Perspective on the change of future war development

■ Li Yuxi Liu Heshan

You can’t understand war without understanding the times. As the society enters the era of intelligence, the form of war has also undergone profound evolution. In what way human beings produce, they fight in what way. There is an intelligent mode of production in the intelligent era, which will inevitably shape an intelligent form of war. With the development of science and technology, the presentation form, decision-making mode, organizational style and security mode of war will undergo subversive changes.

The change in the form of war. The form of war is the historical coordinate of the development process of war, which determines the orientation of the times in which human war activities are located in each period. Since the 1960s and 1970s, with the grand development of new military revolution on a global scale, the form of war has also started the continuous acceleration process of the transformation from mechanized war to information war, and finally to the advanced stage of information war-intelligent war. The future war will enter the era supported by intelligent technology, and the field of confrontation will involve politics, economy, diplomacy, society and many other fields. The combat space will be extended from the traditional physical space to the virtual cognitive space, the grouping of combat forces will be transformed from man-machine mixed grouping to unmanned combat cluster, and the combat action will be developed from man-machine cooperation and people-oriented action to unmanned autonomous combat. On the surface, it seems calm, but the confrontation in intangible space is surging. The strategic game of mixed war is becoming increasingly clear, and the war will fully enter ".

The change of war decision-making mode. All along, the way of war decision-making has been comprehensively restricted by various factors such as battlefield reconnaissance, command, communication and support. With the development of intelligent unmanned, network information and other technologies, the way of war decision-making will change intelligently, showing the characteristics of data support, algorithm dominance, man-machine collusion and distribution autonomy. Before launching actions in the tangible battlefield space, all sides of the war confrontation calculate first and then fight. The massive intelligence data obtained from multiple sources are processed through cloud brain fusion. With the help of digital twinning, virtual reality and holographic projection imaging technology, the intelligent confrontation deduction is carried out in the network virtual space first, and the comprehensive strength of the enemy and ourselves is compared and analyzed, so that the deduction results can serve the war decision. When making decisions in the war, we adopt the "man in the loop" brain-computer coordination decision-making mode, and with the perceptual divergent thinking of the human brain and the powerful calculation and statistics ability of the computer, we can quickly judge the situation, plan the task, give instructions and adjust independently, so as to realize the perfect combination of decision-making art and decision-making science.

The change of war organization style. In recent years, no matter the concepts such as "autonomous war", "shadow war" and "the sixth generation war", or the "Joint Concept" of the US military or the "Armed Forces Construction Plan" of the Russian military, they are all based on the development trend of science and technology. Mechanized warfare is a platform-centered physical destruction attack, information warfare is a network-centered system confrontation battle, and intelligent warfare is a comprehensive strength contest centered on cognitive decision-making. The supporting combat system is mainly subversive technologies such as unmanned control, artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing, quantum communication, blockchain, etc., emphasizing distributed real-time killing centered on cognitive decision-making. In the near future, the continuous development of intelligent technologies such as deep neural network, brain-computer interaction, automatic processing, 3D printing and Internet of Things will inevitably improve the scientific and technological content in the military field, making the war organization style show the characteristics of "some people are not combined, no one is independent in front, and some people are regulating in the rear".

The change of war support mode. At all times and in all countries, outstanding military strategists all attach importance to the security work in the war, as the saying goes, "the military and horses have not moved, and the food and grass come first." For example, in the battle of Guandu in ancient times, Cao Jun attacked Wu Chao at night, which destroyed the grain and grass of Yuan Shao’s army and defeated the whole army. In modern warfare, due to the lack of logistics supply, the troops with fierce offensive on the battlefield have to stop and wait for the supply of military supplies, thus missing the fighters, and so on. Therefore, war support determines the outcome of the war in a certain sense, and its position and role have always been very important. It is not only an important content of military management, but also a key support to win the war. In the past, there were too many war support activities, a single source of support resources and simple and extensive implementation of support. However, with the change of intelligent war form, the war support model will also undergo subversive changes. The future war support will rely on the Internet of Things technology and intelligent information system, with physical distributed storage, virtual centralized management and military-civilian cooperative supply of support resources, global real-time monitoring, intelligent prediction matching and advanced planning for support organization implementation, so as to realize joint logistics supply, global configuration, intelligent deployment and accurate forward delivery of war support resources, ensure accurate, efficient, stable and reliable implementation of war support, and continuously extend the battlefield support capability to the end.

