Chen Jinsong, chairman of World Bank, made a comparison in the recent Midtown Alliance Forum, which made the 10 trillion real estate plate more specific.

The TOP20 threshold increased by 81% year-on-year

Real estate rivers and lakes, a year of melee, Evergrande surpassed Vanke with sales of 373.15 billion, becoming the first real estate enterprise. Vanke and Country Garden ranked second and third with 363.3 billion and 309.03 billion respectively. Time went back to a year ago, when the leaders were Vanke, Evergrande and Greenland, and the record of the top three remained at 200 billion+.

Sales amount of China real estate enterprises in 2016 TOP20

According to Kerry data, the threshold of TOP20 housing enterprises has increased from 35.8 billion yuan to 64.67 billion yuan, a substantial increase of 81% year-on-year. The total sales of TOP20 increased from 2012.28 billion yuan to 2967.32 billion yuan. The threshold for entering the top 100 has also increased from 10.38 billion yuan to 15.68 billion yuan, up 51% year-on-year.

In terms of sales area, the entry threshold of TOP100 housing enterprises has also improved, from 900,000 square meters in 2015 to 1.29 million square meters, up 43% year-on-year. The biggest increase was the TOP50 threshold, which increased from 1.63 million cubic meters in 15 years to 2.38 million cubic meters, up 46% year-on-year.

According to the data of the National Bureau of Statistics, from January to November 2016, the national sales of commercial housing reached 10,250.3 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 37.5%. According to the forecast of the growth rate in the first 11 months, the national commercial housing sales will exceed 11 trillion yuan in 2016.

According to the growth rate of commercial housing sales in the first 11 months, in 2016, the total sales concentration of the top 200 real estate enterprises has exceeded 50%, accounting for half of the real estate market in China. It is expected that the concentration of housing enterprises will further increase in the future, and the situation of "strong and strong" will be further intensified.

Billion clubs expanded to 12.

In the TOP20 list, there are four new housing enterprises, namely Xincheng Holding, Shoukai, Xuhui and Luneng.

The market development momentum is strong, and its significance to medium-sized housing enterprises may exceed that of giants such as Vanke. As Peng Kong, the helm of Xuhui Beijing, who just broke 10 billion yuan, said in an interview with Netease Real Estate, "At least Xuhui Beijing is a 10 billion-dollar organization, just like an Olympic champion. It is not won every day, but there is an essential difference between winning and not winning." Team combat capability may be able to reach a higher level with the experience of scale.

Country Garden, the "King of Suburbs", jumped from the seventh place to the third place, and its annual performance increased by 121%, reaching the threshold of 300 billion yuan, successfully achieving the screaming goal of the group. Earlier, Mo Bin, president of Country Garden Group, talked about this year’s performance and admitted that the market played a great role. It is worth mentioning that in the land market, Country Garden is even more fruitful. In the whole year, 74,461,800 cubic meters of land was added, which not only ranked first among 30 typical housing enterprises, but also set the largest land acquisition area in Country Garden over the years, with an increase of 95% compared with 2015.

In addition to the established 700 billion housing enterprises, in 2016, Sunac, Huaxia Happiness, Greentown, China Resources and Jindi also entered the threshold of 100 billion for the first time, and the number of 100 billion clubs expanded to 12. Excluding the factors of rising house prices, mergers and acquisitions have become a booster for these housing enterprises to rapidly increase their scale. In particular, Sunac’s acquisition in the industry has provided it with a large number of low-cost saleable values. Take Sunac’s acquisition of seven projects of Lemon International in 2016 as an example, with a total price of 4.394 billion yuan and an average unit price of only 2,751 yuan. More importantly, Sunac successfully completed the layout of all first-tier cities with this acquisition.

