Catalogue

　　Foreword

　　First, take the road of high-quality energy development in the new era

　　(A) the new strategy of energy security

　　(B) the new era of energy policy ideas

　　II. Historic achievements have been made in energy development

　　(A) the ability to ensure energy supply has been continuously enhanced.

　　(B) Energy conservation and consumption structure optimization have achieved remarkable results.

　　(3) The level of energy science and technology has improved rapidly.

　　(4) The friendliness between energy and ecological environment has been significantly improved.

　　(V) The energy governance mechanism has been continuously improved.

　　(VI) Energy benefits the people with fruitful results.

　　Third, comprehensively promote the transformation of energy consumption patterns

　　(A) the implementation of dual control of energy consumption.

　　(2) Improve the energy-saving laws, regulations and standards system.

　　(C) Improve energy-saving and low-carbon incentive policies

　　(4) Improve the energy efficiency level in key areas.

　　(5) Promote the cleanness of terminal energy consumption.

　　Fourth, building a diversified and clean energy supply system

　　(A) giving priority to the development of non-fossil energy.

　　(2) Clean and efficient development and utilization of fossil energy.

　　(3) Strengthen the construction of energy storage, transportation and peak shaving system.

　　(D) Support energy development in rural and poverty-stricken areas.

　　Fifth, give play to the role of scientific and technological innovation as the first driving force

　　(A) improve the top-level design of energy science and technology innovation policy

　　(2) Building a diversified and multi-level energy science and technology innovation platform

　　(3) Carry out collaborative scientific and technological innovation in major energy fields.

　　(D) relying on major energy projects to improve the level of energy technology and equipment.

　　(V) Support the development of new technologies, new models and new formats.

　　Sixth, comprehensively deepen the reform of the energy system

　　(A) to build an effective competitive energy market

　　(2) Improve the mechanism that energy prices are mainly determined by the market.

　　(3) Innovative scientific energy management and optimized services

　　(4) Improve the energy legal system.

　　Vii. strengthening international cooperation in energy in all directions

　　(1) Continue to deepen the opening up of the energy sector.

　　(2) Efforts will be made to promote the joint construction of the "Belt and Road" energy cooperation

　　(3) Actively participate in global energy governance.

　　(D) Work together to address global climate change

　　(E) China’s proposition of jointly promoting the sustainable development of global energy.

　　Concluding remarks

　　Foreword

　　Energy is the foundation and motive force of human civilization and progress, which is related to the national economy, people’s livelihood and national security, human survival and development, and is of vital importance to promoting economic and social development and enhancing people’s well-being.

　　Since the founding of New China, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, China has gradually built a relatively complete energy industry system through self-reliance and hard work. Since the reform and opening up, China has adapted to the needs of rapid economic and social development, promoted comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable energy development, and become the largest energy producer and consumer in the world and the country with the fastest improvement in energy utilization efficiency.

　　Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the development of China has entered a new era, and the energy development of China has also entered a new era. The new energy security strategy of "four revolutions and one cooperation" put forward by the Chairman of the Supreme Leader has pointed out the direction for China’s energy development in the new era and opened up a new road for China’s characteristic energy development. China adheres to the new development concept of innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing, with the theme of promoting high-quality development and the main line of deepening supply-side structural reform, comprehensively promotes the reform of energy consumption mode, builds a diversified and clean energy supply system, implements the innovation-driven development strategy, continuously deepens the reform of energy system, and continuously promotes international cooperation in the energy field, so that China’s energy has entered a new stage of high-quality development.

　　Ecological prosperity leads to civilized prosperity. Facing the increasingly serious global problems such as climate change, environmental risk challenges and energy resource constraints, China has established the concept of a community of human destiny, promoted the overall green transformation of economic and social development, actively participated in global energy governance while striving to promote the clean and low-carbon development of its own energy, and worked with other countries to seek a new way to accelerate the sustainable development of global energy. At the general debate of the 75th United Nations General Assembly, the Chairman of the Supreme Leader announced that China will enhance its national independent contribution, adopt more effective policies and measures, and strive to reach the peak of carbon dioxide emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. China’s energy development in the new era provides strong support for China’s sustained and healthy economic and social development, and also makes positive contributions to safeguarding world energy security, coping with global climate change and promoting world economic growth.

　　In order to introduce China’s achievements in energy development in the new era and comprehensively expound China’s major policies and major measures to promote energy revolution, this white paper is issued.

　　First, take the road of high-quality energy development in the new era

　　China’s energy development in the new era actively adapts to the new development and new requirements of the domestic and international situation, unswervingly follows a new path of quality development, better serves economic and social development, better serves the construction of beautiful China and healthy China, and better promotes the construction of a clean and beautiful world.

　　(A) the new strategy of energy security

　　China’s energy development in the new era will implement the new energy security strategy of "four revolutions and one cooperation".

　　— — Promote the energy consumption revolution and curb unreasonable energy consumption. Adhere to the principle of giving priority to energy conservation, improve the management of total energy consumption, strengthen the control of energy consumption intensity, and make energy conservation run through the whole process of economic and social development and all fields. Firmly adjust the industrial structure, attach great importance to urbanization and energy conservation, and promote the formation of a green and low-carbon transportation system. Advocate the concept of thrift in the whole society, cultivate a production and lifestyle that saves energy and uses green energy, and accelerate the formation of an energy-saving society.

　　— — Promote the energy supply revolution and establish a diversified supply system. Adhere to the green development orientation, vigorously promote the clean and efficient utilization of fossil energy, give priority to the development of renewable energy, develop nuclear power in a safe and orderly manner, and accelerate the increase of the proportion of non-fossil energy in energy supply. Vigorously promote oil and gas exploration and development, and promote oil and gas storage and production. We will promote the construction of coal, electricity, oil and gas production, supply, storage and marketing systems, improve energy transmission networks and storage facilities, improve the emergency system for energy storage, transportation and peak shaving, and continuously improve the quality and security of energy supply.

　　— — Promote the energy technology revolution and promote industrial upgrading. We will further implement the innovation-driven development strategy, build a green energy technology innovation system, and comprehensively improve the level of energy technology and equipment. Strengthen basic research in the energy field, as well as common and subversive technological innovations, and strengthen original and integrated innovations. Efforts will be made to promote the integration and innovation of digitalization, big data, artificial intelligence technology and clean and efficient energy development and utilization technology, vigorously develop smart energy technology, and cultivate energy technology and its related industries into new growth points that drive industrial upgrading.

　　— — Promote the energy system revolution and open up the fast lane of energy development. Unswervingly promote the market-oriented reform in the energy field, restore the attributes of energy commodities, and form a unified, open and competitive energy market. Promote the reform of energy prices and form a mechanism in which energy prices are mainly determined by the market. Improve the energy legal system, innovate the scientific management mode of energy, promote the "streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services" reform, strengthen planning and policy guidance, and improve the industry supervision system.

　　— — Strengthen international cooperation in all directions to achieve energy security under open conditions. Adhere to the principles of mutual benefit, equality and reciprocity, expand opening up in an all-round way and actively integrate into the world. Promote the green and sustainable development of the "Belt and Road" energy and promote the interconnection of energy infrastructure. Actively participate in global energy governance, strengthen international exchanges and cooperation in the energy field, smooth international trade in energy, promote the facilitation of energy investment, jointly build a new pattern of international cooperation in energy, and safeguard the stability and common security of the global energy market.

　　(B) the new era of energy policy ideas

　　— — Adhere to the people as the center. Firmly establish the concept of energy development for the people, relying on the people and serving the people, take ensuring and improving the energy consumption of people’s livelihood and the energy consumption of poor people as the priority goal of energy development, strengthen the construction of energy and people’s livelihood infrastructure and public service capacity, and improve the universal service level of energy. Combine the promotion of energy development with tackling poverty, implement energy poverty alleviation projects, and give play to the basic role of energy infrastructure and energy supply services in poverty alleviation.

　　— — Adhere to the clean and low-carbon orientation. Establish the concept of harmonious coexistence between man and nature, take clean and low carbon as the leading direction of energy development, promote green energy production and consumption, optimize energy production layout and consumption structure, accelerate the increase of the proportion of clean energy and non-fossil energy consumption, greatly reduce the intensity of carbon dioxide emission and pollutant emission level, accelerate the transformation of green and low carbon energy, and build a beautiful China.

　　— — Adhere to the core position of innovation. Take improving the level of energy science and technology as the breakthrough of energy transformation and development, accelerate the pace of independent innovation of energy science and technology, strengthen the national energy strategic scientific and technological strength, give full play to the main role of enterprise technological innovation, promote the deep integration of Industry-University-Research, and promote the transformation of energy technology from introduction to independent innovation, so as to form an integrated innovation with upstream and downstream linkage of energy science and technology innovation and a collaborative technology development model of the whole industry chain.

　　— — Insist on promoting development through reform. Give full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, better play the role of the government, further promote the market-oriented reform of competitive links in the energy industry, give play to the role of the market mechanism, and build a high-standard energy market system. Strengthen the guiding role of energy development strategy and planning, improve the energy legal system and industry-wide supervision system, further improve the fiscal and taxation financial system that supports the green and low-carbon transformation of energy, release the vitality of energy development, and provide support for high-quality energy development.

　　— — Persist in promoting the building of a community of human destiny. In the face of the increasingly severe global climate change situation, we should establish a sense of community of human destiny, deepen global energy governance cooperation, accelerate a new round of energy reform oriented to clean and low carbon, jointly promote the sustainable development of global energy and build a clean and beautiful world.

　　II. Historic achievements have been made in energy development

　　China unswervingly pushes forward the energy revolution, with major changes in energy production and utilization, and historic achievements in energy development. The structure of energy production and consumption has been continuously optimized, the efficiency of energy utilization has been significantly improved, the conditions for energy use in production and life have been significantly improved, and the ability of energy security has been continuously enhanced, which has provided important support for the high-quality development of the service economy, winning the battle against poverty and building a well-off society in an all-round way.

　　(A) the ability to ensure energy supply has been continuously enhanced.

　　An energy production system driven by coal, oil, gas, electricity, nuclear energy, new energy and renewable energy has basically been formed. According to preliminary calculation, the total primary energy production in China in 2019 reached 3.97 billion tons of standard coal, making it the largest energy producer in the world. Coal is still the basic energy to ensure energy supply, and the annual output of raw coal has remained at 3.41 billion-&mdash since 2012; 3.97 billion tons. Strive to maintain the stability of crude oil production, and the annual output of crude oil has remained at 190 million-&mdash since 2012; 210 million tons. Natural gas production has increased significantly, from 110.6 billion cubic meters in 2012 to 176.2 billion cubic meters in 2019. The power supply capacity has been continuously enhanced, with a cumulative installed power generation capacity of 2.01 billion kilowatts. In 2019, the power generation capacity was 7.5 trillion kWh, up 75% and 50% respectively compared with 2012. The scale of development and utilization of renewable energy has expanded rapidly, and the cumulative installed capacity of hydropower, wind power and photovoltaic power generation ranks first in the world. By the end of 2019, the installed capacity of nuclear power under construction was 65.93 million kilowatts, ranking second in the world, and the installed capacity of nuclear power under construction ranked first in the world.

　　The energy transmission capacity has been significantly improved. More than 87,000 kilometers of natural gas trunk pipelines, 55,000 kilometers of oil trunk pipelines and 302,000 kilometers of transmission lines of 3.30 kV and above have been built. (See Figure 1)

　　The energy reserve system has been continuously improved. Nine national oil reserve bases have been built, the construction of natural gas production, supply, storage and marketing system has achieved initial results, the coordinated support system for coal production and transportation has been gradually improved, the safe and stable operation of electric power has reached the world advanced level, and the comprehensive emergency support capability of energy has been significantly enhanced. (See Box 1)

　　(B) Energy conservation and consumption structure optimization have achieved remarkable results.

　　The efficiency of energy utilization has been significantly improved. Since 2012, energy consumption per unit of GDP has decreased by 24.4%, which is equivalent to reducing energy consumption by 1.27 billion tons of standard coal. From 2012 to 2019, an average annual growth of 2.8% in energy consumption supported an average annual growth of 7% in the national economy.

　　The energy consumption structure is changing to clean and low carbon. According to preliminary accounting, coal consumption accounted for 57.7% of the total energy consumption in 2019, 10.8 percentage points lower than that in 2012; The consumption of clean energy such as natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power and wind power accounted for 23.4% of the total energy consumption, an increase of 8.9 percentage points over 2012; Non-fossil energy accounts for 15.3% of the total energy consumption, 5.6 percentage points higher than that in 2012, and the goal of non-fossil energy consumption reaching about 15% by 2020 has been achieved ahead of schedule. New energy vehicles have developed rapidly. In 2019, the number of new vehicles and the number of new vehicles reached 1.2 million and 3.8 million respectively, accounting for more than half of the global total; By the end of 2019, there were 1.2 million electric vehicle charging infrastructures in China, and the world’s largest charging network was built, which effectively promoted the improvement of energy efficiency in the transportation field and the optimization of energy consumption structure. (See Figure 2)

　　(3) The level of energy science and technology has improved rapidly.

　　We will continue to promote energy science and technology innovation, and the level of energy technology will continue to improve. Technological progress has become the basic force to promote the dynamic change of energy development. Establish a complete manufacturing industrial chain of clean energy equipment such as hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and solar power generation, successfully develop and manufacture the world’s largest hydropower unit with a single unit capacity of 1 million kilowatts, and have the manufacturing capacity of a full range of wind turbines with a maximum single unit capacity of 10 MW, constantly refreshing the world record of photovoltaic cell conversion efficiency. A number of nuclear power plants with advanced third-generation technologies have been built, and many nuclear energy utilization technologies such as new-generation nuclear power and small reactors have made significant breakthroughs. The technical ability of oil and gas exploration and development has been continuously improved, and technologies such as efficient development of low-permeability crude oil and heavy oil and new-generation compound chemical flooding are leading the world. The technology and equipment level of shale oil and gas exploration and development have been greatly improved, and the natural gas hydrate test has been successfully adopted. Develop green, efficient and intelligent coal mining technology, the mechanization degree of coal mining in large coal mines reaches 98%, and master the industrialization technology of coal-to-oil gas. Build the largest, safe and reliable power grid in the world, and the reliability of power supply ranks among the top in the world. A large number of new energy technologies, models and formats such as "internet plus" smart energy, energy storage, blockchain and comprehensive energy services are booming.

　　(4) The friendliness between energy and ecological environment has been significantly improved.

　　China regards promoting the green development of energy as an important measure to promote the construction of ecological civilization, and resolutely fights the tough battle of pollution prevention and control and wins the battle of defending the blue sky. The level of clean coal mining and utilization has been greatly improved, and remarkable achievements have been made in the treatment of coal mining subsidence areas and the construction of green mines. Implement the revised Law on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution, and intensify the prevention and control of coal-burning and other energy pollution. Promote the implementation of coal equivalent or reduced substitution in new construction, reconstruction and expansion projects in key areas of national air pollution prevention and control. The green development of energy has significantly promoted the improvement of air quality, and the emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and soot have dropped significantly. The green development of energy plays an important role in the reduction of carbon emission intensity. In 2019, the carbon emission intensity decreased by 48.1% compared with 2005, which was 40% lower than that in 2020 & mdash; The goal of 45% has reversed the rapid growth of carbon dioxide emissions. (See Box 2)

　　(V) The energy governance mechanism has been continuously improved.