A change in the line of checks and balances in war. War is a kingdom of uncertainty. For a long time, people have known that it is difficult to achieve victory only by "straight thinking" and "open array". Liddell hart, a British strategic theorist, analyzed the successful strategic cases in the world and found a rule: 90% of them used the "indirect route". However, the "indirect route" has long appeared as a supplementary role of the direct route. However, compared with the past, the modern warfare system is huge, there are many nodes, and there are many vulnerable "life gates", which provides a broader opportunity for choosing "indirect route" and implementing "asymmetric" checks and balances. Judging from several local wars in the world in recent years, even the powerful American army attaches great importance to the "devious plan" in the face of weak opponents. "Those who are good and amazing are infinite as heaven and earth, and inexhaustible as rivers." No matter now or in the future, the strategic game of war between countries, especially among the world’s military powers with strong strategic damage capabilities, can neither achieve their own operational goals according to conventional thinking, nor simply have the idea of fighting an "open array." In order to win the future war, we must follow and develop the winning mechanism of the future war, adhere to the "indirect route" and do a good job of asymmetric checks and balances, so as to always grasp the initiative of the war.

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　　[Global Times reporter Pan Xiaotong] According to Agence France-Presse reported on the 12th, Brazilian President Lula said that anti-government mobs who stormed the presidential palace and other government agencies may have received help from the inside. The British "Guardian" said on the 12th that Lula suspected that the staff who supported former President Bossonaro helped mobs enter the presidential palace, and said that the presidential palace was "full of Bossonaro supporters".

　　According to Brazilian media reports on the 12th, Lula said on the same day that many people in the armed forces were accomplices, and some people in the military and police colluded with the rebels. "I’m sure someone opened the door of the presidential palace for the rebels because the door was not destroyed.". Lula said that the incident would be thoroughly investigated, and that anyone suspected to be a core supporter of Bolsonaro could not stay in the presidential palace. "How can I let a person who might shoot me stand at the door of my office?" Agence France-Presse reported on the 12th that Lula once again criticized the army for not taking any measures to stop the sabotage by Bolsonaro supporters and not playing its due role in "easing the situation" in this riot.

　　On the 8th of this month, more than 100 buses carrying demonstrators arrived in the capital Brasilia. Thousands of supporters of Bossonaro forcibly broke into the Capitol, the Federal Supreme Court and the Presidential Palace, and clashed with the military and police. Lula accused Bolsonaro of using social media to incite supporters, which denied this.

　　According to a report by Brazil’s Global Television and Sao Paulo newspaper on the 12th, the law enforcement department found a memorandum in the home of andersson Torres, the dismissed head of public security in Brasilia, which suggested that Bolsonaro should defend around the High Electoral Court to overturn the election results. Torres responded on social media later that day that the memorandum was one of the many proposals received by the Ministry of Justice and should have been "smashed in due course" with other documents. According to him, this memo exposed by the media "contributed to the false description of him" and he "has a clear conscience". On Tuesday, Brazil’s Supreme Court issued an arrest warrant against Torres, accusing him of being behind the attack on Brazil’s state power.

Original Gao Bowen Lilac Life Research Institute is included in the topic # So it is # 9# Food 14.

Speaking of preserved eggs, there are few Chinese who don’t like them.

But in foreign countries, it is called "Devil’s Egg", and it is ranked as the first of "10 China foods that foreigners can’t accept most" by CNN.

Even in Italy, Chinese people made the news because they were caught selling preserved eggs, because the local police thought preserved eggs were "unfit for human consumption".

Image source: Sina Weibo

Say preserved eggs are not suitable for human consumption?

Obviously, they don’t understand.

In China, this dark guy has conquered the taste buds of thousands of gourmets, and unlocked various ways to eat: preserved eggs and tofu, a classic appetizing cold dish, preserved peppers and eggs, which are popular in the southwest, preserved eggs and lean porridge, preserved eggs and vegetables in soup, which Guangfu especially loves … From south to north, preserved eggs are almost everywhere.

Image source: Station Cool Hailuo

However, whenever we end up with preserved eggs and are ready to eat, someone always says in our ear:

Eating preserved eggs will lead poisoning!

There are many harmful substances in preserved eggs.

Eating preserved eggs is risky.

……

But in fact-

Preserved eggs from regular manufacturers

Safe and reliable

—

Preserved eggs are also called "preserved eggs" and "metamorphosed eggs" in some areas.

Lead oxide is needed in traditional preserved eggs, mainly to block the small holes in the eggshell and prevent alkali from further infiltrating and melting the egg white. This operation will inevitably make the lead content of preserved eggs exceed the standard.

But now, most of the preserved eggs of regular manufacturers have adopted the "lead-free process." The lead content can be controlled below 0.5 mg/kg stipulated by the state.

Image source: Station Cool Hailuo

However, people may wonder why preserved eggs with "lead-free technology" may still contain lead.