With its strong expansion, Evergrande finally realized its "One Brother Dream". The data shows that from the listing of Evergrande in 2009 to 2016, the compound annual growth rate of sales is as high as 43.6%, the compound annual growth rate of turnover is also 69%, and the average core net profit rate is about 10.45%. Just as the industry generally believes that 2017 is the year of real estate adjustment, Evergrande announced on January 2 that the expected sales from 2017 to 2019 are about 450 billion yuan, 500 billion yuan and 550 billion yuan respectively.

Wanda, which has been committed to de-real estate, fell from the fourth place in the rankings to the tenth place. During the annual period of the industry, the sales amount of Wanda actually showed negative growth, down by 41.24 billion yuan. At the beginning of 2015, Wang Jianlin announced that the real estate sales target would be lowered by 40%, from 164.08 billion yuan in 2015 to 100 billion yuan. Previously, Wang Jianlin had repeatedly stated that by the end of 2016, Wanda would no longer be a real estate enterprise. In the process of transformation, traditional real estate investment and sales will inevitably be squeezed.

TOP10 local housing enterprises in Beijing account for six seats.

In the first eleven months of this year, the total supply of new commercial housing in four first-tier cities in the north, Guangzhou and Shenzhen reached 28.15 million square meters. It decreased by 22% year-on-year, of which the supply of commercial housing in Beijing was 6.38 million square meters, with a turnover of 12.56 million square meters, up by 14% year-on-year. Although the supply of housing in first-tier cities has declined, house prices have risen rapidly. Taking Beijing as an example, the sales of TOP10 housing enterprises have all exceeded 10 billion.

Beijing sales amount TOP10 housing enterprises

According to the ranking of sales amount of Kerui real estate enterprises, the total sales amount of TOP10 real estate enterprises in Beijing market in 2016 was 216.9 billion yuan. Among them, the first one ranked seventeenth in the country, occupying the first place in the Beijing market in terms of sales amount and sales area.

In the first sales share of 65.41 billion yuan, the Beijing market accounted for 52.5%, reaching 34.364 billion yuan. The old state-owned enterprises that have been deeply involved in Beijing for 36 years, at the brand launch conference in 2015, the first figures announced were 29 projects that were on sale and about to enter the market. In the Beijing market, where land is scarce, the "big landlord" first put forward the strategy of "urban revitalization officer" and turned his attention to shed reform, old community reform and other fields.

In the Beijing market in 2016, Sunac was the biggest dark horse. The annual sales performance reached 26.993 billion yuan, 17.192 billion yuan higher than the previous year, and jumped from the eighth place in 2015 to the second place.

In fact, Sunac won the sales crown in Beijing in 2013, and its performance at that time was 12 billion, which was basically close to the sales of the tenth financial street this year. However, with the rapid development of its projects, the prolonged digestion cycle of high-end projects and the tight policies, Sunac’s performance in the Beijing market was average in 2014 and 2015, and even its performance fell below 10 billion in 2014. With the loose policy, Dinghao’s market performance is extremely outstanding, and the "No.1 Hospital" products laid out by Sunac have finally ushered in spring.

In 2016, the real estate industry experienced an upward-downward curve, and the indicators of sales, investment and start-up showed an anticlimactic trend. With the continuous tightening of policies, many executives of real estate enterprises have made it clear that the market in 2017 is definitely not as good as that in 2016, and the market target will be lowered.

This article comes from WeChat WeChat official account:Gu San Gu Si (ID: GH _ A68D56C34119), Author: Gu Yuan, the first picture from: vision china.

There are not so many things in this world, but there are always some people who create various theories to create various problems. Medical impossible trinity is such a stupid theory.

There is a Mundell impossible trinity in financial theory. It is said that the financial system can only choose two of the three: free capital flow, exchange rate stability and monetary policy independence, and it is impossible to have all three, otherwise it will lead to financial collapse. In this financial theory, there is actually a premise, and that is legal tender.

Someone made up another theory with this theory, which is called impossible trinity’s theory of medical system. Cheap, efficient and good service. You can’t have both, otherwise it will lead to collapse.

At first glance, does this theory make sense? It seems to make sense.