　　Comprehensively improve the level of marketization in the energy sector, continuously optimize the business environment, significantly enhance market vitality, and make it more convenient for market players and people to do business. Further relax the market access of foreign capital in the energy sector, private investment continues to grow, and investment entities are more diversified. The power generation and consumption plan was released in an orderly manner, trading institutions operated independently and standardized, and the power market construction was further promoted. We will accelerate the liberalization of oil and gas exploration and exploitation market, the transfer of mining rights, the reform of pipeline network operation mechanism, and the dynamic management of crude oil imports, and improve the construction of oil and gas trading centers. Promote the marketization of energy prices, further liberalize the price of competitive links, and initially establish a scientific pricing system for power and oil and gas network links. Work together to promote energy reform and the rule of law, and constantly improve the energy legal system. An energy governance mechanism covering strategy, planning, policies, standards, supervision and services has basically taken shape.

　　(VI) Energy benefits the people with fruitful results.

　　Taking safeguarding and improving people’s livelihood as the fundamental starting point of energy development, ensuring urban and rural residents to obtain basic energy supply and services, and playing the role of basic guarantee of energy supply in building a well-off society in an all-round way and revitalizing rural areas. From 2016 to 2019, the total investment in the renovation and upgrading of rural power grids reached 830 billion yuan, the average power outage time in rural areas was reduced to about 15 hours, and the electricity consumption conditions of rural residents were significantly improved. From 2013 to 2015, we will implement the action plan to solve the problem of electricity consumption for the population without electricity, and complete the historic task of providing electricity for all the population by the end of 2015. The implementation of photovoltaic poverty alleviation projects and other energy poverty alleviation projects, giving priority to the layout of energy development projects in poverty-stricken areas, and the implementation of energy benefit projects have promoted the economic development of poverty-stricken areas and increased the income of poor people. Improve the infrastructure construction of natural gas utilization, expand the supply area of natural gas, and improve the gas security capacity of people’s livelihood. Significant progress has been made in clean heating in the northern region, which has improved the energy consumption conditions and living environment of urban and rural residents. By the end of 2019, the clean heating area in the northern region reached 11.6 billion square meters, an increase of 5.1 billion square meters over 2016. (See Figure 3)

　　Third, comprehensively promote the transformation of energy consumption patterns

　　Adhere to the basic national policy of saving resources and protecting the environment, adhere to the principle of giving priority to energy conservation, establish the concept that energy conservation means increasing resources, reducing pollution and benefiting mankind, and put energy conservation throughout the whole process of economic and social development and in all fields.

　　(A) the implementation of dual control of energy consumption.

　　The total energy consumption and intensity of dual control, according to the administrative regions of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government, set the total energy consumption and intensity control targets, and supervise and evaluate local governments at all levels. Incorporate energy-saving indicators into performance evaluation index systems such as ecological civilization and green development, and guide the transformation of development concepts. Decompose energy consumption dual control targets for key energy-using units, carry out target responsibility evaluation and assessment, and promote key energy-using units to strengthen energy-saving management.

　　(2) Improve the energy-saving laws, regulations and standards system.

　　Revise and implement the Energy Conservation Law, establish and improve energy conservation systems in key areas such as industry, construction and transportation, and public institutions, and improve supporting legal systems such as energy conservation supervision, energy efficiency labeling, energy conservation review of fixed assets investment projects, and energy conservation management of key energy-using units. Strengthen the leading role of standards, improve the energy-saving standard system, implement 100 energy efficiency standards promotion projects, issue and implement more than 340 national energy-saving standards, including nearly 200 mandatory standards, and achieve full coverage of major energy-intensive industries and end-use products. Strengthen the supervision of energy-saving law enforcement, strengthen the supervision after the event, strictly enforce the accountability, and ensure the effective implementation of energy-saving laws, regulations and mandatory standards.

　　(C) Improve energy-saving and low-carbon incentive policies

　　We will implement preferential policies of enterprise income tax and value-added tax to promote energy conservation. Encourage the import of advanced energy-saving technologies and equipment, and control the export of products with high energy consumption and heavy pollution. Improve the green financial system and support energy-saving projects by using energy-efficient credit and green bonds. Innovate and improve the price mechanism to promote green development, implement differential electricity price, peak-valley time-of-use electricity price, ladder electricity price, ladder gas price, etc., improve the environmental protection electricity price policy, and mobilize the enthusiasm of market participants and residents for energy conservation. Pilot projects for paid use and trading of energy rights will be carried out in four provinces and cities such as Zhejiang, and pilot projects for trading of carbon emission rights will be carried out in seven provinces and cities such as Beijing. Vigorously promote contract energy management, encourage innovation in energy-saving technologies and business models, and develop comprehensive energy services. Strengthen the power demand side management, implement the market-oriented mechanism of power demand side response, and guide the economical, orderly and rational use of electricity. Establish an energy efficiency "leader" system, and promote end-use products, high-energy-consuming industries and public institutions to improve energy efficiency.

　　(4) Improve the energy efficiency level in key areas.

　　Actively optimize the industrial structure, vigorously develop advanced manufacturing, high-tech industries and modern service industries with low energy consumption, and promote the intelligent and clean transformation of traditional industries. Promote industrial green recycling and low-carbon transformation and upgrading, fully implement green manufacturing, establish and improve energy-saving supervision and law enforcement and energy-saving diagnostic service mechanisms, and carry out energy efficiency benchmarking. Improve the energy efficiency standards of new buildings, deepen the energy efficiency transformation of existing buildings, and optimize the energy consumption structure of buildings. Build an energy-saving and efficient comprehensive transportation system, promote the cleanliness of transportation energy, and improve the energy efficiency of transportation tools. We will build a conservation-oriented public institution in an all-round way and promote public institutions to set an example for the energy-saving work of the whole society. Build a market-oriented green technology innovation system and promote the research, development, transformation and popularization of green technology. Promote national key energy-saving and low-carbon technologies, industrial energy-saving technologies and equipment, and key energy-saving and low-carbon technologies in the transportation industry. Promote energy conservation for all, guide the establishment of a frugal consumption concept, advocate a simple and moderate, green and low-carbon lifestyle, and oppose extravagance and waste and unreasonable consumption. (See Box 3)

　　(5) Promote the cleanness of terminal energy consumption.

　　Focusing on Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surrounding areas, the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta and the Fenwei Plain, we will implement coal consumption reduction substitution and comprehensive management of loose coal, promote clean and efficient coal-fired boilers, and promote the use of natural gas, electricity and renewable energy to replace inefficient and highly polluting coal. Formulate financial and price support policies, actively promote clean heating in winter in the northern region, and promote the improvement of atmospheric environmental quality. We will promote the substitution of electricity for coal and oil in the field of terminal energy use, and promote new energy consumption methods such as new energy vehicles, heat pumps and electric kilns. Strengthen the construction and interconnection of natural gas infrastructure and promote the efficient use of natural gas in urban gas, industrial fuel, gas-fired power generation, transportation and other fields. Vigorously promote the energy supply mode of natural gas cogeneration, promote the development of distributed renewable energy, and promote multi-energy coordination and comprehensive cascade utilization of energy in the field of terminal energy use. (See Box 4)

　　Fourth, building a diversified and clean energy supply system

　　Based on the basic national conditions and development stages, we should establish the orientation of ecological priority and green development, adhere to development in protection and protection in development, deepen the structural reform of energy supply side, give priority to the development of non-fossil energy, promote the clean and efficient development and utilization of fossil energy, improve the peak-shaving system of energy storage and transportation, and promote the coordinated development of regional multi-energy.

　　(A) giving priority to the development of non-fossil energy.

　　The development and utilization of non-fossil energy is the main way to promote the green and low-carbon transformation of energy. China gives priority to non-fossil energy, and vigorously promotes low-carbon energy to replace high-carbon energy and renewable energy to replace fossil energy.

　　Promote the diversified use of solar energy. In accordance with the principles of technological progress, cost reduction, market expansion and system improvement, we will comprehensively promote the multi-mode and diversified utilization of solar energy. Coordinate the layout and market consumption of photovoltaic power generation, carry out photovoltaic power generation construction in a centralized and distributed way, implement the "leader" plan of photovoltaic power generation, allocate projects by market competition, and accelerate the technological progress and cost reduction of photovoltaic power generation. Photovoltaic industry has become an advantageous industry with international competitiveness. Improve the service mechanism such as grid access for distributed application of photovoltaic power generation, promote the comprehensive development of photovoltaic, agriculture, aquaculture and sand control, and form a diversified photovoltaic power generation development model. Promote the industrialization development of solar thermal power generation through the construction of demonstration projects, and provide market support for the development of related industrial chains. We will promote the continuous expansion of market fields and utilization modes of solar thermal utilization, promote centralized hot water engineering in the fields of industry, commerce and public services, and carry out pilot projects in solar energy heating.

　　Comprehensively coordinate and promote wind power development. In accordance with the principles of overall planning, simultaneous distribution, land and sea development and effective utilization, the development and utilization of wind power and the construction of large-scale wind power bases will be promoted in an orderly manner on the premise of connecting wind power development with power transmission and market consumption. Actively develop scattered wind energy resources in the central and eastern regions. Actively and steadily develop offshore wind power. Give priority to the development of affordable wind power projects and implement market-oriented competition to allocate wind power projects. The large-scale development and utilization of wind power will promote the development of wind power manufacturing industry, the innovation ability and international competitiveness of wind power manufacturing industry will be continuously improved, and the industrial service system will be gradually improved.

　　Promote the green development of hydropower. Adhere to ecological priority and green development, promote hydropower development in a scientific and orderly manner on the premise of ecological environment protection and resettlement, and pay equal attention to development and protection, construction and management. Focusing on major rivers in southwest China, we will promote the construction of large-scale hydropower bases in the basin in an orderly manner and reasonably control the development of small and medium-sized hydropower. Promote the green development of small hydropower, increase financial investment in the implementation of river ecological restoration, and promote the ecological health of rivers. We will improve the benefit-sharing policy for migrants in hydropower development, persist in hydropower development to promote local economic and social development and help migrants get rid of poverty and become rich, and strive to "develop one side’s resources, develop one side’s economy, improve one side’s environment and benefit one side’s people".

　　Safe and orderly development of nuclear power. China regards nuclear safety as the lifeline of nuclear power development, insists on paying equal attention to development and safety, implements the policy of safe and orderly development of nuclear power, strengthens the management and supervision of nuclear power planning, site selection, design, construction, operation and decommissioning, and insists on adopting the most advanced technology and the most stringent standards to develop nuclear power. We will improve the multi-level nuclear energy and nuclear safety regulations and standards system, strengthen the construction of nuclear emergency plans and legal systems, systems and mechanisms, and form a national nuclear emergency response capability system that effectively responds to nuclear accidents. Strengthen nuclear security and control of nuclear materials, strictly fulfill international obligations of nuclear security and nuclear non-proliferation, and always maintain a good nuclear security record. Up to now, the overall safety status of nuclear power units in operation is good, and there have been no incidents or accidents with international nuclear event classification level 2 or above.

　　Develop biomass energy, geothermal energy and ocean energy according to local conditions. Adopt advanced technologies that meet environmental protection standards to develop municipal solid waste incineration power generation, and promote the transformation and upgrading of biomass power generation to cogeneration. Actively promote the development of biogas industrialization and the transformation and upgrading of rural biogas. Adhere to the principle of not competing with people for grain and land, strictly control the expansion of fuel ethanol processing capacity, focus on improving the quality of biodiesel products, and promote the industrial development of non-grain bio-liquid fuel technology. Innovate the development and utilization mode of geothermal energy, carry out central heating in geothermal energy towns, build a demonstration zone for efficient development and utilization of geothermal energy, and carry out geothermal power generation in an orderly manner. Actively promote the research and development and demonstration application of ocean energy technologies such as tidal current energy and wave energy.

　　Comprehensively improve the utilization rate of renewable energy. We will improve the full-guaranteed acquisition system for renewable energy power generation. Implement the clean energy consumption action plan and take measures to promote the use of clean energy. Improve the overall coordination of power planning, optimize the power supply structure and layout, give full play to the market regulation function, form an institutional mechanism conducive to the utilization of renewable energy, and comprehensively improve the flexibility and regulation ability of the power system. The implementation of renewable energy power consumption guarantee mechanism, the administrative regions of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government shall determine the minimum proportion of renewable energy in power consumption on an annual basis, and require power sales enterprises and power users to jointly fulfill the responsibility of renewable energy power consumption. Give play to the role of power grid as a platform for optimizing resource allocation, promote the interaction and coordination between source, grid and storage, and improve the assessment and supervision mechanism for renewable energy consumption. The utilization rate of renewable energy power has improved significantly. In 2019, the national average utilization rate of wind power reached 96%, the utilization rate of photovoltaic power generation reached 98%, and the utilization rate of hydropower in major river basins reached 96%. (See Box 5)

　　(2) Clean and efficient development and utilization of fossil energy.

　　According to the domestic resource endowment, based on the carrying capacity of resources and environment, we will coordinate the development and utilization of fossil energy and ecological environment protection, develop advanced production capacity in an orderly manner, accelerate the elimination of backward production capacity, promote the clean and efficient utilization of coal, enhance the exploration and development of oil and gas, promote the increase of reserves and production, and improve the self-sufficiency of oil and gas.

　　Promote the safe, intelligent and green development and utilization of coal. Strive to build an intensive, safe, efficient and clean coal industry system. We will promote the structural reform of the coal supply side, improve the coal production capacity replacement policy, accelerate the elimination of backward production capacity, release high-quality production capacity in an orderly manner, greatly optimize the coal development layout and production capacity structure, and make large modern coal mines the main body of coal production. From 2016 to 2019, the backward coal production capacity has been withdrawn by more than 900 million tons/year. Increase investment in safety production, improve the long-term mechanism of safety production, speed up the construction of mechanization, automation, informationization and intelligence in coal mines, and comprehensively improve the safety production efficiency and safety guarantee level of coal mines. Promote the green mining and transformation of large coal bases, develop coal washing and processing, develop circular economy in mining areas, strengthen ecological environment management in mining areas, build a number of green mines, and comprehensively improve the level of comprehensive utilization of resources. The implementation of clean and efficient utilization of coal has further increased the proportion of power generation in coal consumption. Positive progress has been made in the industrialization demonstration of coal deep processing, such as coal-to-oil gas and low-rank coal utilization.

　　Clean and efficient development of thermal power. Adhere to the principle of cleanliness and high efficiency and develop thermal power. Promote the optimization of coal-fired power distribution and technical upgrading, and actively and steadily resolve the excess capacity of coal-fired power. Establish and improve the risk early warning mechanism of coal-fired power planning and construction, strictly control coal-fired power planning and construction, and accelerate the elimination of backward production capacity. By the end of 2019, the backward production capacity of coal-fired power has been eliminated by more than 100 million kilowatts, and the proportion of coal-fired power installed capacity in total power generation has dropped from 65.7% in 2012 to 52% in 2019. We will upgrade and transform coal-fired power plants to save energy and reduce emissions, and implement stricter energy efficiency and environmental protection standards. The power generation efficiency and pollutant emission control of coal-fired generating units have reached the world advanced level. Reasonable layout and moderate development of natural gas power generation, encourage the construction of natural gas peak-shaving power stations in power load centers, and improve the level of power system security.