This is because the fresh eggs themselves and impurities of metal additives may contain trace amounts of lead. The limit of lead in legally preserved eggs in the market is actually similar to candy, chocolate, eight-treasure porridge and tofu that we eat every day. This dose of lead will not have any impact on health, so there is no need to worry.

In addition, there are many black spots on eggshells, which are not necessarily high in lead. The black spots on eggshells are actually the deposits after the chemical reaction of "processing AIDS", which are affected by many factors such as manufacturing temperature and curing time. Just because there are many black spots on the eggshell doesn’t mean that its lead content exceeds the standard.

Image source: Station Cool Hailuo

Some people are worried about the color of preserved eggs. It’s dark. Is it poisonous?

But in fact, the black of preserved eggs is normal. Preserved eggs went through a "protein decomposition and recombination" during the curing process, and finally browned to produce dark substances, which did not produce harmful substances.

Moreover, preserved eggs are not only dark, but also yellow. This mainly depends on the variety and production technology of fresh eggs. At present, preserved eggs in China are mostly made of duck eggs, but they are also made of eggs and quail eggs. Although they are of different colors and sizes, their delicacies are always strikingly similar.

Dark preserved eggs

Huang Tongtong’s preserved eggs

Image source: Station Cool Hailuo

Seeing this, everyone should know that preserved eggs purchased under formal channels are safe and reliable and can be eaten with confidence.

However, there are still people who are worried: when preserved eggs are salted, is there no nutrition at all!

No, actually-

Compared with fresh eggs

The nutritional value of preserved eggs is not bad.

—

As a qualified preserved egg, although protein has degenerated, it has not lost too much nutrients.

Comparison of Nutrients among Eggs, Duck Eggs and Preserved Eggs

name

protein

fat

(hen’s) egg

12.2

10.5

duck’s egg

12.7

13.8

100-year egg

13.8

13.5

* Data source: China Food Composition Table 4th Edition, unit: mg/100g).

Not only that, protein in preserved eggs is more conducive to human absorption. Protein was hydrolyzed initially in the curing process, which relatively reduced the digestive pressure.

Preserved eggs are delicious

But pay attention to this point.

—

The sodium content of preserved eggs is not low

The sodium content of preserved eggs is 542 mg/100 g, which is almost five times that of fresh duck eggs.

We use about 2 preserved eggs for each cold salad, and the peeling is about 120 grams. Just eating preserved eggs, you almost ate 656 mg of sodium, which is close to 1/3 of the recommended daily intake in the Dietary Guidelines for China Residents.

Image source: Station Cool Hailuo

Moreover, preserved eggs are not salty to eat. For example, we often use a lot of salt and soy sauce to flavor preserved eggs with tofu and pepper, so we eat a lot of "sodium" invisibly.

Eating too much sodium will increase the risk of diseases such as calcium loss and hypertension.

If you eat preserved eggs, you still have to restrain yourself.

Cooperation expert Gao Bowen

Practitioners in food safety testing industry

Scientific audit is unintentional.

Doctor of Food Engineering, Department of Agriculture and Biology, Purdue University, USA

Content planning Kiki

Please contact gusiqi@dxy.cn for cooperation.

references

[1] Zhang Lili, Liu Guoqing, Wang Aimin, Zong Kai, Qian Xiaoyong. Pickled lead-free preserved eggs with different metal salt combinations and determination of their metal content [J]. Food Industry Science and Technology, 2010,31(02):189-192.

Tang Lijun, Deng Zeyuan, Fan Yawei. GC analysis of yolk lipid changes of processed duck eggs [J]. Food Science, 2006(12):588-590.

[3] Zhang Chenping, Liu Huiping, Zhao Fan, Liu Xiaoqing, Xu Jiaojiao, Wang Yu. Changes of yolk lipids in preserved eggs during decompression [J]. Food Science and Technology, 2015,40(03):61-64.

[4] Yan Hua, Tang Shangwen. Study on the excessive copper content in preserved eggs [J]. Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences, 2012,40(06):292-293.

[5] Wu Yongning, Li Xiaowei. The fourth total diet study in China [M]. Chemical Industry Press, 2015.

[6] Yang Yuexin. China Food Composition Table [M]. Beijing Medical University Press, 2005.

[7] Yan Hua, Shen Xiurong. Effects of processing technology on the quality and heavy metal content of preserved eggs [J]. Agricultural products processing, 2013.

Sun Jing, Cai Ying, Du Jinping. Effects of different metal additives on the formation of eggshell spots [J]. Processing of agricultural products (below), 2013.

[9] Jiang Aimin, Zhang Fuxin. Reasons for the formation of Huang Ji’s metamorphic eggs and solutions [J]. Meat Research, 1991(03):23-25.