Let me discuss the common views of this theory first. For example, the United States has chosen high efficiency and good service, which leads to extremely high medical costs. It’s so expensive that ordinary families can go bankrupt by getting a rabies vaccine and calling an ambulance. The United States is efficient and has good service, but it is expensive.

Many people praise American medical care and find it particularly humanized. Doctors and nurses are patient and smiling because they choose high efficiency and good service. Since efficiency and good service are satisfied in impossible trinity, the cost can never be cheap.

American nuclear magnetic resonance imaging costs $1,100, appendicitis surgery costs about $15,000, and hospitalization costs $5,000 a day. A federal survey in 2012 found that the average cost per ambulance ride was $224.(about 1485 yuan)To $2204(about 14610 RMB)Between

For another example, Commonwealth countries and Europe choose cheap and good service, and as a result, it is difficult to see a doctor and queue up to death. Make an appointment with a dentist for one month, an ophthalmologist for seven months, and a B-ultrasound for three months. As long as it’s not a dying disease that needs emergency treatment, you have to queue up slowly. In the case of limited medical resources, low price and good service are required, and the result is extremely low efficiency.

Similarly, the medical systems in impossible trinity, the Commonwealth and Europe chose cheap and good service. The reason is simple. Good service requires doctors to listen patiently to every patient and give them time to talk. It takes at least half an hour to see a patient like this. Every doctor can see 16 patients in an eight-hour working day.

The limited number of doctors leads to the limited number of patients you can see every day, so you need to queue up in advance to make an appointment. As long as it’s not a dying disease, it’s not unusual to wait for three to five months before it’s your turn. The Canadian documentary "You are Dead" is about the problem of long queues in the medical systems of Commonwealth countries.

Choice determines efficiency, which is the case in all Commonwealth and European countries. The inefficiency of medical system is everywhere. In order to prevent patients from waiting too long, there is even a law that 90% of patients should be treated by a specialist within 13 weeks, and the rest must be treated within 26 weeks. The waiting time for surgery should not exceed 18 months.

China, with its large population and tight per capita expenses, chose cheap and efficient.The price is high-intensity work of doctors, high turnover of beds and high turnover of outpatient clinics, so that everyone can see a doctor.

Because of the large population and limited medical resources, and I hope everyone can see a doctor, we can only choose cheap and efficient. Choosing cheap and efficient means that it is normal to see a person for three minutes and ask two sentences to diagnose the disease.

If you register in the public top three, you shouldn’t queue up. Doctors need to serve smiles and have patience to listen. Is it possible? How many patients are there in a big hospital a day? Really want to engage in patient service, every patient has to talk about his illness for half an hour, and the efficiency is simply not allowed.

It is also the best hospital in China and America. The Mayo Clinic has 15 times as many medical staff as Concord, but only half the number of patients. 15 times the number of medical staff and 1/2 of the number of patients, which means that the efficiency of Concord is 30 times that of Mayo Clinic.

The outpatient fee of Mayo Clinic started at $500, but after the outpatient fee increased in Beijing, it was 50 Qian Qi.

Do you think Concord is tired enough? In fact, compared with Beijing Children’s Hospital, Concord is already relaxed. The average daily attendance of Beijing Children’s Hospital in winter is 12,000, with a peak of 16,000. In other words, 360,000 people will be treated every month in winter.

But now the first-and second-level hospitals and community clinics can basically be on call. Except for some top hospitals, most tertiary hospitals can also go to the hospital on the same day, see a doctor on the same day, and get the results within the same day or a few days. If this is all difficult to see a doctor, it is hard to imagine that Canada, where the average waiting time for emergency treatment is six to eight hours, and Britain and the United States, where appointments are made for several months.

It is difficult to see a doctor in people’s mouth now. In fact, it is difficult to find the top three famous experts in the region.It is actually not difficult to find the top three directors in the region to see a doctor, because many hospitals are not limited to the number, and they will finish reading it on the same day. Patients are crowded into the top three, which also causes a structural shortage of hospital bed resources. Judging from the number of inpatients undertaken by hospitals at all levels, the trend is very obvious. Low-level hospitals are getting empty, but high-level hospitals are getting crowded.