　　Improve natural gas production capacity. Strengthen basic geological survey and resource evaluation, strengthen scientific and technological innovation and industrial support, promote the increase of conventional natural gas production, focus on breaking through the exploration and development of unconventional natural gas such as shale gas and coalbed methane, promote the large-scale development of shale gas, and increase domestic natural gas supply. Improve the policy system of unconventional natural gas industry and promote the development and utilization of shale gas and coalbed methane. Focusing on Sichuan Basin, Ordos Basin and Tarim Basin, several natural gas production bases of 10 billion cubic meters will be built. Since 2017, the annual natural gas production has exceeded 10 billion cubic meters. (See Box 6)

　　Improve the level of petroleum exploration, development and processing. Strengthen domestic exploration and development, deepen the reform of system and mechanism, promote scientific research and development and the application of new technologies, intensify the exploration and development of low-grade resources, and promote the increase of crude oil reserves and production. Develop advanced oil recovery technology, improve crude oil recovery, and stabilize the output of old oil fields in the east, such as Songliao Basin and Bohai Bay Basin. Focusing on Xinjiang and Ordos basin, we will promote new oil fields in the west to increase reserves and increase production. Strengthen offshore oil and gas exploration and development in Bohai Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea, and promote deep-sea foreign cooperation. In 2019, the output of offshore oil fields will be about 40 million tons. Promote the transformation and upgrading of the refining industry. Implement the upgrading of refined oil quality, improve fuel quality, and promote the reduction of vehicle exhaust pollutant emissions.

　　(3) Strengthen the construction of energy storage, transportation and peak shaving system.

　　Coordinate the development of various energy transportation modes of coal, electricity, oil and gas, build an interconnected transmission and distribution network, build a stable and reliable peak-shaving system for storage and transportation, and enhance emergency support capabilities.

　　Strengthen the construction of energy transmission and distribution network. We will continue to strengthen the construction of trans-provincial and trans-regional backbone energy transmission channels, enhance the accessibility between major energy producing areas and major consumption areas, and promote the complementary and coordinated development of regional advantages. Improve the transportation capacity of the existing railway coal transportation special line, and continuously improve the railway transportation ratio and coal transportation efficiency. Promote the interconnection of natural gas trunk pipelines with provincial pipeline networks, lng terminal and gas storage, speed up the construction of "one national network", and initially form a flexible, safe and reliable natural gas transportation system. We will steadily promote the construction of trans-provincial and trans-regional transmission channels and expand the scope of clean energy allocation in northwest, north, northeast and southwest regions. Improve the main grid of regional power grid and strengthen the construction of provincial internal power grid. Carry out the construction of flexible DC transmission demonstration projects, actively build energy internet, and promote the construction of a safe and reliable power system with reasonable scale, stratification and zoning.

　　Improve the emergency system of energy reserves. Establish an energy reserve system that combines national reserves with enterprise reserves, strategic reserves with commercial reserves, and improve the reserve capacity of oil, natural gas and coal. Improve the national oil reserve system and speed up the construction of oil reserve bases. Establish and improve the multi-level natural gas storage and peak regulation system of local governments, gas supply enterprises, pipeline transportation enterprises and urban gas enterprises. Improve the coal reserve system with corporate social responsibility reserve as the main body and local government reserve as the supplement. Improve the national emergency mechanism for large-scale power outages, and comprehensively improve the reliability of power supply and emergency support capabilities. Establish and improve the transmission and distribution guarantee system that matches the energy reserve capacity, build a standardized system of purchasing, storage, rotation and utilization, and improve the supervision mechanism for decision-making.

　　Improve the energy peaking system. Adhere to both the supply side and the demand side, improve the market mechanism, strengthen technical support, enhance the peak shaving ability, and improve the comprehensive utilization efficiency of the energy system. Accelerate the construction of pumped storage power stations, rationally arrange natural gas peak-shaving power stations, implement the flexible transformation of existing coal-fired cogeneration units and coal-fired power units, improve the peak-shaving performance of power systems, and promote the consumption of clean energy. Promote the coordinated and optimized operation of energy storage, new energy power generation and power system, and carry out peak-shaving pilot projects such as electrochemical energy storage. Promote the construction of natural gas storage and peak-shaving facilities, improve the market-oriented mechanism of natural gas storage and peak-shaving auxiliary services, and enhance the peak-shaving capacity of natural gas. Improve electricity and gas price policies, guide power and natural gas users to participate in peak shaving and peak shifting independently, and improve demand-side response. Improve the interruptible and adjustable management system of power and natural gas load, and tap the demand side potential.

　　(D) Support energy development in rural and poverty-stricken areas.

　　Implement the rural revitalization strategy, improve the level of rural life energy security, and let rural residents have more real sense of acquisition, happiness and security.

　　Accelerate the improvement of rural energy infrastructure. Making electricity available to all is the basic condition for building a well-off society in an all-round way. We implemented a three-year action plan to comprehensively solve the problem of people without electricity, and by the end of 2015, the problem of electricity consumption for people without electricity was completely solved. China attaches great importance to the transformation and upgrading of rural power grid, and strives to fill the shortcomings of rural power grid development. We will implement special projects to upgrade the rural power grid in central villages of small towns, electrify wells in plain rural areas and connect poor villages with power and electricity. Since 2018, we will focus on promoting the transformation and upgrading of rural power grids in deep poverty-stricken areas and border villages. Accelerate the construction of natural gas branch pipeline network and infrastructure, and expand the coverage of pipeline network. Promote the construction of liquefied natural gas, compressed natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas supply outlets in areas not covered by natural gas pipeline network, develop and utilize renewable energy according to local conditions, and improve rural energy supply conditions.

　　Accurately implement energy poverty alleviation projects. Energy is not only the driving force of economic development, but also an important support for poverty alleviation. China rationally develops and utilizes energy resources in poverty-stricken areas, actively promotes the construction of major energy projects in poverty-stricken areas, enhances their own hematopoietic capacity, and adds new momentum to economic development in poverty-stricken areas. Priority will be given to energy development projects in old revolutionary base areas, ethnic minority areas, border areas and poverty-stricken areas, and clean power delivery bases will be built, making important contributions to the economic growth of the region. In the development and construction of hydropower, a sustainable development model of "moving out, staying steady and getting rich" has been formed for reservoir immigrants, so that the poor people can share the benefits of resource development more. Strengthen financial input and policy support to support the development of clean energy such as biomass energy, wind energy, solar energy and small hydropower in poor areas. We have carried out various forms of photovoltaic and agricultural integration development models, implemented photovoltaic poverty alleviation projects, and built thousands of "sunshine banks" all over poor rural areas.

　　Promote clean heating in northern rural areas in winter. Winter cleaning and heating in the northern region is related to the lives of the broad masses of people, and it is a major livelihood project and popular project. Taking the protection of the broad masses in the northern region to warm the winter and reduce air pollution as a foothold, clean heating should be carried out in rural areas in the north according to local conditions. In accordance with the principle of giving priority to enterprises, promoting by the government and being affordable to residents, we will steadily promote "coal to gas" and "coal to electricity" and support the use of clean biomass fuel, geothermal energy, solar energy heating and the application of heat pump technology. By the end of 2019, the clean heating rate in northern rural areas was about 31%, an increase of 21.6 percentage points over 2016; In northern rural areas, about 23 million households have completed the replacement of loose coal, of which about 18 million households have completed the clean replacement of loose coal in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, surrounding areas and Fenwei Plain. (See Box 7)

　　Fifth, give play to the role of scientific and technological innovation as the first driving force

　　Seize the opportunity of the new round of global scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, vigorously implement the innovation-driven development strategy in the energy field, enhance the ability of energy science and technology innovation, and solve major problems and challenges such as energy resource constraints, ecological environment protection and climate change through technological progress.

　　(A) improve the top-level design of energy science and technology innovation policy

　　China regards energy as an important part of the national innovation-driven development strategy, and puts energy science and technology innovation in a more prominent position. The Outline of National Innovation-Driven Development Strategy takes safe, clean and efficient modern energy technology as an important strategic direction and key field. We formulated the energy and resources science and technology innovation plan and the strategic plan for the development of energy and resources science and technology in 2035, deployed major measures and tasks for energy science and technology innovation, and strived to enhance the leading and supporting role of science and technology innovation. Formulate the energy technology innovation plan and the energy technology revolution innovation action plan (2016— 2030), put forward the key direction and technical roadmap of energy technology innovation. Deepen the reform of energy science and technology system, and form an energy technology innovation system with government guidance, market leading, enterprises as the main body, social participation and multi-party cooperation. Increase investment in scientific and technological innovation in important energy fields and emerging energy industries, strengthen the construction of talent teams, and enhance the innovation capabilities of various subjects.

　　(2) Building a diversified and multi-level energy science and technology innovation platform

　　Relying on key enterprises, research institutes and universities, a number of high-level energy technology innovation platforms have been built, which effectively stimulated the innovation vitality of various subjects. More than 40 national key laboratories and a number of national engineering research centers will be laid out, and relevant research will be carried out focusing on technologies such as safe, green and intelligent coal mining, efficient utilization of renewable energy, energy storage and distributed energy, so as to promote the progress of energy science and technology. More than 80 national energy R&D centers and national energy key laboratories will be laid out to carry out research around key areas and key links of coal, oil, natural gas, thermal power, nuclear power, renewable energy and energy equipment, covering the key areas and frontier directions of current energy technology innovation. Large-scale energy enterprises adapt to their own development and industry needs, constantly strengthen the construction of scientific and technological capabilities, and form influential research institutions in several professional fields. Local governments combine the advantages of local industries and adopt various ways to strengthen the construction of scientific research capabilities. With the support of the policy of "mass entrepreneurship and innovation", various social subjects actively carry out scientific and technological innovation, forming many innovative enterprises in energy science and technology.

　　(3) Carry out collaborative scientific and technological innovation in major energy fields.

　　Implement major scientific and technological projects and projects to realize the leap-forward development of key technologies in the energy field. Focus on major national strategic industrialization goals, implement major projects of oil and gas science and technology, focus on breaking through new theories of oil and gas geology and key technologies for efficient exploration and development, and carry out technical research on economic and efficient development of unconventional resources such as shale oil, shale gas and natural gas hydrate. We will implement major nuclear power science and technology projects, focus on the technologies of third-generation pressurized water reactors and fourth-generation high-temperature gas-cooled reactors, tackle key core technologies, and continue to promote independent innovation in nuclear power. Facing major common key technologies, we will deploy and carry out research on new energy vehicles, smart grid technology and equipment, intelligent mining technology and equipment in coal mines, clean and efficient utilization of coal and new energy-saving technologies, renewable energy and hydrogen energy technologies. Facing the major strategic tasks of the country, we will focus on the deployment of basic physical and chemical research on efficient and clean utilization and transformation of energy, and promote the breakthrough of applied technology with basic research. (See Box 8)

　　(D) relying on major energy projects to improve the level of energy technology and equipment.

　　Under the development trend of global energy green and low-carbon transformation, we will accelerate the upgrading of traditional energy technologies and equipment, strengthen the independent innovation of emerging energy technologies and equipment, and significantly improve the technical level of clean and low-carbon energy. Relying on major equipment manufacturing and major demonstration projects, we will promote key energy equipment technology research, test demonstration and popularization and application. Improve the measurement, standard, testing and certification system of energy equipment, and improve the research and development, design, manufacturing and complete sets of major energy equipment. Focusing on the three major directions of energy security supply, clean energy development and clean and efficient utilization of fossil energy, efforts will be made to break through the bottlenecks of key technologies, materials and parts in energy equipment manufacturing and promote technological innovation in the whole industry chain. Carry out the construction of major energy demonstration projects with advanced energy technology and equipment, and improve the technical level of equipment in the fields of clean and intelligent coal mining and washing, deep-water and unconventional oil and gas exploration and development, oil and gas storage and transportation, clean and efficient coal-fired power generation, advanced nuclear power, renewable energy power generation, gas turbines, energy storage, advanced power grid and coal deep processing.

　　(V) Support the development of new technologies, new models and new formats.

　　At present, the world is at the intersection of the new scientific and technological revolution and the industrial revolution. The breakthrough of new technology accelerates the industrial transformation and promotes the emergence of new energy models and new formats. Vigorously promote the deep integration of energy technology with modern information, materials and advanced manufacturing technologies, and explore new modes of energy production and consumption relying on the construction of "internet plus" smart energy. Accelerate the innovation and upgrading of smart photovoltaic, promote the integrated development of photovoltaic power generation with agriculture, fishery, animal husbandry and construction, expand the new space for complementary application of photovoltaic power generation, and form a new model for extensive development and utilization of new energy. Accelerate the development of hydrogen energy industrial chain technology and equipment such as green hydrogen production, storage and transportation and application, and promote the development of hydrogen energy fuel cell technology chain and hydrogen fuel cell automobile industrial chain. Support the application of energy storage in all aspects and scenarios of energy, and strive to promote the complementary development of energy storage and renewable energy. Support the construction of new energy microgrid and form an integrated local clean energy supply system for power generation, storage and use. Promote a new mode of comprehensive energy services, and realize multi-energy complementarity, synergy and high efficiency of terminal energy. Guided and driven by pilot demonstration projects, various new energy technologies, new models and new formats continue to emerge, forming a "fusion effect" of energy innovation and development.

　　Sixth, comprehensively deepen the reform of the energy system

　　Give full play to the decisive role of the market in the allocation of energy resources, give better play to the role of the government, deepen market-oriented reforms in key areas and key links, remove institutional and institutional obstacles that hinder development, focus on solving problems such as imperfect market system, and provide institutional guarantee for safeguarding national energy security and promoting high-quality energy development.

　　(A) to build an effective competitive energy market

　　Vigorously cultivate diversified market players, break monopoly, relax access, encourage competition, build a unified, open and orderly energy market system, focus on eliminating market barriers, and improve the efficiency and fairness of energy resource allocation.

　　Cultivate multiple energy market players. Support all kinds of market players to enter the energy field outside the negative list on an equal footing according to law, and form a pattern in which multiple market players participate together. Deepen the reform of oil and gas exploration and exploitation system, open the oil and gas exploration and exploitation market, and implement competitive transfer of exploration blocks and stricter block withdrawal mechanism. Support qualified enterprises to import crude oil. Reform the operation mechanism of oil and gas pipeline network to realize the separation of pipeline transportation and sales business. We will steadily promote the reform of the power sales side, open the power distribution business to social capital in an orderly manner, and deepen the separation of the main and auxiliary power grid enterprises. Actively cultivate emerging market players such as power distribution, energy storage and comprehensive energy services. Deepen the reform of state-owned energy enterprises, support the development of non-public ownership, actively and steadily carry out the reform of mixed ownership in the energy field, and stimulate the vitality of enterprises.

　　Build a unified, open and competitive energy market system. According to the characteristics of different energy sources, build a trading platform for coal, electricity, oil and natural gas to promote the interaction between supply and demand. Promote the construction of a modern coal market system and develop futures trading of thermal coal, coking coal and crude oil and spot trading of natural gas. We will fully liberalize the power generation and consumption plans of operating power users, and build a power market that combines long-term transactions, spot transactions and other electric energy transactions with auxiliary service transactions. Actively promote the construction of a unified national electricity market and a national carbon emission trading market. (See Box 9)

　　(2) Improve the mechanism that energy prices are mainly determined by the market.

　　In accordance with the general idea of "controlling the middle and letting go of both ends", we will steadily liberalize prices in competitive areas and competitive links, promote prices to reflect market supply and demand, and guide resource allocation; Strict government pricing cost supervision and examination, and promote scientific and reasonable pricing.