[10] Longmen, Song Ye, Du Qingfei, et al. Gel characteristics and color changes of protein in preserved eggs [J]. Food Science, 2016, v.37; No.520(03):94-99.

[11] Hou Dajun, Li Hongjun. Effect of alkali treatment on physical quality of flavored preserved eggs [J]. Food Industry Science and Technology, 2008(5):119-121.

[12] Zhou Zan. Research and analysis of preserved egg processing technology [J]. Agricultural products processing (4): 74-75.

[13] Li Shuqing, Huang Peng, Wang Qingyu. Study on the mechanism of yolk color change in preserved eggs during processing and storage [J]. Food Science, 1992(02):20-24.

[14] Chen Zhangyi. Study on the formation mechanism of preserved egg protein gel induced by strong alkali [D]. Nanchang University .2015

Ma Li, Bai Qi, Xie Lin, Su Zhao. Study on the crystal structure of "Songhua" of preserved eggs [J]. Journal of Sichuan University of Technology (1):48-50.

[16] General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, National Standardization Administration Committee. Preserved eggs: GB/T 9694-2014[S],2014.

[17] National Health and Family Planning Commission, china food and drug administration. National Standard for Food Safety-Limits of Pollutants in Food: GB 2762-2017[S],2017.

Read the original text

The regulations on prevention and control of water pollution in Hanjiang River Basin were revised for the first time after 19 years.

The largest tributary of the Yangtze River will draw up a negative list of environmental protection

　　　

The Hanjiang River joins the Yangtze River (photo by Song Zhentao)

　　On the 26th, the Regulations on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution in Hanjiang River Basin of Hubei Province (Revised Draft) was submitted to the 12th meeting of the Standing Committee of the 13th Provincial People’s Congress for deliberation. Hanjiang River is the largest tributary of the Yangtze River, which flows through 40 counties (cities, districts) in 10 cities (forest areas) of our province. The water pollution problem in the basin affects the vital interests of many residents. The current regulations were implemented in 2000, which was the first revision after 19 years. This is another major tributary of the Yangtze River in our province, which has been upgraded by legislation after Hubei introduced the regulations on water ecological environment protection in Qingjiang River Basin in September this year.

　　Highlights of draft

　　Defining the responsibilities of administrative departments and establishing compensation mechanism for horizontal ecological protection

　　The revised draft proposes that the provincial people’s government will establish a joint conference system for water pollution prevention and control in the Hanjiang River Basin, coordinate and coordinate major issues such as water pollution prevention and control planning, land and space use control, natural resource asset management, ecological protection compensation, and study and solve major problems in water pollution prevention and control in the Hanjiang River Basin.

　　In view of the current problems in the implementation of the compensation mechanism for ecological compensation in the Hanjiang River Basin and the unclear standards for ecological compensation in the upstream and downstream cross-border areas, the revised draft proposes that, referring to the relevant guidance documents of the Ministry of Finance, the provincial government should support the local people’s government in the Hanjiang River Basin to establish a compensation mechanism for horizontal ecological protection and increase support for key ecological functional areas, major agricultural products producing areas and difficult areas.

　　Make a negative list of Hanjiang River development and put the protection of drinking water sources in a prominent position

　　Lv Wenyan, director of the Provincial Department of Ecological and Environmental Protection, said that cities along the Han River all regard the main stream or tributaries of the Han River as the main drinking water sources. The draft puts the protection of drinking water sources in a more prominent position, which not only stipulates the risk prevention system of drinking water source protection areas, but also stricter control measures, such as negative list management, ship water pollution prevention, urban and rural sewage and garbage pollution prevention systems.

　　In terms of water pollution prevention and control measures, the revised draft intends to stipulate the implementation of the negative list system for industrial access in the Hanjiang River Basin, formulate a negative list for the development of the Hanjiang River Basin, and make it public. The revised draft proposes that the negative list generally includes the following prohibitive provisions: projects explicitly eliminated by the state, prohibited from construction, and inconsistent with national industrial policies; Development activities in geological parks, world natural and cultural heritage, scenic spots, nature reserves, forest parks, wetland parks and flood storage and detention areas are prohibited; Activities prohibited in drinking water source protection areas; Prohibit activities in Danjiangkou reservoir area and the upper reaches; Other prohibited activities as prescribed by law.

　　Strengthen risk prevention and control and water ecological protection. It is forbidden to build aquatic restaurants on the Hanjiang River.

　　In view of the common problems in the Hanjiang River Basin, such as reduced runoff, reduced flow velocity, decreased self-purification ability of water bodies, reduced pollution capacity and frequent water blooms, the draft stipulates that the people’s governments at or above the county level in the Hanjiang River Basin should strengthen the unified dispatch of water resources, formulate and implement plans for ecological water allocation and ecological water replenishment, ensure the demand for ecological water, and control the ecological flow of hydropower projects at the same time.