The beds in the top three are overcrowded. Let’s take a look at the first-and second-level hospitals and community hospitals below. Except for the old people who prescribe drugs for chronic hypertension for a long time, they are basically empty. Why? Because patients simply don’t believe that they can cure the disease.

Ok, is there a problem with the above discussion? Is it the actual situation?The reality discussed above is true, but the theory is wrong.What’s wrong with that?

The first big mistake: the definition of inefficiency, free and high quality in the Commonwealth system is wrong

If you don’t talk about other countries, say Britain. In Britain, the annual per capita absolute medical cost is 3327 pounds.($4,356). However, in recent years, the average life expectancy in Britain has remained basically unchanged, while in other countries, it has improved significantly. For example, in Singapore, the average life expectancy is 82.7 years, and medical expenditure only accounts for 4.3% of GDP.

Health care in the UK has increased from 21 in 2014.(A total of 56 countries participated in the ranking)It fell to 35 places in 2015, down 14 places, and currently lags behind Chile, Algeria and the Czech Republic. This change means that it has fallen to the bottom half of the Bloomberg list, and it is now behind Mexico, which is equivalent to Slovakia and Peru. The NHS is notorious for frequent accidents, insufficient supply and low efficiency.

It can be seen that the medical system of the Commonwealth system is expensive, poor in quality and inefficient. Medical impossible trinity theory,Mistreating welfare medical care as free medical care and giving him a cheap label is actually just medical care implemented by taxation.The cost is very high,Per capita expenditure is close to half that of the United States.

Secondly, medical impossible trinity theory.Completely ignoring people’s needs, and actually treating queuing for medical treatment as a good service.It takes months to see a doctor. Is this called service? Is there only one dimension of good attitude as the standard of medical service quality?

I won’t see a doctor. I’m not a doctor. If you are sick, you can spend 10 thousand yuan to find me. I will accompany you with a smile all day. Is it called service? Helping patients to solve their pain is the first dimension of medical service quality, and even seeing a doctor in time can’t be done. How can this be called good service?

The second big mistake: the definition of the most special American medical care in the world is wrong.

Impossible trinity Theory defines the United States as expensive, good in service and efficient.

Consumers are pursuing cost performance when they consume any commodity.

If you spend 30 yuan to press a foot in a street foot bath shop, you won’t pursue a luxurious hall and beautiful welcome. As long as you press it comfortably, you will say that the service is really good because of its high cost performance. On the contrary, you spend 500 yuan to press a foot in a high-end club. If a stingy man brings you tea and water, you will turn around and leave, because you will calculate your input-output ratio, and you spend more money in the hope of enjoying better service.

That ambulance will cost 1200 dollars for a trip. Is this called service? Just like if you order a fast food, you get 1000 yuan RMB. Who will say that this is good service? I can’t afford to get sick. You told me that this service is efficient and good? What kind of dog theory is this?

Let’s look at what is efficient.Whether efficiency only refers to speed depends on the result.Barefoot doctors in China used to see a doctor very quickly. Most patients came to prescribe some anti-inflammatory drugs and painkillers and sent them away. There was no inspection equipment, so the speed was certainly fast.

Efficiency depends on what the result is. What is an important criterion for the quality of medical services? It is the index of life expectancy and the calculation of input cost. Americans spend an average of tens of thousands of dollars a year on medical care, but the average life expectancy of Americans is the lowest in developed countries, and it often drops in some years. What kind of efficiency and good service is this?　

The third mistake: take medical service for granted as a pot of rice.

According to impossible trinity’s definition, a good doctor’s service attitude means a good service. Hurry up and see that a doctor is called efficient and a low fee means cheap. He also made a big mistake. He ignored people’s different needs.