　　Orderly liberalize the price of competitive links. Promote the step-by-step realization that the sale price of electricity other than public welfare is formed by the market, and power users or power sales entities can determine the transaction price with power generation enterprises through marketization. We will further deepen the reform of the on-grid electricity price mechanism for coal-fired power generation and implement a market-oriented price mechanism of "benchmark price+fluctuation". Steadily promote the determination of the on-grid electricity price of new wind power and photovoltaic power generation projects by competitive bidding. Promote the formation of inter-provincial and inter-regional power transmission prices through negotiation or marketization in accordance with the principle of "risk sharing and benefit sharing". Improve the formation mechanism of refined oil prices and promote the market-oriented reform of natural gas prices. Adhere to the principle of ensuring basics and promoting economy, and fully implement the residential ladder electricity price and ladder gas price system.

　　Scientifically verify the price of natural monopoly links. According to the principle of "allowable cost+reasonable income", the transmission and distribution prices of power grid and natural gas pipeline network are reasonably formulated. Carry out two regulatory cycles of transmission and distribution pricing cost supervision and examination and electricity price verification. Strengthen the price supervision of gas transmission and distribution, carry out cost supervision and examination, and build a price supervision system for all links in the field of natural gas transmission and distribution. (See Box 10)

　　(3) Innovative scientific energy management and optimized services

　　Further transform government functions, simplify administration and decentralize power, combine management with decentralization, optimize services, and strive to build a service-oriented government. Give play to the guiding role of energy strategic planning and macro-policies, and concentrate on major events. Strengthen energy market supervision, improve supervision efficiency, and promote fair competition among various market players. Adhere to the concept of people first and life first, and firmly hold the bottom line of energy safety production.

　　Stimulate the vitality of market players. Deepen the energy "streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services" reform, reduce the approval of energy projects at the central government level, delegate the approval authority of some energy projects to local governments, and cancel the approval of energy projects that can be independently decided by market players. Reduce pre-approval items, lower market access thresholds, and strengthen and standardize post-event supervision. Improve the service level of "access to electricity" and reduce the time, link and cost of running electricity. Carry out the "internet plus Government Affairs" service, promote the "one-window acceptance" and "one-stop" service of energy government affairs, and improve the "one-stop" service level. (See Box 11)

　　Guide the direction of resource allocation. Formulate and implement the Strategy of Energy Production and Consumption Revolution (2016— 2030), as well as energy development planning and a series of special plans and action plans, to clarify the overall goals and key tasks of energy development and guide the investment direction of social subjects. We will improve fiscal, taxation, industrial and investment and financing policies in the energy sector, fully implement ad valorem taxation of crude oil, natural gas and coal resources, increase consumption tax on refined oil, and guide market players to rationally develop and utilize energy resources. Build a positive incentive system for green finance, promote new energy vehicles and develop clean energy. Support RMB pricing and settlement of bulk energy commodity trade.

　　Promote fair competition in the market. Straighten out the responsibility relationship of energy supervision and gradually realize the transformation from electricity supervision to comprehensive energy supervision. Strict supervision of power trading, dispatching, power supply services and market order, and strengthening supervision of fair access to power grid, power grid investment behavior, cost and investment operation efficiency. Strengthen the fair and open supervision of oil and gas pipeline network facilities, promote the information disclosure of oil and gas pipeline network facilities enterprises, and improve the utilization rate of oil and gas pipeline network facilities. Fully implement the "double random and one open" supervision to improve the fairness and impartiality of supervision. Strengthen the construction of the credit system in the energy industry, establish a list system of serious untrustworthy subjects according to laws and regulations, implement the punishment of dishonesty, and improve the efficiency of credit supervision. Inclusive and prudent supervision of emerging formats to promote the development and growth of new kinetic energy. Open the energy supervision hotline and play the role of social supervision.

　　Build a safe production bottom line. Improve the responsibility system for coal mine safety production, improve the efficiency of coal mine safety supervision and law enforcement, build a standardized management system for coal mine safety production, enhance the ability of disaster prevention and control, and the overall situation of coal mine safety production has improved. Implement the main responsibility of electric power safety enterprises, industry supervision responsibility and territorial management responsibility, improve the supervision and management of power system network security, and strengthen the construction safety supervision and quality supervision of electric power construction projects. The safety risks of power system are generally controllable, and no large-scale power outage accidents have occurred. Strengthen the safety supervision of the whole oil and gas industry chain, and keep the situation of oil and gas safety production stable. We will continue to strengthen the construction of nuclear safety supervision system and improve the ability of nuclear safety supervision. The overall safety status of nuclear power plants and research reactors is good, and the construction quality of projects under construction is under overall control.

　　(4) Improve the energy legal system.

　　Give full play to the role of the rule of law in ensuring stability, stability and long-term benefits, adhere to the convergence of energy legislation with reform and development, and timely amend and abolish laws and regulations that do not meet the requirements of reform and development; Adhere to the statutory duties must be, the law is not authorized, and fully perform government functions according to law.

　　Improve the energy legal system. Promote the revision of laws and administrative regulations in the field of energy, strengthen the supervision and inspection of the implementation of laws and regulations in the field of energy, accelerate the process of "changing regulations and normative documents in the fields of electricity, coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear power and new energy", and reflect the reform results in laws, regulations and major policies.

　　Promote energy management according to law. Promote the construction of a government ruled by law, and promote the rule of law throughout the whole process of formulating, implementing, supervising and managing energy strategies, plans, policies and standards. We will build a new pattern of energy law popularization in which government and enterprises are linked and supported each other, and form a good atmosphere of respecting, learning, abiding by and using the law. Innovate the way of administrative law enforcement, fully implement the publicity system of administrative law enforcement, the record system of the whole process of administrative law enforcement, and the legal review system of major law enforcement decisions, and fully implement the responsibility system of administrative law enforcement. Smooth the channels of administrative reconsideration and administrative litigation, ensure that cases are handled according to laws and regulations, protect the legitimate rights and interests of administrative counterparts according to law, and let people feel fairness and justice in every case.

　　Vii. strengthening international cooperation in energy in all directions

　　China practices the concept of green development, follows the principle of mutual benefit and win-win, carries out international cooperation, strives to achieve energy security under open conditions, expands the opening-up of the energy sector, promotes the high-quality construction of the Belt and Road Initiative, actively participates in global energy governance, guides international cooperation in tackling climate change, and promotes the building of a community of human destiny.

　　(1) Continue to deepen the opening up of the energy sector.

　　China steadfastly maintains the stability of the global energy market and opens wider to the outside world in the energy field. We will greatly relax foreign investment access, create a market-oriented and legalized international business environment, and promote trade and investment liberalization and facilitation. We will fully implement the system of pre-entry national treatment plus negative list management, and the access restrictions for foreign investment in the energy sector will continue to decrease. Completely cancel the restrictions on foreign investment in coal, oil and gas, electric power (except nuclear power) and new energy. Promote the development of energy industry in Guangdong, Hubei, Chongqing, Hainan and other free trade pilot zones, and support the open development of the entire oil and gas industry chain in Zhejiang Free Trade Zone. The investment scale of international energy companies such as ExxonMobil, General Electric, Bibi, EDF and Siemens has increased steadily in China. Major foreign-funded projects such as Shanghai Tesla electric vehicles have landed in China one after another, and the number of foreign-funded gas stations has increased rapidly. (See Box 12)

　　(2) Efforts will be made to promote the joint construction of the "Belt and Road" energy cooperation

　　China adheres to the principle of cooperation, co-construction and sharing, adheres to the concept of openness, greenness and honesty, strives to achieve high standards, benefits people’s livelihood and sustainability, and strengthens energy cooperation with other countries under the framework of jointly building the Belt and Road Initiative, so as to benefit other countries and people while realizing its own development and create favorable conditions for promoting common development.

　　Promote mutually beneficial and win-win energy cooperation. China has carried out extensive cooperation with more than 100 countries and regions in the fields of energy trade, investment, production capacity, equipment, technology and standards. Enterprises in China build high-standard energy projects that meet the urgent needs of cooperative countries, help local enterprises to transform their resource advantages into development advantages, promote local technological progress, employment expansion, economic growth and improvement of people’s livelihood, and realize complementary advantages and common development. Through third-party market cooperation, we will cooperate with some countries and large multinational companies in the field of clean energy and promote the formation of an open, transparent, mutually beneficial and win-win energy cooperation pattern. In 2019, 30 countries including China jointly established the Belt and Road energy partnership.

　　Building a Green Silk Road. China is the world’s largest renewable energy market and the largest manufacturer of clean energy equipment. Actively promote the green and low-carbon transformation of global energy, and extensively carry out renewable energy cooperation, such as the hydropower project in Careta, Guinea, the photovoltaic power plant in Kaubosburg, Hungary, the wind power project in Morula, Montenegro, the photovoltaic hybrid power generation project in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, the photovoltaic project in carlot, Pakistan and the first phase of Jinnah Photovoltaic Park. The wide application of renewable energy technology in China market has promoted the reduction of the cost of renewable energy worldwide and accelerated the process of global energy transformation.

　　Strengthen the interconnection of energy infrastructure. Actively promote cross-border and cross-regional energy infrastructure connectivity, and create conditions for complementary cooperation and mutually beneficial trade in energy resources. China, Russia and China — A number of landmark major energy projects, such as oil and gas pipelines in Central Asia and China-Myanmar, have been completed and put into operation. China has realized power interconnection with seven neighboring countries, and the interconnection level of energy infrastructure has been significantly improved, which has promoted the optimal allocation of energy resources in a wider scope and promoted economic cooperation among regional countries.

　　Improve global energy accessibility. Actively promote the domestic implementation of the sustainable development goal of "ensuring affordable, reliable and sustainable modern energy for all", actively participate in international cooperation on energy accessibility, adopt various financing models to develop grid-connected, microgrid and off-grid power projects for areas without electricity according to local conditions, donate clean stoves to areas using traditional cooking fuels, improve the energy popularization level of cooperative countries, and benefit local people’s livelihood.

　　(3) Actively participate in global energy governance.

　　China firmly supports multilateralism, conducts bilateral and multilateral energy cooperation in accordance with the principle of mutual benefit and win-win, actively supports the role of international energy organizations and cooperation mechanisms in global energy governance, actively promotes the stability and security of global energy market and the green transformation and development of energy under the framework of international multilateral cooperation, and contributes China’s wisdom and China’s strength to the sustainable development of global energy.

　　Integrate into multilateral energy governance. Actively participate in international energy cooperation under multilateral mechanisms such as the United Nations, G20, APEC and BRICS, and make positive progress in joint research and publication of reports and establishment of institutions. China has established intergovernmental energy cooperation mechanisms with more than 90 countries and regions, and established cooperative relations with more than 30 international organizations and multilateral mechanisms in the energy field. Since 2012, China has successively become a member of the International Renewable Energy Agency, a signatory observer of the International Energy Charter and a member of the International Energy Agency Union.

　　Advocate regional energy cooperation. China has established regional energy cooperation platforms with ASEAN, the Arab League, the African Union, Central and Eastern Europe, and established the East Asia Summit Clean Energy Forum. China has promoted cooperation in capacity building and technological innovation, and provided 18 countries with training in the fields of clean energy utilization and energy efficiency. (See Box 13)

　　(D) Work together to address global climate change

　　China adheres to the concept of a community of human destiny, unites and cooperates with other countries to cope with global climate change, and actively promotes green and low-carbon energy transformation.

　　Strengthen international cooperation on climate change. With the support of the United Nations, the World Bank, the Global Environment Facility, the Asian Development Bank and German countries, China has carried out extensive and sustained bilateral and multilateral cooperation with relevant countries in the fields of renewable energy development and utilization, low-carbon city demonstration and so on through experience sharing, technical exchange and project docking.

　　Support developing countries to improve their ability to cope with climate change. Deepen South-South cooperation in the field of climate change and support the least developed countries, small island countries, African countries and other developing countries to meet the challenges of climate change. Starting from 2016, China has launched 10 low-carbon demonstration zones, 100 climate change mitigation and adaptation projects and 1,000 cooperative projects on climate change training places in developing countries to help developing countries develop clean and low-carbon energy and jointly cope with global climate change.

　　(E) China’s proposition of jointly promoting the sustainable development of global energy.

　　Mankind has entered the era of interconnection, and maintaining energy security and coping with global climate change have become major challenges facing the world. At present, the COVID-19 epidemic, which continues to spread, highlights that the interests of all countries are closely related and their destinies are closely linked. China proposes that the international community make joint efforts to promote the sustainable development of global energy, meet the challenge of climate change and build a clean and beautiful world.

　　Work together to promote the green and low-carbon transformation of energy and promote the construction of a clean and beautiful world. To meet the challenge of climate change and improve the global ecological environment requires the joint efforts of all countries. Countries should choose the green development path, adopt a green and low-carbon cycle and sustainable production and life style, promote energy transformation, coordinate and solve problems in energy development, work together to cope with global climate change, and make positive contributions to building a clean and beautiful world.

　　Collaborate to consolidate multilateral cooperation in the energy field and accelerate the green recovery and growth of the economy. Improve the international energy governance mechanism and maintain an open, inclusive, inclusive, balanced and win-win multilateral international energy cooperation pattern. Deepen dialogue, communication and pragmatic cooperation in the energy field to promote economic recovery and integrated development. Strengthen transnational and trans-regional clean and low-carbon energy technology innovation and standard cooperation, promote energy technology transfer and popularization, and improve international collaborative intellectual property protection.

　　Cooperate with international energy trade and investment to maintain the stability of the global energy market. Eliminate energy trade and investment barriers, promote trade and investment facilitation, carry out energy resources and capacity cooperation, deepen energy infrastructure cooperation, improve the level of interconnection, and promote efficient allocation of resources and deep market integration. Adhere to the principle of cooperation, joint construction and sharing, actively seek the greatest common denominator of development interests, promote the sustainable development of global energy, and jointly safeguard global energy security.

　　Cooperate to promote energy accessibility in underdeveloped areas and strive to solve the problem of energy poverty. Work together to achieve the goal of sustainable development in the energy field, and support people in underdeveloped countries and regions who lack modern energy supply to obtain basic energy services such as electricity. Help underdeveloped countries and regions to popularize and apply advanced green energy technologies, train energy professionals, improve the energy service system, and form a new model of integrating green energy development with energy poverty eradication.

　　Concluding remarks

　　China is about to embark on a new journey of building a socialist modern country in an all-round way. Entering a new stage of development, China will continue to unswervingly push forward the energy revolution, accelerate the construction of a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient energy system, and provide a strong energy guarantee for basically realizing socialist modernization in 2035 and building a socialist modernization power in the middle of this century.

　　The world today is experiencing a great change that has never happened in a hundred years. The ecological environment is related to human survival and sustainable development, and all countries need to unite and cooperate to meet challenges together. Adhering to the concept of a community of human destiny, China will continue to work with other countries to deepen global energy governance cooperation, promote global energy sustainable development, safeguard global energy security, strive to achieve more inclusive, balanced and equal development, and build a cleaner, more beautiful, prosperous and livable world.

　　(Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, December 21st)

　　People’s Daily (10th edition, December 22, 2020)

CCTV News:A few days ago, Ni Hong, Minister of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, said that a series of policies and measures introduced this year, such as denying housing loans, reducing down payment ratio and interest rate, continuing to implement personal income tax policies to support residents to buy houses, and reducing intermediary fees for second-hand housing sales, have played a positive role in stabilizing the real estate market.