　　It is forbidden to produce and sell phosphorus-containing washing powder, detergents, detergents and other cleaning products in Hanjiang River Basin. It is forbidden for any unit or individual to use ships or floating facilities to provide catering services other than finished fast food in Hanjiang waters. In violation of this provision, the market supervision and management department shall order it to stop the illegal act and impose a fine.

　　In view of the characteristics of the river basin, the draft also strengthens the measures to prevent and control water pollution in key areas. For example, the draft also stipulates that the people’s government at the county level in the Hanjiang River basin should demarcate the forbidden areas for livestock and poultry breeding and aquaculture in its administrative area in accordance with relevant national and provincial science. No new livestock, poultry and aquatic farms shall be built, rebuilt or expanded in the forbidden areas.

　　Review site

　　In any case, we must ensure the ecological basic flow of the Han River.

　　On the morning of the 27th, the Standing Committee of the Provincial People’s Congress deliberated the revised draft regulations in groups. The Standing Committee of the Provincial People’s Congress and the representatives of cities and states attended the meeting and put forward their insights, including balancing the relationship between protection and development of the Han River, cascade development in the middle and lower reaches of the Han River, protection of drinking water sources, ecological base flow, solid waste treatment and incineration mechanism, etc.

　　When deliberating the regulations, some representatives thought that in recent years, with the changes in environmental protection policies, environmental awareness and environmental protection requirements, it is very necessary to revise the regulations on water pollution prevention and protection in the Hanjiang River Basin again after 19 years. To protect the ecology of the Han River, we need to pay attention to the cascade development of the middle and lower reaches of the Han River. Especially after the Danjiangkou water transfer project, the water volume in the middle and lower reaches of the Han River has decreased significantly. Once, the large flow had a strong role in diluting pollutants, but now some tributaries are affected by the flow, and water blooms still occur. At present, the five-stage cascade development of Hanjiang River has been basically completed, and the next step should be to clearly define the ecological basic flow that has been built.

　　"In any case, we must ensure the ecological base flow of the Han River." Xiong Tie, deputy to the provincial people’s congress, agreed to increase the ecological flow of the Han River in the regulations. He said that since the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, the pressure of water transfer in the Hanjiang River Basin has increased during the dry season. If we want to ensure a Hanjiang River, we must ensure the ecological basic flow and keep the water quantity in the lower reaches of Danjiangkou in a specific range.

　　Cheng Jiagang, director of the Standing Committee of Xiangyang Municipal People’s Congress, believes that the protection of Hanjiang River should balance the relationship between protection and development. As a national development strategy, the Hanjiang Economic Belt has a small flow below the Hanjiang Dam, and experts and scholars also believe that the fewer hydropower stations, the better. The hydropower station planned to be built after scientific research and demonstration should be analyzed in detail.

　　Present situation of water quality

　　Provincial Department of Ecological Environment Protection: The water quality of the main stream of Hanjiang River is better than that of its tributaries.

　　According to the monitoring of the Provincial Department of Ecological and Environmental Protection, the water quality of the Hanjiang River has improved from January to September this year, and the overall water quality of the main stream is excellent, and the water quality of all 20 provincial control sections is excellent.

　　According to the relevant person in charge of the Watershed Department of the Provincial Department of Ecology and Environment, although the overall water quality of the tributaries of the Hanjiang River is good, there are still some tributaries that are not satisfactory. Especially in the dry season, the amount of water in the middle and lower reaches is reduced, which is not conducive to the spread of pollutants. The pollution situation of tributaries such as Sihe River in Shiyan and Zhupi River in Jingmen will be aggravated, and some of them have even had "water blooms".

　　Journalist visit

　　Qiaokou did not see the boat. The length of the folk river measured that the Han River was getting clearer and clearer.

　　On the afternoon of 26th, the reporter visited Qiaokou Hanjiang River.

　　The 63-year-old Lu Jianjun lives in Jiangwan New Town, Guangdian, near Jiangtan. After eight years’ stay, he has witnessed the radically changed riverside environment. "There used to be these trees and trails, just a large wasteland and vegetable fields." Now, the river beach has planted flowers and trees, built leisure trails and equipped with fitness equipment. He will come and have a look every day. The surrounding residents have also developed the habit of walking and relaxing by the river. "There are hundreds of people here, which is very lively."

　　In the view of Zhang Wei, a folk river chief in Wuhan section of the Han River and a science and technology counselor at Daxing Road Primary School in Jianghan District, Wuhan, the water quality change of the Han River is visible. In 2012, the school set up a base in Longwang Temple, with a set of water quality testing instruments. The measured data shows that the Hanjiang River is getting clearer and clearer.