Does the catering market exist in impossible trinity? If you have a big dining hall that everyone must go to, there will be impossible trinity:

Ma Yun came to dinner and ate the dishes of migrant workers, which is called poor service.

It is not expensive for middle-class people to eat, but they have to queue up, which is called inefficiency.

When the poor go to eat, they find that the price is more expensive than the roadside stalls. This is called the price is not cheap.

But didn’t the multi-level catering market completely solve this problem? Isn’t it cheap, efficient and good service for everyone to eat in a place that suits them?You mix all the people at all levels of consumption. Isn’t this an artificial contradiction?As a result, no one is satisfied. Is this the inevitable impossible trinity of the medical market?

More market-oriented medical care is that the needs of the poor will also be met, and it will be efficient and cheap.

India, which we despise, will show the world a model of medical marketization in 20 or 30 years. Private hospitals in India have innovated ophthalmic cataract surgery. One doctor performed cataract surgery for five or six patients at the same time. The doctor only did the key parts, while the rest were all operated by nurses. Low cost, low charge, high efficiency and good effect.

There is a private hospital in India that needs only $1,200 for heart surgery, which is a few tenths of the price of such surgery in the United States, but the level of surgery has surpassed that of ordinary hospitals in the United States. Just because other fields in India have not developed and people’s consumption power is insufficient, the results of medical marketization in India are not eye-catching.

The fourth mistake: misjudgment of China medical care.

If we just compare the United States, Commonwealth countries and China, my point is,Compared with medical care in these countries, medical care in China is efficient, good in service and cheap.

The per capita medical expenditure in China is about 10,000 yuan, but the average life expectancy in China is close to that in the United States. That is to say, it is close to that in the United States at one sixth of the medical expenses of Americans. Isn’t this efficient? When Chinese is ill, he can see a doctor at any time. Even if he goes to see an expert, he doesn’t have to wait for months. As long as you go to the queue, even if you buy a number from a scalper, you can always see him.

If you have to wait a month to meet experts in Beijing, how can 700 thousand people go to Beijing every day? In other words, you can quickly see experts who are equal to the severity of the disease, which is good service. Because the first dimension of medical service is not a good attitude, but that the other party can solve your problems.

Then it’s cheaper, the total expenditure is less, and of course it’s cheaper. The total expenditure of Chinese is lower than that of the United States or the United Kingdom. Once again, this is a comparison, and the bar is fine.

Then why? There’s actually only one reason,The degree of marketization of medical care in China is higher than that in Europe and America.

Nani, what are you talking about? It’s acceptable to say that all medical services in Britain are public, while hospitals and insurance companies in the United States are mainly private, while hospitals in China are mainly public. What makes you conclude that medical services in China are more market-oriented?

The world is often so strange, and the name is easy to deceive people. American hospitals are playing a private name, as if they were the product of marketization. Is this true? No, you have to look at the essence through the phenomenon. What is medical marketization? To put it more popularly, it isHospitals and doctors aim at making money, and the process of making money is less interfered.The less intervention, the higher the degree of marketization.

Do you think hospitals and doctors in China aim at making money? Of course it is. Because hospitals in China are not like public hospitals in Britain, which are fully funded, but hospitals in China have very little financial allocation.The main income of the hospital comes from the fees paid by patients.

Zhu Hongbiao, inspector of the Department of Physical Reform of the National Health and Wellness Commission, said that the direct subsidies from all levels of finance to public hospitals nationwide increased from 84.9 billion yuan in 2010 to 270.5 billion yuan in 2018. There are 50,000 public hospitals and health centers, with an average allocation of more than 5 million a year. Even the money for buying equipment is not enough, let alone paying salaries.

Therefore, hospitals in Britain do not aim at making money. They are the same as civil servants, and they are fully funded units. They do not need to cater to the needs of consumers, so they have a fixed source of income.

What is the difference between a fully funded hospital and a hospital that relies on patients to pay for medical treatment? The difference is,If you want to earn money, you must cater to consumers.Otherwise, consumers will not come to see you.