For the real estate market next year, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development said that it will continue to optimize real estate policies, support cities to adjust real estate policies according to local conditions, and at the same time further increase support for the first and improved housing policies to benefit the people. In addition, we will continue to do a good job in ensuring the delivery of buildings, people’s livelihood and stability.

Shanghai: the new real estate policy promotes the active first-hand housing market.

Last week, Shanghai introduced a new real estate policy, adjusting ordinary housing standards and optimizing differentiated housing credit policies. A week after the introduction of the new policy, the reporter visited the market and found that the actual exhibition and transaction volume of some new housing projects have increased to some extent compared with before the introduction of the policy.

This new house in Songjiang District was officially opened shortly before the introduction of the New Deal in Shanghai. From the afternoon of this week’s working day to the evening, the reporter saw that buyers would visit from time to time. According to this new policy, Shanghai has implemented a differentiated policy in the Lingang New Area of the Free Trade Zone and six administrative regions of Jiading, Qingpu, Songjiang, Fengxian, Baoshan and Jinshan, and the down payment for the second home has been reduced to a minimum of 40%.

According to industry insiders, since Shanghai began to implement the policy of "recognizing houses but not loans" in September, the market has generally stabilized and picked up. After this policy optimization, it is expected to effectively enhance the activity of the real estate market and improve the level of second-hand houses and new houses.

Beijing: In the first week of the New Deal in the property market, some demand for home purchases began to be released.

Beijing also introduced a new policy of real estate adjustment and optimization a week ago. These two days, the reporter visited and found that although the second-hand housing market is still relatively strong at present, there have been some changes in the new housing market affected by policies.

On December 14th, Beijing issued a new property market policy, which lowered the minimum down payment ratio of the first set of housing personal housing loans to 30%, and the minimum down payment ratio of the second set of housing personal housing loans to 50% in the six districts of the city and 40% in the six districts of the non-city. At the same time, the mortgage interest rate, loan life and general housing standards have been optimized and adjusted. After the release of the New Deal, many people who are interested in buying houses have chosen to come out to see the house.

The reporter saw in this sales office in Fangshan District, Beijing that although it was the morning of a working day, there were still some people who came to see the house. After a round of inquiries, the reporter found that most of them are customers who want to improve their sexual needs and just-needed groups who want to buy the first suite.

According to the sales staff of the sales office, the new policy has lowered the threshold for buying houses, broadened everyone’s choice space, and at the same time reduced the repayment burden of loans, which has stimulated the activity of buyers. Now, the number of consultations, exhibitions and sales of stores has improved to a certain extent.

However, the reporter observed that not all new housing projects are like this, and there are not a few properties with less passenger flow. Insiders told reporters that it will take more time for the market to improve because the New Deal was promulgated only one week ago.

Beijing Zhengban Fa [2005] No.59

The people’s governments of the districts and counties, the commissions, offices and bureaus of the municipal government, and the municipal institutions:

　　"Beijing highly pathogenic avian influenza emergency plan" has been approved by the municipal government and is hereby issued to you, please implement it carefully.

　　November 22nd, 2005

Emergency plan for highly pathogenic avian influenza in Beijing

(Revised in 2005)

catalogue

　1 General rules

　　1.1 Purpose of compilation

　　1.2 Compilation basis

　　1.3 Scope of application

　　1.4 working principles

　　1.5 epidemic situation confirmation

　　1.6 epidemic classification

2 Organization and responsibilities

　　2.1 emergency command organization

　　2.2 Daily management organization

　　2.3 Expert Advisory Group

　　2.4 Emergency handling institutions

　　2.5 Responsibilities of District and County Governments

3 Early warning and reporting

　　3.1 Early warning level

　　3.2 Early warning release

　　3.3 Early warning response

　　3.4 epidemic situation report　

　4 emergency response

　　4.1 the principle of emergency response

　　4.2 Graded response

　　4.3 Basic emergency

　　4.4 Expand emergency response

　　4.5 Emergency response in areas without epidemic situation

　　4.6 Safety Protection of Emergency Handling Personnel

　　4.7 Termination of emergency response

　5 after-treatment

　　5.1 Late evaluation

　　5.2 Reward

　　5.3 Responsibility

　　5.4 Disaster compensation

　　5.5 Pensions and subsidies

　　5.6 Resume production

　　5.7 Social assistance

　6. Guarantee of emergency response

　　6.1 Technical Support of Command System

　　6.2 Communication Guarantee

　　6.3 Emergency resources and equipment support

　　6.4 Technical Reserve and Guarantee

　7 Training, exercises and publicity and education

　　7.1 Training

　　7.2 exercise

　　7.3 publicity and education

　8 supplementary provisions

　　8.1 Definitions and descriptions of noun terms and abbreviations

　　8.2 Plan Management and Update

　　8.3 Plan Interpretation Department

　　8.4 implementation time of the plan

　　1 General rules

　　1.1 Purpose of compilation

　　Through the preparation and implementation of this plan, we will earnestly strengthen the basic work of emergency treatment of highly pathogenic avian influenza, build a long-term management and emergency treatment mechanism that combines prevention and extermination, realize systematic prevention, scientific decision-making, intelligent command and overall security, ensure that administrative and technical resources can be mobilized in time when a highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic occurs, and take strict measures to effectively control and exterminate the epidemic, so as to minimize the losses caused by the epidemic.

　　1.2 Compilation basis

　　This plan is formulated in accordance with People’s Republic of China (PRC) Animal Epidemic Prevention Law, People’s Republic of China (PRC) Entry-Exit Animal and Plant Quarantine Law, Emergency Regulations on Major Animal Epidemic, National Emergency Plan for Sudden Major Animal Epidemic, National Emergency Plan for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza, Measures for Beijing to Implement People’s Republic of China (PRC) Animal Epidemic Prevention Law, Beijing Overall Emergency Plan for Public Emergencies and related regulations.

　　1.3 Scope of application

　　This plan is applicable to the emergency treatment of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic that has caused or may cause serious losses in poultry production and serious damage to public health.

　　The management object of this plan is the poultry and its products produced, slaughtered, transported, stored, imported and sold in this city, the poultry used for viewing, performing arts, competitions, scientific research and teaching, diagnosis and treatment, and wild poultry such as migratory birds.

　　1.4 working principles

　　1.4.1 Territorial management

　　Governments at all levels shall uniformly lead and direct the emergency handling of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic; Territorial management shall be implemented for emergency handling of epidemic situation; Governments at all levels are responsible for extinguishing the epidemic situation of highly pathogenic avian influenza within their respective administrative areas, and all relevant departments shall, in accordance with the provisions of the plan, do a good job in emergency handling of the epidemic situation within their respective functions and duties. According to the scope, nature and degree of harm of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic, the epidemic situation shall be managed at different levels.

　　1.4.2 Rapid response

　　Governments at all levels shall, in accordance with relevant laws and regulations, establish and improve the emergency system, emergency response mechanism and emergency handling procedures for highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic, and improve the emergency handling capacity for highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic; When a highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic occurs, governments at all levels should respond quickly and take decisive measures to control and extinguish the epidemic in time.

　　1.4.3 Prevention first.

　　Carry out the policy of putting prevention first, implement various prevention and control measures, do a good job in emergency reserve of personnel, technology, materials and equipment, and carry out technical training and emergency drills on a regular basis as needed; Carry out epidemic monitoring, early warning and forecasting, and timely analyze and warn all kinds of situations that may lead to highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic, so as to achieve early detection, quick action and strict handling.

　　1.4.4 Scientific control

　　Implement scientific prevention and control, further establish and popularize scientific immunization and disinfection procedures, strengthen epidemiological research, standardize the operating procedures of epidemic prevention and quarantine, and realize scientific and standardized prevention and control work.

　　1.4.5 Group prevention and control

　　Strengthen the propaganda of epidemic prevention knowledge, popularize the epidemic prevention knowledge of highly pathogenic avian influenza, popularize immunization, diagnosis and disinfection techniques, improve the epidemic prevention awareness and self-protection awareness of animal breeding practitioners and the general public, and enhance the awareness of the whole society to prevent highly pathogenic avian influenza; The emergency treatment of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic situation depends on the masses, the whole people’s epidemic prevention, and mobilization of various resources to achieve mass prevention and control.

　　1.5 epidemic situation confirmation

　　1.5.1 After receiving the epidemic report, the supervising agency for animal epidemic prevention immediately dispatched two or more epidemic prevention personnel with relevant qualifications to the site for clinical diagnosis and put forward preliminary diagnosis opinions.

　　1.5.2 In case of suspected highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic, timely collect disease materials and send them to the Municipal Veterinary Laboratory for serological detection (waterfowl cannot use agar diffusion test). If the diagnosis is positive, it can be confirmed as a suspected case of highly pathogenic avian influenza.

　　1.5.3 Suspected cases must be sent to the laboratory designated by the animal husbandry and veterinary administrative department of the State Council for virus isolation and identification for final diagnosis.

　　1.6 epidemic classification

　　According to the nature, harm degree and scope of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic, the epidemic situation of highly pathogenic avian influenza is divided into four levels: particularly serious (Grade I), major (Grade II), large (Grade III) and general (Grade IV).

　　1.6.1 particularly serious and highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic situation (Grade I)

　　Within 21 days, there were more than 4 districts and counties with epidemic situation; Or the number of epidemic spots is more than 10; Or there are more than 4 townships or more than 3 contiguous townships in one district and county; Or in several districts and counties, there are multiple trends, and some people are infected, which continues to spread in a large area.

　　1.6.2 Major highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic (Grade II)

　　Within 21 days, there were 2 to 3 districts and counties with epidemic situation; Or there are 4 to 9 epidemic spots in one district and county; Or an epidemic occurred in two townships.

　　1.6.3 Large and highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic (Grade III)

　　Within 21 days, there are two or three epidemic spots in one district and county.

　　1.6.4 General epidemic situation of highly pathogenic avian influenza (Grade IV)

　　Occurred in a township and an epidemic spot.

　　2 Organization and responsibilities

　　2.1 emergency command organization

　　2.1.1 Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters) shall lead, organize and coordinate the emergency treatment of highly pathogenic avian influenza in the city.

　　Responsibilities of the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters):

　　(1) Implement the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on Animal Epidemic Prevention and the Measures of Beijing for Implementing the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on Animal Epidemic Prevention and other laws and regulations;

　　(2) Organizing the formulation and revision of the Emergency Plan for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Beijing;

　　(3) To lead, organize and implement the prevention and control of highly pathogenic avian influenza in this Municipality, and formulate working procedures for the prevention and control of highly pathogenic avian influenza;

　　(4) to guide the prevention and treatment of highly pathogenic avian influenza in districts and counties.

　　2.1.2 The commander-in-chief of the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters) is the deputy mayor in charge, and the deputy commander-in-chief is the deputy secretary-general in charge of the municipal government and the director and deputy director in charge of the Municipal Agriculture Bureau. He is responsible for the unified leadership and unified command of the emergency treatment of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic and makes major decisions to deal with the highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic.

　　2.1.3 member units and responsibilities of the municipal headquarters for the prevention and control of major animal diseases (emergency headquarters).

　　Municipal Bureau of Agriculture: (1) Responsible for organizing and coordinating relevant departments to do a good job in the prevention and control of highly pathogenic avian influenza; (2) To undertake the work functions of the Office of the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters), and organize and carry out the work of epidemic monitoring, immunization, culling, disinfection, disease diagnosis and reporting, epidemiological investigation and focus tracking in a unified way; (3) Put forward the technical scheme for epidemic control and extermination; (4) Delineate epidemic spots, epidemic areas and threatened areas, put forward blockade suggestions to the municipal government and participate in the organization and implementation; (5) Supervise and guide the culling of poultry in epidemic areas, carry out harmless treatment of poultry carcasses and poultry products according to the prescribed standards, disinfect and treat pollutants in epidemic areas, and disinfect breeding sites and surrounding environment; (6) Organize emergency immunization of related animals in the threatened area; (7) Monitoring related animals and animal products in the threatened area; (8) Organize the establishment of emergency epidemic prevention materials storage, and reserve enough vaccines, diagnostic reagents, disinfection drugs, machines and tools, equipment, protective articles, blockade facilities and harmless treatment facilities; (9) To be responsible for the training of the emergency response reserve team; (10) to participate in the propaganda work of epidemic spots, epidemic areas and surrounding people.

　　Municipal Agriculture Committee: responsible for studying and putting forward policy suggestions for the development of agricultural industry.

　　Propaganda Department of the Municipal Party Committee: responsible for coordinating and organizing the news propaganda work of highly pathogenic avian influenza and popularizing relevant scientific prevention and control knowledge.

　　Municipal government supervision room: responsible for supervising the prevention and control of highly pathogenic avian influenza in all districts and counties and relevant departments.

　　Legislative Affairs Office of the municipal government: responsible for organizing the formulation of policies, regulations and compulsory measures for the prevention and control of highly pathogenic avian influenza.

　　Municipal Information Office: responsible for the construction of information network for the prevention and control of highly pathogenic avian influenza, do a good job in network maintenance and ensure the safety and smoothness of the network.

　　Municipal organization: responsible for the implementation of the staffing of major animal disease prevention and control institutions.

　　Foreign Affairs Office of the Municipal Government: responsible for the review and coordination of foreign-related matters concerning the prevention and control of highly pathogenic avian influenza in this Municipality, and handling matters related to foreign embassies in China, overseas news agencies in Beijing, overseas personnel in Beijing, Hong Kong and Macao Beijing offices and personnel.

　　Municipal Health Bureau: responsible for prevention, medical observation and human epidemic monitoring of high-risk groups, and strengthening contact and information communication with animal epidemic prevention departments.

　　Municipal Development and Reform Commission: responsible for making plans and arrangements for infrastructure construction related to epidemic prevention and control.

　　Municipal Finance Bureau: responsible for ensuring the funds needed for emergency treatment of epidemic diseases such as immunization, monitoring, disinfection, culling and harmless treatment, and strengthening supervision over the use of funds.

　　Beijing Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau: Strengthen the quarantine of inbound and outbound animals, animal products and other quarantine objects to prevent the spread of epidemic diseases.

　　Municipal Public Security Bureau: responsible for assisting relevant departments to do a good job in blockade and forced culling of epidemic areas, and to do a good job in security and social security management of epidemic areas.

　　Municipal Administration for Industry and Commerce: It is responsible for closing the poultry and poultry products trading market in epidemic areas and cracking down on the illegal operation of poultry and poultry products in the market.

　　City Urban Management and Law Enforcement Bureau: responsible for cracking down on the illegal operation of poultry and poultry products outside the bazaar according to law.

　　Municipal Transportation Commission: Cooperate with epidemic prevention and control, and be responsible for giving priority to the dispatch of emergency epidemic prevention materials.

　　Municipal Science and Technology Commission: responsible for strengthening the research on early warning and forecasting of epidemic situation and prevention and control technology.

　　Municipal Bureau of Commerce: responsible for strengthening market monitoring and management of reserved poultry products, organizing market regulation and maintaining market stability.

　　Municipal Management Committee: responsible for coordinating the relevant units to do a good job in the collection and harmless treatment of kitchen waste.