　　Zhang Wei still remembers that six years ago, he went to a student’s home for a home visit and found that their whole family lived on a boat by the Han River under Qingchuan Bridge, and the domestic sewage was directly discharged into the river. Now, the "house boat" on the Han River has been properly placed. They have taken water from the water intakes of several waterworks along the Han River, and the water quality has always been good.

On November 17, 2018, at the "Double Eleven" temporary pick-up point on a university campus, the staff of the courier company were sorting express parcels. Vision china data map

With the arrival of the "internet plus" era, China’s e-commerce industry is booming, and there are more and more online and offline marketing models such as omni-channel and new retail. The corresponding logistics express industry has also developed rapidly. However, many new problems have followed, among which environmental problems are particularly prominent. As one of the main forces of online shopping, college students have naturally become a huge consumer group in the logistics industry, and the environmental impact caused by express packaging on university campuses is very obvious. Around the campus express delivery collection point, you can see the trash cans filled with express packages and the express garbage scattered around the trash cans. The express garbage piles up like mountains, which not only affects the school scenery, but sometimes even the packaging such as cartons is scattered on the ground, which affects people’s normal traffic. The accumulation of express garbage makes the school have to spend some money to hire cleaning workers to deal with these garbage regularly, which increases the extra expenses of the school and wastes human resources.

Most of the existing express packaging has the phenomenon of over-packaging. Sometimes a small object has to be packaged in two or three layers, and the packaging volume is several times larger than itself, resulting in a serious waste of resources. In addition to over-packaging, there are also toxic packaging and other unreasonable packaging, which makes it difficult for express packaging to be effectively recycled and utilized.

Based on the existing research, taking Nanjing Forestry University as an example, this paper analyzes the influence of express packaging in colleges and universities and the difficulties in recycling, and puts forward corresponding solutions.

Investigation on the packaging of express delivery in university campus

1. Investigation and analysis of packaging quantity

Taking some college students in Nanjing Forestry University as the survey objects, through the questionnaire survey, we can find that the number of express packages produced by the school every week is a huge number. These express packaging wastes mainly come from online shopping and other related behaviors of college students. The research team conducted a questionnaire survey on the weekly express collection of college students. Among them, only 5.9% of people received 0 pieces of express every week, 44.1% received 1-2 pieces of express every week, 38.2% received 3-5 pieces of express every week, and 11.8% received more than 5 pieces of express every week. It can be seen that up to 94.1% of college students receive at least one courier every week, and each courier will at least produce one or more packaging wastes. On average, one courier will produce at least two packaging wastes. Therefore, with so many express delivery, there are countless express packaging wastes, and the treatment of these packaging wastes has become a huge problem.

Through the analysis of the survey data, we can make a rough estimate of the number of express packages produced by the school. There are about 30,000 full-time college students in Xinzhuang Campus of Nanjing Forestry University. It is estimated that more than 90,000 pieces of express delivery can be received every week, and the amount of express packaging waste generated exceeds 180,000. Such a large number of express packaging, if there is no reasonable way to deal with them, will inevitably cause a lot of waste of resources and environmental pollution and other related problems.

2. Investigation and analysis of packaging materials

According to the results of the questionnaire survey, the current express packaging is mainly divided into outer packaging and inner packaging, in which the outer packaging is mainly composed of paper bags, waterproof bags, corrugated boxes, wooden boxes, etc., and the inner packaging is mainly filled with foam, plastic films, plastic bags, newspapers, etc. From the overall packaging materials of express delivery, corrugated boxes, paper bags, plastic bags and other materials are the main materials. Corrugated paper boxes are the most frequently used packaging materials, with the utilization rate reaching 82.4%, followed by paper bags and plastic materials reaching 76.5% and 55.9% respectively, and a small amount of other materials are used.

Corrugated box is one of the most common packaging materials for express delivery. Its main disposal method is still to discard it at will, and only a small part of it is recycled or reused. Although corrugated boxes, as paper products, will not cause much harm to the direct environment, this low utilization rate still causes huge waste of resources, and reproduction of corrugated boxes needed by the market may indirectly cause problems such as tree felling and water pollution. Paper bags and plastics are also the main materials for express packaging. The recovery rate of these two materials is lower than that of corrugated boxes, and they are often disposed of directly in the trash can. Although paper bags have a certain recycling value, they are usually not recycled because of their fragmentary and low use value, and only a small part of them are reused. Plastic bags and plastic films have lower recycling value and will hardly be recycled. Discarding these materials at will is not only a waste of resources, but also directly pollutes the environment.