Although public hospitals are subject to various controls,But doctors in China have the motivation to improve their medical skills and to form a good reputation in the local society.Because skills and reputation can be exchanged for money, which can make more consumers come here.

Why can so many doctors operate for more than ten hours from day to night? What are they for? Because medical skills need practice, contact with various cases and repeated operations. Such doctors will become scarce resources, and thus get higher income.

If doctors are managed according to the civil service system, why should doctors improve their medical level? Why are you working so hard? Can’t you see fewer patients? Can’t you do a few less operations? Don’t I get the same salary? Under real public ownership, doctors have no incentive to improve efficiency.

Therefore, for a long time, doctors in public hospitals in China have been working hard, because efforts will have results, and efforts can increase income. At present, the level of treatment and operation of doctors in China is not inferior to that of developed countries, and even leads the world in many fields. The treatment level is high and the fees are not high, which is called good service.

It’s just that Dr. China’s income is limited, so he can’t raise the operation fee, so he can replace it with a red envelope, but he can’t raise the outpatient fee, so he can replace it with drug commission and inspection commission. Of course, these methods are not good, but they still constitute an incentive for doctors, and finally they have not blocked the way for doctors to make money.

Therefore, China hospitals have the motivation to continuously expand their scale, increase equipment and wards, and doctors have the motivation to continuously improve their level. Because they can make money, although they are restricted, they still have access.

At present, the scale of well-known top-three hospitals in various places is often very large, and some of them have operating income as high as several billion yuan. Is this entirely funded by the government? No. It is brought by the rush of consumers. There are always endless queues at the entrance of the top three hospitals, and the bustling crowds come to the door on their own initiative, and they vote with banknotes.

Many people say that private hospitals in China are terrible, and there is nothing wrong. Except ophthalmology and dentistry, other private medical services are really not so good, and they are full of fraud and low quality. Why is this? Because the marketization of public hospitals is not low. If it was a fully funded unit, the doctor would have finished running.

This makes it more difficult for private hospitals and public hospitals to compete. Many doctors don’t want to leave the public to go private for the simple reason.There are many public patients, and consumers have voted with their feet to prove that public hospitals in China can partially satisfy consumers.

Going back to American medical care, American medical care is completely private. Why is it so expensive? American medical care is subject to a lot of government control. Although it is nominally private, it must be handled according to various government regulations, which is called insufficient marketization. Give a few examples and you will understand.

Private hospitals in the United States need to apply to the government to increase beds. Is this called marketization?

Doctors in the United States need to apply to the government for interstate practice. Is this called marketization?

The number of doctors in the United States is controlled by doctors’ unions, and the supply quantity is artificially controlled. Is this called marketization?

The profit rate of medical insurance companies in the United States is set by the government. Is this called marketization?

How many restrictions are there like this? There are hundreds of them, and it takes tens of thousands of words to make them clear, so I won’t expand them here.

Then I’ll tell you again, even if all the medical enterprises in China are private enterprises now, it can’t be called marketization. Because in today’s China, the government-run medical insurance is dominant, and the government becomes the consumer of medical care, and he sets the rules. Even if you are a private medical service, your customers are also the government.

Under the current medical insurance control means, private medical care will also become an inefficient service organization, because it no longer serves consumers, but caters to and obeys the rules of government-run medical insurance.

It doesn’t matter whether the medical institution is public or private. What matters is whether it is market-oriented enough. As long as there are more market-oriented factors, so that consumers can choose with their feet and medical service providers can only make money by satisfying consumers, then medical care can be cheap, good and efficient.

The so-called medical impossible trinity theory is a stupid theory, and it is an argument for the specialization of medical services. In fact, medical care and eating are the same thing, both of which are service industries. How should medical care be done?Would you be satisfied with running a public canteen now?

This article comes from WeChat WeChat official account:Gu San Gu Si (ID: GH _ A68D56C34119), author: Gu Yuan