　　Municipal Forestry Bureau: It is responsible for cracking down on illegal hunting and management of wild birds, closely monitoring the health status of wild birds, and immediately notifying the local supervising agencies for animal epidemic prevention when any abnormality is found, and assisting the animal husbandry and veterinary departments in monitoring relevant diseases.

　　Municipal Water Affairs Bureau: responsible for the observation of aquatic wild birds in water source protection areas and surrounding areas, and immediately notify the local supervising agencies for animal epidemic prevention when any abnormality is found, and assist the animal husbandry and veterinary departments to do a good job in disease monitoring.

　　Municipal Bureau of Landscape Architecture: responsible for coordinating the immunization of birds in parks under the guidance of animal quarantine departments and health and epidemic prevention departments at the county level, closely monitoring their health conditions, immediately notifying the local supervising agencies for animal epidemic prevention when finding any abnormality, and cooperating with the animal husbandry and veterinary departments to do a good job in monitoring the epidemic situation.

　　Municipal Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision: responsible for strengthening the supervision of poultry products production and processing enterprises.

　　Logistics Department of Beijing Garrison: responsible for the prevention and control of epidemic diseases in its subordinate units, actively cooperating with the prevention and control of epidemic diseases in the station, and timely reporting epidemic information.

　　Municipal Local Taxation Bureau: It is responsible for regulating and controlling the taxation of poultry farms (households) affected by the disaster, and promoting them to resume production as soon as possible.

　　Civil Affairs Bureau: responsible for providing life assistance to poultry farm personnel and poultry farmers who have difficulties in living due to disasters, and properly arranging the basic life of the affected people.

　　Municipal Tourism Bureau: responsible for cooperating with the Municipal Agriculture Bureau to carry out epidemic prevention supervision and management of hotels and restaurants.

　　Beijing Railway Bureau: Ensure the transportation of emergency personnel dealing with highly pathogenic avian influenza, emergency materials and relevant samples such as prevention and control drugs and instruments, and ensure safety and speed; Cooperate with the supervising agencies for animal epidemic prevention to do a good job in quarantine supervision of poultry and their products transported by rail.

　　Civil Aviation North China Regional Administration: organize and coordinate relevant units to do a good job in air transportation support for emergency personnel dealing with highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic situation, emergency materials such as prevention and control drugs and equipment, and related samples; Supervise the relevant units to cooperate with the supervising agencies for animal epidemic prevention to do a good job in quarantine supervision of poultry and their products transported by air, and cooperate with the inspection and quarantine departments to do a good job in inspection and quarantine of inbound and outbound poultry and their products.

　　Beijing Ershang Group Co., Ltd.: Responsible for the reserve of national and municipal commodities and ensuring the quality of the reserved commodities.

　　Beijing Dafa Animal Products Company: responsible for the animal epidemic prevention work of this enterprise.

　　Beijing Huadu Group Co., Ltd.: Responsible for the animal epidemic prevention work of this enterprise.

　　Beijing Sanyuan Group Co., Ltd.: Responsible for the animal epidemic prevention work of this enterprise.

　　2.2 Daily management organization

　　The municipal headquarters for the prevention and control of major animal diseases (emergency headquarters) has an office as a daily office. The office is located in the Municipal Agriculture Bureau. The office of the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters) is equipped with a command site and corresponding facilities and equipment as a command platform when a major animal epidemic occurs, and it is interconnected with the command platform of the Municipal Emergency Committee.

　　The functions of the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters) Office for the prevention and control of highly pathogenic avian influenza are as follows:

　　(1) Responsible for organizing the implementation of the decision of the Municipal Emergency Committee and the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters), mobilizing the reserve team for emergency treatment of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic, coordinating the member units of the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters), and contacting the municipal expert advisory group.

　　(2) Responsible for organizing the drafting and revision of the Emergency Plan for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Beijing, organizing emergency drills for highly pathogenic avian influenza incidents, and organizing publicity, education and training for the prevention and treatment of highly pathogenic avian influenza.

　　(3) Responsible for the collection, analysis and reporting of highly pathogenic avian influenza information at home and abroad.

　　(4) responsible for organizing the investigation of hidden dangers of highly pathogenic avian influenza in the city.

　　(5) Responsible for issuing blue and yellow warning information, and put forward suggestions on issuing orange and red warning information to the office of the Municipal Emergency Committee.

　　(6) responsible for the construction of the city’s highly pathogenic avian influenza emergency command system and the management of emergency resources.

　　(7) coordinate and deal with the problems encountered in the prevention and treatment of highly pathogenic avian influenza.

　　2.3 Expert Advisory Group

　　City headquarters for the prevention and control of major animal diseases (emergency headquarters, a major animal disease) hired experts to form a highly pathogenic avian influenza expert advisory group.

　　Main responsibilities:

　　(1) to put forward suggestions on technical measures to deal with the corresponding level of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic;

　　(2) Make suggestions on emergency preparedness for highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic;

　　(3) to participate in the formulation or revision of emergency plans and disposal technical schemes for highly pathogenic avian influenza;

　　(4) to provide technical guidance and training for emergency treatment of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic;

　　(5) Put forward suggestions on termination and post-evaluation of emergency response to highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic;

　　(6) To undertake other tasks assigned by the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters) and the Office.

　　2.4 Emergency handling institutions

　　2.4.1 Field headquarters

　　The on-site headquarters is responsible for organizing the implementation of the decision of the Municipal Emergency Committee and the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters), and coordinating and mobilizing the member units of the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters) to jointly carry out the emergency treatment of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic.

　　2.4.2 Reserve Team for Emergency Treatment of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza

　　Key personnel in animal husbandry and veterinary administration, animal epidemic prevention supervision, health and epidemic prevention, public security and other aspects are drawn from relevant departments and units of the city and county to form an emergency response reserve team, and epidemic situation handling, public security blockade, emergency immunization and health and epidemic prevention teams are set up separately, and each team is composed of corresponding professionals. Its main duties are to blockade the epidemic areas, cull susceptible poultry in the epidemic areas, strictly disinfect the epidemic areas and do a good job in personnel protection according to the requirements of emergency command agencies for major animal epidemics at all levels and the specific scope of designated epidemic areas and threatened areas.

　　2.5 Responsibilities of District and County Governments

　　The district and county governments shall take overall responsibility for the prevention and control of highly pathogenic avian influenza within their respective jurisdictions. According to the contents of this plan, formulate the planning, monitoring plan and emergency plan for the prevention and control of highly pathogenic avian influenza in this area; Establish an emergency command system and daily offices for major animal epidemics in districts and counties, uniformly lead and direct the emergency handling of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic within their respective administrative areas, make decisions on handling highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic within their respective administrative areas, and decide on measures to be taken.

　　3 Early warning and reporting

　　3.1 Early warning level

　　According to the possible harm degree, development and urgency of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic, it is divided into four warning levels from low to high: general (level IV), severe (level III), severe (level II) and particularly severe (level I), which are indicated by blue, yellow, orange and red in turn.

　　Blue Warning: Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza with neighboring countries or other provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities (except Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Liaoning Province, Shandong Province, Henan Province, Shanxi Province, Hebei Province and Tianjin City).

　　Yellow warning: The outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Liaoning Province, Shandong Province, Henan Province and Shanxi Province has a tendency to spread to this city.

　　Orange warning: Highly pathogenic avian influenza has broken out in Hebei Province and Tianjin, and it has a tendency to spread to this city.

　　Red warning: A suspected case of highly pathogenic avian influenza occurred in this city, or a suspected case of human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza appeared.

　　3.2 Early warning release

　　3.2.1 According to the monitoring information provided by the supervising agency for animal epidemic prevention and the epidemic dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza at home and abroad, the office of the municipal headquarters for the prevention and control of major animal epidemics (emergency headquarters) analyzes the harm degree and development trend according to the occurrence, development law and characteristics of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic, puts forward corresponding early warning suggestions, and releases them after being approved by the municipal headquarters for the prevention and control of major animal epidemics (emergency headquarters) and the municipal emergency committee.

　　3.2.2 After confirming the early warning information that may cause highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic, the Municipal Command for Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters) shall deploy in time according to the formulated plan, and promptly notify all relevant departments and units to take action to prevent the occurrence and spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic.

　　3.2.3 In accordance with the relevant provisions on the release and confidentiality of the epidemic situation, early warning of highly pathogenic avian influenza with different levels shall be released and cancelled. General and heavier level of early warning, by the municipal headquarters for the prevention and control of major animal diseases (emergency headquarters) organization issued and announced the cancellation. Serious and especially serious warning information needs to be reported to the main leaders of the city for approval, and the office of the Municipal Emergency Committee is responsible for organizing the release and announcement of cancellation.

　　3.3 Early warning response

　　3.3.1 Blue Early Warning Response

　　Pay close attention to the development trend of epidemic situation in neighboring countries or relevant provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities. Strengthen the reserve of epidemic prevention materials such as vaccines and disinfectants. Strengthen the monitoring of immune effect. Strengthen the observation and monitoring of transit migratory birds. It is forbidden to import birds and their products from countries and regions in epidemic areas announced by the Ministry of Agriculture and the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, and strengthen the quarantine of imported birds and their products in non-epidemic areas. After the epidemic situation in neighboring countries or relevant provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities is controlled, the blue warning will be cancelled.

　　3.3.2 Yellow Early Warning Response

　　On the basis of implementing the blue warning response measures, all poultry farms (households) should adopt closed feeding methods to strictly control the flow of people and logistics. Expand the monitoring scope of poultry immune effect, and timely supplement the poultry farms (households) with low immune titer. Thoroughly disinfect the internal and external environment of poultry farms (households). In addition to the live birds from the breeding bases outside Beijing designated by this Municipality entering Beijing according to the relevant procedures, other live birds from other places will be stopped from entering Beijing. Suspend the city’s live poultry trading activities, suspend the release of pigeons and temporarily close the bird trading market. Strictly inspect and quarantine poultry and products entering Beijing through roads, railways, civil aviation and other channels according to law. Combine neighboring provinces and cities to carry out compulsory immunization of poultry within 5 kilometers from both sides of the administrative boundary of this Municipality, and establish a "firewall" for the prevention and control of highly pathogenic avian influenza in this Municipality; Carry out dragnet inspection, strengthen the monitoring of the immune effect of poultry within 5 kilometers from both sides of the administrative boundary of this Municipality, and make up for the exemption in time when problems are found. All members of the emergency command organization for major animal diseases strengthen information communication and jointly strengthen various prevention and control measures. After the epidemic situation in relevant provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities is effectively controlled, the yellow warning will be cancelled.

　　3.3.3 Orange Early Warning Response

　　On the basis of implementing the yellow early warning response measures, stop foreign poultry and their products from entering Beijing. When necessary, purchase poultry within 3 kilometers of the border between this city and the epidemic area. Strengthen joint prevention and control with Hebei Province and Tianjin City, and establish an information notification mechanism to ensure timely and effective communication of information. After the epidemic situation in Hebei Province and Tianjin City was effectively controlled, the orange warning was cancelled.

　　3.3.4 Red Warning Response

　　On the basis of implementing the orange early warning and response measures, the relevant departments closed the area where suspected cases occurred, and implemented measures such as culling and compulsory immunization for poultry in this area and surrounding areas. Isolate people suspected of being infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza and their close contacts. The Municipal Agriculture Bureau and the Municipal Health Bureau strengthen information communication and jointly strengthen various prevention and control measures. If suspected cases are excluded, cancel the red warning; If the epidemic situation is confirmed, enter the emergency response procedure.

　　3.4 epidemic situation report

　　Any unit or individual has the right to report the epidemic situation of highly pathogenic avian influenza and its hidden dangers to governments at all levels and relevant departments, and to report the departments, units and individuals that fail to perform or fail to perform the duties of emergency handling of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic in accordance with regulations to higher government departments.

　　3.4.1 Responsibility Reporting Unit and Responsibility Reporting Person

　　(1) Responsibility reporting unit

　　a。 Units related to poultry breeding and management, production and management of poultry products, various animal clinics and other related units;

　　b。 Relevant scientific research units and institutions;

　　c。 Supervising agencies for animal epidemic prevention under local governments at or above the county level;

　　d。 Other relevant departments and units.

　　(2) Responsible reporter

　　Personnel who raise and manage poultry and produce and manage poultry products; Staff of various animal clinics; Relevant staff of scientific research units and colleges; Personnel of supervising agencies for animal epidemic prevention at all levels performing their duties; Other relevant personnel.

　　3.4.2 Report Form

　　The supervising agencies for animal epidemic prevention at all levels shall report the epidemic situation of highly pathogenic avian influenza according to the relevant provisions of the state; Other responsible reporting units and individuals report by telephone or in writing.

　　3.4.3 Time limit and procedures for reporting

　　When a suspected highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic situation is found, it must be reported to the district and county supervising agencies for animal epidemic prevention immediately. After receiving the report, the county supervising agencies for animal epidemic prevention shall immediately rush to the scene for clinical diagnosis. If necessary, please ask the municipal supervising agencies for animal epidemic prevention to send people to assist in the diagnosis. After it is identified as a suspicious epidemic situation, it shall report the epidemic situation to the municipal supervising agencies for animal epidemic prevention step by step within 2 hours, and also report it to the county emergency headquarters for major animal epidemics. The municipal supervising agency for animal epidemic prevention shall, within 1 hour after receiving the report, report to the office of the municipal headquarters for the prevention and control of major animal diseases (emergency headquarters) and the municipal veterinary administrative department. The office of the municipal headquarters for the prevention and control of major animal diseases (emergency headquarters) and the municipal veterinary administrative department shall report to the municipal government (Municipal Emergency Committee) and the Ministry of Agriculture respectively within 1 hour after receiving the report.

　　If it is identified as a suspicious epidemic situation, it shall immediately collect sick materials and send them to the laboratory of the Municipal Veterinary Laboratory for preliminary diagnosis; Confirmed as a suspected case of highly pathogenic avian influenza, sent to the National Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory for diagnosis.

　　3.4.4 Report content

　　(1) the time and place of the epidemic;

　　(2) species and quantity of infected or suspected infected animals, number of animals in the same group, immunity, number of deaths, clinical symptoms, pathological changes and diagnosis;

　　(3) Epidemiology and focus tracking;

　　(4) Control measures taken;

　　(5) the unit, person in charge, reporter and contact information of the epidemic situation report.

　　4 emergency response

　　4.1 the principle of emergency response

　　When a highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic occurs, the municipal, district, county and township governments and their relevant departments make emergency response according to the principle of graded response. At the same time, it is necessary to follow the objective law of the occurrence and development of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic, and adjust the response level in time in combination with the actual situation and the needs of prevention and control work. Pay attention to the analysis of the development trend of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic situation, and upgrade the response level in time for the epidemic situation with expanding situation and influence; For the epidemic with limited scope and no further spread, the response level should be reduced accordingly. The emergency treatment of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic should adopt the methods of investigation, treatment and verification to effectively control the development of the epidemic.

　　Districts and counties where highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic has not occurred should organize personnel, materials and other emergency preparations, take necessary preventive and control measures to prevent highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic from occurring within their respective administrative areas, obey the unified command of the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters), and support the emergency treatment at the place where highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic has occurred.