3. Analysis of the whereabouts of packaging materials

The main process of express delivery circulation is controlled by the logistics company. First, ordinary users or e-commerce companies simply package the items that need to be sent, fill in the correct information and give them to the logistics company. Then the logistics company carries out strict packaging and labeling through the packaging system, and the boxes are sent out by means of transportation, and then arrive at the collection point of the recipient’s city through various transfer stations, and finally the recipient gets the express mail. In the transportation process of logistics companies, because logistics companies are afraid of damaging customers’ goods, especially some fragile goods, they have to choose to pack them layer by layer, so that these goods seem to be well protected, so as to gain the trust of customers and let more people choose them. Even though they know that some resources will be wasted in this process, they will still do so for the sake of credibility.

Express packaging is not fixed by a factory or company. These packages are just cartons, woven bags and plastic packages purchased by senders or express delivery companies, which are spliced by adhesive tapes, and are finally spliced into a complete package. In the splicing process, excessive packaging and waste of resources are bound to occur. Therefore, if the packaging has fixed packaging for fixed categories of goods or a fixed packaging manufacturer, the waste generated in the splicing process will be restrained to some extent.

In addition to the emergence of packaging, the destination of express packaging is also our concern. In colleges and universities, for students with strong environmental awareness, they will carefully classify the express garbage when disassembling the express delivery, and collect large cartons as trash cans for secondary use, or send them to the express packaging recycling point for secondary use. For students who are not so strong but have a little awareness of environmental protection, they will sort out the outer packaging after disassembling the received express delivery and throw it directly into the trash can. Some students who are not strong in environmental protection will directly disassemble the express delivery violently and throw it into the trash can. What’s more, they will directly throw away the outer packaging of the express delivery, which is one of the reasons why we have seen a mountain of express packaging.

In addition to colleges and universities, there are many ways to deal with packaging materials in society. The most common way is to pile them up and bury them. For some harmful things, professional departments do harmless treatment, and then bury them. Some departments burn some combustible materials to generate electricity to achieve resource utilization. The most environmentally friendly method is to classify and recycle the complete packaging materials. At present, Tmall has done a good job. There are many packaging boxes in the market for Tmall Express.

Difficulties in implementing classified recycling in campus

1. Campus express has a large quantity and many kinds.

The Xinzhuang main campus of Nanjing Forestry University covers an area of 1,257 mu, which produces a large amount of express packaging garbage every day. In the Double Eleven Shopping Festival in 2018 alone, taking a dormitory building that can accommodate 600 students as an example, about 500 express packaging wastes are generated every day. There are many materials for express packaging, such as plastic, paper, foam, tape, etc. As for the school office building, teachers will also generate a lot of express packaging wastes. The most recyclable express packaging materials are mainly express cartons and foam boxes, but some plastic bags that are not damaged and deformed can still be reused. However, the "one-throw" phenomenon caused by people’s habitual direct discarding without splitting and discarding makes it difficult for cleaners to recycle.

2. There are a large number of students on campus and their awareness is thin.

There are 29,046 full-time students in Xinzhuang Campus of Nanjing Forestry University, including more than 3,000 doctoral and master students and foreign students. Students generally do not have a comprehensive understanding of the energy crisis, and their awareness of recovery and recycling is also very lacking. According to the survey data, "one-throw" has almost become a common phenomenon. During the survey, almost all the students interviewed expressed their support for the classified recycling of express packaging. The reason for "one-throw" is the lack of classification concept and insufficient understanding of packaging materials.

For garbage classification, it is a long-term habit, and the most important thing is the formation of people’s long-term consciousness. Many developed countries have incorporated the standard of garbage recycling into the legal system, and set up corresponding punishment mechanisms for acts that are not classified and recycled, so citizens in developed countries have already cultivated corresponding awareness about garbage recycling. However, China has not established a corresponding legal system for the unreasonable dumping of garbage, and people who pollute the environment have become an opportunity. Therefore, in order to improve people’s awareness of environmental protection, we should first incorporate environmental protection into the citizen’s evaluation system, so that people can truly understand the important relationship between environmental protection behavior and themselves, and then they can really take action subjectively.

The investigation team randomly selected 100 residential students in Nanlin, and made a simple investigation on their collection, handling and recycling awareness of express delivery.

3. The garbage disposal department has a heavy workload and lacks supervision.

In order to ensure a clean and comfortable campus environment, the school has handed over all other areas except the office, classroom and student dormitory to the cleaning aunt. Although most teachers and students support garbage sorting and recycling, there is no corresponding equipment on campus, only traditional garbage bins. For campus cleaning staff, although they will carry out simple classification before garbage disposal, they are only classified as recyclable and non-recyclable substances. Sometimes, there will be problems such as untimely treatment, mutual pollution between garbage and campus environmental sanitation.