　　4.2 Graded response

　　4.2.1 Emergency response to particularly serious and highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic (Grade I)

　　By the office of the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters), suggestions are made to the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters) and the Office of the Municipal Emergency Committee, and the emergency plan is launched after being approved by the main leaders of the municipal party committee and the municipal government. The mayor is responsible for emergency command; The deputy mayor in charge should rush to the scene, and set up an on-site headquarters composed of the municipal headquarters for the prevention and control of major animal diseases (emergency headquarters) and the local district and county governments. The mayor is the commander in chief, responsible for participating in the formulation of plans, guiding, coordinating and urging relevant departments to carry out their work; The commander-in-chief of the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters) and the relevant leaders of the local districts and counties shall be the executive commander-in-chief, responsible for the specific command and disposal of the epidemic.

　　When a particularly serious and highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic occurs, the municipal government or district/county government shall issue a blockade decision according to law. The public security department and the armed police force blocked the epidemic areas and set up temporary checkpoints. The city stopped all poultry and its products from entering and leaving Beijing and closed all live poultry trading markets. If someone is infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza, the health department should treat the infected person in isolation and observe the people in contact with him in isolation. By the epidemic emergency response reserve team, poultry within a radius of 3 kilometers with the epidemic as the center will be culled, and poultry products will be treated harmlessly; The supervising agencies for animal epidemic prevention shall organize the implementation of compulsory immunization for poultry within 5 kilometers outside the epidemic area; Strictly disinfect the internal and external environment of all poultry farms (households) and strictly control the flow of people and logistics.

　　4.2.2 Emergency Response to Major Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Epidemic (Level II)

　　The municipal headquarters for the prevention and control of major animal diseases (emergency headquarters) is responsible for starting the emergency plan. The deputy mayor in charge is responsible for emergency command, and the deputy secretary-general in charge assists the deputy mayor in his work. The director and deputy director of the Municipal Bureau of Agriculture should rush to the scene and set up an on-site headquarters composed of the municipal headquarters for the prevention and control of major animal diseases (emergency headquarters) and the district and county governments. The deputy mayor in charge is the chief commander, responsible for participating in the formulation of the plan and coordinating the work of relevant departments; The director of the Municipal Bureau of Agriculture, the deputy director in charge and the relevant responsible comrades of the districts and counties shall be the executive chief commander, responsible for the specific command and disposal of the incident.

　　When a major highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic occurs, the municipal government or district/county government shall issue a blockade decision according to law. The public security department and the armed police force blocked the epidemic areas and set up temporary checkpoints. The poultry within a radius of 3 kilometers centered on the epidemic spot shall be culled by the emergency response reserve team; Birds within 5 kilometers outside the epidemic area shall be given compulsory immunization by the supervising agencies for animal epidemic prevention; Strictly disinfect the internal and external environment of all poultry farms (households) and strictly control the flow of people and logistics.

　　4.2.3 Emergency response to a large and highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic (Grade III)

　　The office of the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters) is responsible for starting the emergency plan and taking full command. When necessary, the person in charge of the office of the Municipal Agriculture Bureau or the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters) was present to participate in the formulation of the plan and coordinate the work of relevant departments.

　　When a large highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic occurs, the local district and county governments shall issue a blockade decision according to law. The public security department and the armed police force blocked the epidemic areas and set up temporary checkpoints. The poultry within a radius of 3 kilometers centered on the epidemic spot shall be culled by the emergency response reserve team; Poultry within 5 km outside the epidemic area shall be given compulsory immunization by the supervising agency for animal epidemic prevention. Strictly disinfect the internal and external environment of all poultry farms (households) and strictly control the flow of people and logistics.

　　4.2.4 Emergency Response of General Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Epidemic (Grade IV)

　　The emergency headquarters of major animal diseases in the epidemic areas and counties shall be responsible for starting the emergency plan and handling it with full authority. When necessary, the office of the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters) sent technicians to the site to give guidance and support.

　　When a general highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic occurs, the local district and county governments shall issue a blockade decision according to law. The public security department and the armed police force blocked the epidemic areas and set up temporary checkpoints. The poultry within a radius of 3 kilometers centered on the epidemic spot shall be culled by the emergency response reserve team; Birds within 5 kilometers outside the epidemic area shall be given compulsory immunization by the supervising agencies for animal epidemic prevention; Strictly disinfect the internal and external environment of all poultry farms (households) and strictly control the flow of people and logistics.

　　4.3 Basic emergency

　　Under the unified leadership and command of governments at all levels and close cooperation with relevant departments, emergency treatment of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic situation will be carried out.

　　(1) according to the needs of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic, mobilize all kinds of personnel, materials, transportation and related facilities and equipment to carry out emergency treatment.

　　(2) Issue a blockade order to blockade the epidemic areas. If the blockade of epidemic areas exceeds the area under its jurisdiction, and the blockade of epidemic areas leads to the interruption of trunk traffic, it shall be reported to the government at the next higher level for approval and release the blockade decision according to regulations.

　　(3) Organize supervising agencies for animal epidemic prevention to investigate and deal with the epidemic situation of highly pathogenic avian influenza; Delineate epidemic spots, epidemic areas and threatened areas, and propose and implement targeted prevention and control measures; According to the provisions of the collection of disease materials, sent to the city veterinary laboratory for testing, such as confirmed as suspected cases, sent to the National Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory for diagnosis.

　　(4) Organize emergency preparedness teams to temporarily requisition houses, places and vehicles, take emergency measures such as culling infected animals and related animals, sealing public drinking water sources contaminated by highly pathogenic avian influenza pathogens, and organize emergency immunization as needed.

　　(5) Take measures to restrict or stop the trade of poultry and poultry products according to the epidemic level.

　　(6) Organize public security, transportation and other departments to set up temporary animal epidemic prevention supervision and inspection stations at traffic stations according to law to inspect and disinfect vehicles.

　　(7) Organize township governments, sub-district offices, neighborhood committees and village committees to carry out mass prevention and control.

　　(8) Organize relevant departments to ensure the supply of commodities, stabilize prices, severely crack down on illegal and criminal activities such as spreading rumors and spreading rumors, making and selling fake goods and disturbing social order, and maintain social stability.

　　(9) Responsible for the supervision and inspection of emergency handling.

　　(10) In accordance with the provisions of the state, timely carry out training on relevant technical standards and norms.

　　(11) to carry out targeted publicity and education on epidemic prevention knowledge of highly pathogenic avian influenza, and improve people’s awareness of prevention and control and self-protection ability.

　　(12) Organize experts to comprehensively evaluate the handling of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic situation, including the epidemic situation, on-site investigation, tracking of epidemic sources, and measures such as poultry culling, harmless treatment, disinfection and emergency immunization.

　　(13) do a good job in information collection, reporting and analysis of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic.

　　4.4 Expand emergency response

　　(1) When an epidemic situation of highly pathogenic avian influenza involving foreign countries occurs, the Foreign Affairs Office of the municipal government, the Municipal Publicity Office and other relevant departments should send people to participate in the work of the on-site headquarters according to the needs of emergency handling and the division of responsibilities, and be responsible for undertaking related matters.

　　(2) With the existing emergency resources and manpower in this city, it is difficult to implement effective disposal, and it is necessary for the state or other provinces and cities to provide assistance and support. The Municipal Emergency Committee should immediately report the situation to the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, request the CPC Central Committee and the State Council to directly direct or authorize Beijing to direct, coordinate and mobilize the emergency resources of the central state units in Beijing, the Beijing Military Region, the Beijing Armed Police Corps and other aspects to participate in the handling of the epidemic.

　　4.5 Emergency response in areas without epidemic situation

　　According to the epidemic nature, characteristics, occurrence area and development trend of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic area, analyze the possibility and degree of being affected in this area, and focus on the following work:

　　(1) Keep close contact with the epidemic area and obtain relevant information in time.

　　(2) Organize the preparation of personnel and materials needed for emergency treatment in this administrative area.

　　(3) to carry out monitoring and prevention and control of highly pathogenic avian influenza in breeding, transportation, slaughter and circulation to prevent the introduction, occurrence and spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza.

　　(4) to carry out epidemic prevention knowledge propaganda of highly pathogenic avian influenza, and improve public protection ability and awareness.

　　(5) do a good job in quarantine supervision of highway, railway, aviation and water transportation according to regulations.

　　4.6 Safety Protection of Emergency Handling Personnel

　　It is necessary to ensure the safety of personnel involved in the emergency response to the epidemic. Emergency personnel should take special protective measures, such as wearing protective clothing, inoculating corresponding vaccines, and conducting serological tests regularly.

　　4.7 Termination of emergency response

　　The termination of the emergency response of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic situation must meet the following conditions: after all poultry and their products in the epidemic area are treated according to regulations, there are no new cases of the epidemic in at least one longest incubation period.

　　Especially serious and highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic situation shall be evaluated by relevant experts organized by the municipal animal husbandry and veterinary administrative department, and suggestions for terminating emergency response shall be put forward, submitted to the municipal government for approval, and reported to the Ministry of Agriculture.

　　The larger and generally highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic situation shall be evaluated by the county animal husbandry and veterinary administrative department to organize relevant experts to control the epidemic situation, put forward suggestions to terminate the emergency response, report to the county government for approval, and report to the municipal headquarters for the prevention and control of major animal epidemics (emergency headquarters) and the municipal emergency committee office.

　　5 after-treatment

　　5.1 Late evaluation

　　After the highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic is extinguished, the emergency command institutions of major animal diseases at all levels shall organize relevant personnel to evaluate the handling of the epidemic. The contents of the assessment should include: the basic situation of the epidemic, the process of the epidemic, the results of field investigation and laboratory testing; Analysis and conclusion of the main causes of the epidemic; The process of handling the epidemic situation, the preventive measures taken and their effects; The problems and difficulties in the emergency process, as well as the reasons for the outbreak of this epidemic, the problems and difficulties in prevention and control work, etc., put forward improvement suggestions and countermeasures.

　　The assessment report shall be submitted to the government at the corresponding level (emergency committee) within 20 days, and a copy shall be sent to the emergency command organization of major animal diseases at the next higher level.

　　5.2 Reward

　　The municipal or district/county government shall commend the advanced collectives and individuals who have contributed to the emergency treatment of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic; Those who died heroically in the emergency treatment of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic situation shall be regarded as martyrs according to relevant regulations.

　　5.3 Responsibility

　　In the process of prevention, reporting, investigation, control and treatment of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic, there are dereliction of duty, dereliction of duty and other violations of law and discipline, and the responsibility of the parties concerned shall be investigated according to relevant laws and regulations.

　　5.4 Disaster compensation

　　In accordance with the relevant provisions of this Municipality on the management of special funds for compulsory animal culling compensation, the amount and grade standards shall be determined, and compensation shall be made according to the procedures. The object of compensation is the units and individuals whose poultry or property have suffered losses in order to put out the epidemic or prevent its spread.

　　5.5 Pensions and subsidies

　　Governments at all levels should organize relevant departments to give corresponding subsidies and pensions to those who are sick, disabled or killed due to their participation in emergency response work in accordance with relevant state regulations.

　　5.6 Resume production

　　After the highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic is extinguished, restrictive measures such as blockade restrictions and circulation control will be cancelled. According to the characteristics of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic situation, the epidemic spots and epidemic areas should be continuously monitored, and animals can be reintroduced to resume poultry production if they meet the requirements.

　　5.7 Social assistance

　　After the outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza, the competent civil affairs departments at all levels should do a good job in the reception, distribution and use of relief materials and funds provided by all sectors of society to the epidemic areas in accordance with the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Public Welfare Donation Law, the Interim Measures for the Administration of Disaster Relief Donation and relevant state policies.

　　6. Guarantee of emergency response to epidemic situation

　　After the outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza, governments at all levels should actively coordinate with veterinary, health, finance, transportation, public security, industry and commerce, urban management, quality and technical supervision, forestry and other departments to do a good job in emergency support for epidemic handling.

　　6.1 Technical Support of Command System

　　6.1.1 The Office of the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters) shall improve the technical support system for emergency command to meet the command requirements for handling the highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic. It mainly includes: wired communication system, wireless command and dispatch system, information reporting system, basic geographic information system, analysis and decision support system, video conference system, mobile command system, etc.

　　6.1.2 The Office of the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters) and all districts and counties shall gradually establish and improve the basic information database of emergency command. The basic information database of emergency command includes epidemic monitoring and early warning database, emergency plan database based on spatial location, emergency decision-making consulting expert database, and auxiliary decision-making knowledge database, etc. It should be maintained and updated in time to ensure the quality of data and provide support for emergency command, analysis and decision-making of highly pathogenic avian influenza.

　　6.2 Communication Guarantee

　　Under the leadership of the Municipal Emergency Committee Office and the cooperation of the Municipal Information Office and the Municipal Communications Administration, a four-level network transmission system covering cities, districts, counties, streets (towns) and communities (villages) will be formed through various telecom operators in this city, Beijing wired government private network and wireless government private network, and a stable and reliable emergency communication system with multi-routing, wire and wireless will be established. When the communication trunk line is interrupted or the existing network is blind, the communication means such as satellite and microwave are used to ensure the contact between the office of the Municipal Emergency Committee and the municipal headquarters for the prevention and control of major animal diseases (emergency headquarters) and the on-site headquarters.

　　6.3 Emergency resources and equipment support

　　6.3.1 The emergency team ensures that the municipal, district and county governments should establish a reserve team for emergency treatment of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic, and specifically implement culling, disinfection and harmless treatment. The reserve team consists of personnel from veterinary, health, public security, industry and commerce, armed police, military and other departments, and is relatively fixed.

　　6.3.2 Transportation Guarantee The transportation department should give priority to the dispatch of emergency epidemic prevention materials.

　　6.3.3 The health department of medical and health security is responsible for carrying out human monitoring of highly pathogenic avian influenza and doing a good job in prevention and security. Veterinary administrative departments and health departments at all levels should inform each other of the epidemic situation in a timely manner and work together.

　　6.3.4 Public security departments and armed police forces should assist in the blockade and forced culling of epidemic areas, and do a good job in the security and social security management of epidemic areas.

　　6.3.5 Material Guarantee Governments at all levels shall, according to the principle of graded storage, establish emergency epidemic prevention material storage, and store enough medicines, vaccines, diagnostic reagents, instruments, protective equipment, transportation and communication tools.

　　Reserve materials should be planned reasonably according to the poultry breeding quantity and disease control. Mainly includes: (1) highly pathogenic avian influenza inactivated vaccine; (2) diagnostic reagents; (3) Disinfecting drugs, including stable chlorine dioxide, peracetic acid, chlorine disinfectant, caustic soda, potassium permanganate, etc. (4) disinfection equipment, including high-pressure sterilizers, portable disinfection machines and tools, disinfection containers, etc.; (5) Protective articles, including breathable jumpsuits, latex gloves, ordinary white coats, hats, masks, waterproof shoes, safety goggles, etc. (6) Means of transport, including closed transport vehicles, trucks and special vehicles for on-site diagnosis and disinfection; (7) Sealing appliances, including high-strength environmentally-friendly sealed plastic bags and plastic sheets; (8) Communication tools, including car phones and walkie-talkies; (9) Other articles, including towels, flashlights and disposable 2ml syringes.

　　6.3.6 Funding guarantee

　　The financial departments of the municipal, district and county governments should arrange emergency funds for sudden major animal diseases in the general expenditure budget, use government reserve funds when necessary, and gradually increase the proportion of funds extraction according to the needs of urban public safety management.