Suggestions on the handling methods of campus express packaging

Judging from the pattern of logistics platforms in China since 2013, platformization will become the mainstream trend. The integration of logistics packaging processing, that is, similar to logistics transportation service, when the consumer gets the express delivery, the system records the background of the express delivery package accordingly, and whether the consumer delivered the package to the designated classified recycling bin in the process of unpacking the package, and the intelligent garbage bin scans the code to read the QR code on the package, thus determining whether the logistics package has been classified and recycled. This intelligent and integrated method can effectively supervise and manage citizens’ daily environmental protection behavior, and also make great contributions to cultivating social environmental awareness. Not only the express packaging in the campus, but also the classified treatment of all garbage should be paid attention to. Since it is difficult to carry out classified recycling of garbage in the campus, it is necessary to give corresponding countermeasures.

1. Promote waste sorting and recycling.

Schools should take garbage classification as a priority, set up corresponding departments in charge, and entrust the task of garbage classification and recycling to the departments in charge for concrete implementation, and the schools should make overall supervision and management. For example, each dormitory building should formulate corresponding garbage containers that can be classified, which can not only facilitate the delivery of garbage, but also play a certain supporting role in the work of cleaning staff; Secondly, for harmful waste, we can recycle harmful waste in a class-by-class way. It is necessary to make campus garbage "daily clear", so as to reduce the secondary pollution of garbage to the campus environment.

2. Provide express service for recycling waste materials on campus.

In view of the difficult problem of express packaging recycling on campus at present, the owner of the packaging can’t independently carry out the sorting and recycling work, and can provide third-party recycling services, such as on-site active recycling. This has the advantage of saving the trouble of rummaging through the chaotic trash can, sorting while recycling, and saving the work of material sorting in the later stage. Or provide paid recycling service, let students take the initiative to collect express packages and classify them, recycle them at fixed points and give them some material rewards, which greatly utilizes the labor of many students and stimulates the enthusiasm of classification.

3. Improve teachers’ and students’ awareness of garbage sorting and recycling.

If garbage sorting and recycling is compared to a computer system, then the comprehensive promotion and implementation of sorting and recycling is the hardware configuration of the system, while it belongs to the software configuration for people’s weak awareness of environmental protection and lack of energy crisis. Teachers, students and staff at school are not only the makers of garbage, but also the victims. They should step forward and become the managers of garbage pollution. They can effectively control garbage pollution by guiding people to classify garbage.

Schools should incorporate garbage sorting and recycling into the comprehensive evaluation of quality education, change teachers’ and students’ awareness of health habits through education, and truly integrate garbage sorting into people’s daily life, becoming an inseparable part of life. Garbage is actually a misplaced resource. Carrying out classified recycling of campus garbage can not only solve the public hazard of garbage, but also have significance beyond the event itself. For a student, a family and even a society, it is the source of social progress to continuously improve citizens’ awareness and call on citizens to actively participate.

Conclusion and enlightenment

As far as Nanjing Forestry University is concerned, the root of the influence of express packaging lies in the lack of strict management mode and the lack of environmental awareness of students. The waste of express packaging produced by student groups is relatively large, with complex and diverse components, which has certain pollution, resource and sociality. The student groups have little awareness of this. If the packaging is not handled properly in time, on the one hand, these wastes will occupy a lot of land, pollute the environment, affect environmental sanitation and waste resources, and the most direct impact on college students is the destruction of campus environment. On the other hand, the seemingly simple packaging material of the current express package may contain many useful substances, which can be regarded as a kind of resource. If the useful substances can be recycled, it can not only effectively solve the problem of resource shortage, but also effectively reduce the waste discharge.

As far as the social environment of China is concerned, in the development of information technology industry and intelligent logistics industry in the future, the materials of express packaging may not only be simple paper and plastic, but also more green materials will be produced to solve the problem of resource utilization in the logistics environment, and the processing methods of logistics packaging are diversified. No matter which intelligent processing method is adopted, it is still necessary to develop the awareness of long-term environmental protection in parallel, and the quality level of the whole society will be adjusted by consciousness, and more theoretical packaging processing methods will be practiced in the future. Express packaging should not only become the focus of attention of students and the government, but also become the intangible responsibility of China university students or citizens of the whole society to properly handle express packaging waste.

(The authors Cai Lingjun, Wang Xinyi, Qi Mingyang and Gao Peng are undergraduates of Nanjing Forestry University, and Wang Hong is an associate professor of School of Economics and Management of Nanjing Forestry University. This article is an innovative training project of Nanjing Forestry University. The article was first published in the fifth issue of E-commerce in 2019, and was published by The Paper with the authorization of the author.)