　　After the outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza, first, adjust the internal structure of departmental budget according to the actual situation, cut departmental expenditure budget, and concentrate financial resources to deal with the epidemic; Second, with the approval of the government, the emergency special reserve fund was launched. In accordance with the principle of "emergency handling", simplify the work link, and complete the relevant procedures within 1 working day for the funding approved by the municipal government to ensure the smooth progress of the emergency handling of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic.

　　The funds required for immunization, emergency epidemic prevention materials reserve and epidemic monitoring every year shall be guaranteed by the governments at all levels, and the specific subsidy standards and management measures shall be jointly formulated by the agricultural department and the financial department. In the event of a highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic, there is a gap between the actual capital demand and the budget arrangement, and the financial departments at all levels should add it to ensure the expenditure needs.

　　The financial departments at all levels should strengthen the management and supervision of the use of epidemic prevention funds while ensuring that the epidemic prevention funds are in place in time and in full.

　　6.4 Technical Reserve and Guarantee

　　Establish an expert Committee on highly pathogenic avian influenza. The expert committee is composed of technical officials, animal disease prevention experts, epidemiologists, health and epidemic prevention experts, wildlife experts, animal welfare experts, economic experts, risk assessment experts, legal experts, etc. It is responsible for consulting the strategies and methods of disease prevention and control, and participating in the planning, formulation and implementation of prevention and control technical schemes.

　　7 Training, exercises and publicity and education

　　7.1 Training Governments at all levels should organize systematic training for members of the reserve team for handling highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic. The contents include: (1) knowledge of prevention, control and eradication of highly pathogenic avian influenza, including knowledge and skills of immunization, epidemiological investigation, diagnosis, collection and inspection of sick materials, disinfection, isolation, blockade, quarantine, culling and harmless treatment; (2) animal epidemic prevention laws and regulations; (3) Personal protection knowledge; (4) Common sense of public security and environmental protection; (5) Work coordination and cooperation with relevant requirements.

　　7.2 Exercise When there is no highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic, the emergency headquarters of major animal diseases at the city, district and county levels should organize drills in a planned way every year to ensure the emergency response capability of the emergency response reserve team.

　　7.3 Publicity and Education Governments at all levels should organize relevant departments to widely spread the emergency knowledge of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic to the public through radio, film and television, newspapers, manuals and other forms, publicize the popular science knowledge of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic prevention, and guide the masses to treat the highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic in a scientific way. It is necessary to give full play to the role of relevant social groups in popularizing animal epidemic prevention knowledge and popular science knowledge.

　　8 supplementary provisions

　　8.1 Definitions and descriptions of noun terms and abbreviations

　　Epidemic spot: the place where sick poultry are located. Generally refers to the poultry farm (household) where sick poultry are located or other relevant slaughter and business units.

　　Epidemic area: refers to the area with the epidemic spot as the center and within a radius of 3 kilometers. When dividing epidemic areas, we should pay attention to the local breeding environment, natural barriers (such as rivers and mountains) and traffic and other factors.

　　Threatened area: refers to the area within 5 kilometers outside the epidemic area.

　　In the expression of relevant quantities in this plan, "above" includes the number, and "below" does not include the number.

　　8.2 Plan Management and Update

　　This plan is formulated by the office of the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters), organized by the office of the Municipal Emergency Committee, reported to the Municipal Emergency Committee for the record, and approved, issued and implemented by the municipal government. The plan should be reviewed regularly, and revised in time according to the situation changes of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic and the problems found in the implementation. The emergency plan for highly pathogenic avian influenza formulated by all districts and counties and their relevant departments shall be reported to the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters) for the record.

　　8.3 Plan Interpretation Department

　　This plan shall be interpreted by the Municipal Command for the Prevention and Control of Major Animal Diseases (emergency headquarters).

　　8.4 implementation time of the plan

　　This plan shall be implemented as of the date of issuance, and the Notice of Beijing Municipal Bureau of Agriculture on Printing and Distributing the Emergency Plan for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Beijing (Jing Nong Zi [2004] No.2) shall be abolished at the same time.

Hot hitIn the worldIt is worthy of being a drama of Wang Fried released by CCTV during the Spring Festival. Even with the strong impact of the Winter Olympics, it can be at the climax of the plot developmentGet a good rating of 2.

With the growth of the characters, the timeline of this drama came to the 1980s. Although it lacked a lot of helplessness in the social background of the last decade, the material world was extremely rich.It has prompted people’s desire for other things, which has led to more dramatic conflicts.

The key word in the 1980s was "reform". Since it is reform, it means change. The most popular and sought-after iron rice bowl no longer exists, and all the adults are clearly married, but they have to face the distress of being laid off. Faced with such a situation,Zhou Bingkun’s personality characteristics can be particularly highlighted.It is worth talking about, because no matter from all aspects of performance, family, friendship and love, he can be called a model of a good man.

Can call him a good man,The first aspect is filial piety to parents.

My father, as an eighth-class mechanic, has been out all the year round building railways in China, leaving only their mother and son to guard the home. This little son of Zhou, who was not watched by his father, had to wait until his father came home and nodded in person to get married when his father didn’t know his relationship with "widow" Zheng Juan. For a father who has not seen each other for a long time,He gave great respect.

Filial piety is certainly not enough for a father who is away from home all the year round. His filial piety,Especially in his attitude towards his mother.. Zhou Jiaming has three children. He doesn’t behave like a spoiled little son, unlike the settings in other traditional novels. He is a "little son" who always talks sweet words. Instead, he’s like a big brother,All I care about is to let my mother live a good life.Hearing the teacher’s discussion on raising the mouth and mind, he told his mother firmly and calmly that he must do both things for her.

When the audience saw that her mother was so excited that she collapsed after a cerebral hemorrhage that she obviously became a vegetable, he didn’t give up, just tried to find someone to take care of her all over the world first. By the way,Even in today’s extremely developed modern medical conditions.And which children can wait for a full two years in a vegetative mother who is paralyzed in bed and motionless?

The second aspect is love, that is, devotion to his wife Zheng Juan.

How frustrating Zheng Juan’s past is.That is, how unacceptable it is to people around you, especially in an era like that at that time. To tell the truth, what happened to her was not at that time,Even today, it is difficult for most people to accept it.. First, I met a fraudulent marriage. In the process, I was raped by his good friend and broke a rib. Immediately after the rape, I lost my fruit. After having that person’s child, in the end, she has not yet obtained the certificate. Unmarried girls run with the ball. To put it bluntly, the appearance of Zhou Bingkun will be ridiculed by many people as "the catcher".

However, once Zhou Bingkun is identified, it will not be easily changed. He knows that Zheng Juan is a good girl, and what she has suffered is nothing but a disaster brought by fate.Regardless of Zheng Juan’s past.Treat her children as their own;Look at their present with a normal heartEven if Zheng Juan doesn’t know a few big words, he accepted them all in the past and now.Zheng Juan’s future has the greatest reliance.

What is particularly rare for female audiences is that Zhou Bingkun does what he says.Said to buy a car for Zheng Juan.Although it was a bicycle, it was also the most fashionable permanent brand 28 bicycle at that time.

Coupled with the good acting skills of Lei Jiayin and Yin Tao, they abruptly turned the drama of the Age into a film of pure desire.

The third aspect shows friendship. No matter when, where and where he is, he never forgets his friends’ old feelings.

At that time, the six gentlemen of the "Northeast Guangzi Film",For various reasons, the two people are separated from this group of former friends.. The remaining three people, who were frustrated in middle age, heard that Zhou Bingkun was about to become a full member, and they felt that Zhou Bingkun’s life would be farther and farther away from them. My heart is weak and weary through illness, and what I say is not pleasant to hear. When a person is at the lowest point, it is very likely that his inner dark side will be exposed.

At this time, a Chinese New Year dinner was arranged, and the three brothers just talked about it. Of course, they can’t be in front of Zhou Bingkun, so Zhou Bingkun doesn’t know how his friends view his increasingly smooth life. Just, coincidentally, when Zhou Bingkun walked in the door,But I heard them arguing over some trivial matters at home.. Zhou Bingkun didn’t pretend to brag and draw a pie at that time, but afterwards, he was sure that things could be done.Without saying anything, I helped two friends solve their family difficulties directly.. There is no so-called insincerity,Prove yourself directly with actions.Helping a friend solve the worst problem in front of him is a true friend.

At present, the development of the plot makes Zhou Bingkun’s personnel design perfect, and the audience who follow the drama only hope that he will not suddenly fall off the chain at the back.

　　Original title: Why are there many industrial and commercial halls in Chongwai area?

　　The traffic location is convenient for businessmen.

　　According to the Records of Place Names in Chongwen District, there are 154 halls in Old Chongwen District. Although some of them are called fellow country halls, they are actually industry or industrial and commercial halls. There are not many halls that really serve the literati who came to Beijing to take the exam. There are only two halls, Jizhou Trial Hall and Zunhua Trial Hall, which are called trial halls, which are different from other halls.

Linfen Guild Hall, located in Ximaochang Street, is more than 400 years old, and was jointly built by five elements merchants in Linfen, Shanxi.

　　Historically, Shanxi businessmen and Shandong businessmen once dominated Beijing’s economy. Lu ‘an Guild Hall, which was once located in the south of Guangqumen Inner Street Road (now around Anhua Building), was built by Shanxi merchants who engaged in copper, iron, tin and carbon. In the old days, the hardware industry regarded the old gentleman in Taishang as the industry god, so there was an old gentleman hall dedicated to the old gentleman in Taishang in the guild hall. According to historical data, Lu ‘an Guild Hall appeared in the Ming Dynasty, and it grew from small to large, becoming one of the great guilds in Beijing. The "Monument" in the hall in 1920 said: "There was a Shenlu Temple in the old Lu County Hall, and the room outside the courtyard was the tomb of Lu people. For example, offering sacrifices to the meeting, raising the life and stopping the coffin, to the managers of the three gangs of copper, iron and tobacco bags for the county people. " Lu ‘an Guild Hall has the Laojun Temple and the altar for offering sacrifices to the furnace god, because the hardware industry can’t do without smelting furnace, so it is natural to offer sacrifices to the furnace god in the Guild Hall, and the old place name of the Guild Hall was called the furnace holy temple.

　　Shanxi Linfen Guild Hall was established by Shanxi merchants, and Shanxi pigment merchants also built another pigment guild hall in Qingyun Hutong. Pigment is not a concept in the old days, it includes many building materials and daily necessities, and it is a big industry. According to the data of Beijing’s economic history, "the cover of the paint shop is a flower stick, which is more than a foot long. Generally, it is painted in five colors: red, yellow, black, green and blue, decorated with golden flowers and painted with golden paths". This kind of flower stick, also known as the Five Flower Stick, is said to be specially designed to beat the emperor who fainted, and Emperor Yangdi was killed by the Five Flower Stick. Later, the five-flower stick became the symbol of the paint shop. "This kind of cover is always hung, not if other shops hang it early and later, it is intended to be the monarch of Yongzhen."

　　The pigment shop also sells all kinds of waxes, such as Jingyang Yellow Wax and Sichuan White Wax. In the years when there was no electric light, wax was mostly used for urban residents’ lighting, and wax was still a sacrificial object. When they got married, they were called "wedding night", and some scholars "read by candlelight at night", and candles were wax.

　　Linxiang Guild Hall, located in the eastern city of Chongwai, is also related to Shanxi merchants. It was established by Xiangling merchants in Linfen.

　　Cixi Guild Hall was established by a clothing merchant in Cixi, Zhejiang. Garment shops are shops that process, customize and sell garments. In 1923, there were 84 garment shops in Beijing. Shanxi cloth merchants built Jinyi Guild Hall in Xiaojiang Hutong, which was also called "Cloth Guild Hall" because it was built by cloth merchants among Shanxi merchants. According to "Atlas of China Cultural Relics", by the time of the Republic of China, Jinyi Guild Hall was no longer used as a cloth business meeting, but as a place for people from Yicheng, Shanxi Province to reunite in Beijing, and also provided free living services for people who went to Beijing temporarily. In 2011, Jinyi Hall became a part of Liu Laogen Hall.

　　In addition, Fujian paper merchants built Yanshao Guild Hall in Chongwai, while Yuanning Guild Hall was funded by Jiangsu silk merchants.

　　There are many historical reasons for "worshipping foreign countries" industries and industrial and commercial halls. Since the Ming Dynasty, the Grand Canal was cut in two due to the construction of the outer city. "The soil is getting higher and higher, and the boat can’t reach it." The pier of Jishuitan can’t be used anymore, and the terminal pier of the Grand Canal was changed under the Datong Bridge in Dongbianmen, not far from Chongwenmen. In addition to water transport vessels, there are many merchant ships at Datong Bridge Wharf. Merchants often unload ships here. Besides building warehouses and warehouses in Chongwai, they also build industrial and commercial halls. They live in the halls to facilitate business.

　　Since the Ming Dynasty, Chongwenmen has been a very important tax gate. At the end of Qing Dynasty, Prince Su once supervised Chongwenmen’s tax gate. He honored the collected taxes to "Lafayette" and became Cixi’s "rouge money" for her to squander at will. It is said that many of Beijing’s "official residences" were built by her with uncountable rouge money, and she profited a lot from them, which shows that the amount of tariffs and taxes in Chongwenmen is large. After paying taxes, most businessmen live in Chongwai area nearby. They don’t live in chicken feather shops, but prefer private residences. Of course, the most convenient place is the clubhouse built by peers. As a result, it is normal that there are many industrial and commercial and trade halls in Chongwai area.

　　In addition, Chongwai area is the hometown of handicraft industry in history, and all kinds of products have become the source of goods for merchants from all walks of life. Vendors from all over the world bargain and discuss business here. Merchants will build some halls in Chongwai nearby. Although some halls are nominally literati test halls, the imperial examination is held once every three years, and people in the industrial and commercial circles mainly live in them on weekdays. It is natural that there are many industrial and commercial halls in Chongwai Hall.

　　Handicraft developed and business prospered.

　　There are many industrial and commercial halls in Chongwai area, which has a lot to do with the development of handicrafts here. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, in addition to many small weaving factories, hosiery factories, hemp rope factories and towel factories, handicrafts such as paper, silk, paper and flower, filigree inlay, cloisonne, ivory carving and feeder have been worshiped abroad, especially around Huashi Street, where they have grown and developed, leaving an unforgettable page.

　　In the 1920s, Beijing Practical Guide made statistics on handicraft workshops and shops in Chongwai area. For example, there are 9 Cui Hua Bureau (making glass jadeite); There are 18 paper flower shops, most of which are in the flower market. There are 13 hemp rope shops, 14 hemp shops and 4 official hemp shops. Chongwenmen was the gate of liquor import and export in history. There was a great demand for wine baskets in that year, and there were as many as 13 shops buying and selling wine baskets in Chongwai area. Interestingly, the shops that buy and sell shoulder poles are also concentrated in the flower market area, with 8 shops. There are 6 feeder shops, and all the mirrors in Beijing are laid in four flower markets, totaling 11.

　　In 2008, Donghuashi Street also made statistics on the shops and workshops in Donghuashi Street in the 1940s, and made the brand "Flower Market Store Directory". There are more than 300 shops recorded in the store directory, mainly Donghuashi Street, excluding Xihuashi Street and the surrounding hutongs, among which there are four paper flower velvet flower shops, and the velvet silk flower Trade Association is also in this street, with one feeder, one silk cutter, one inlay and one enamel shop (workshop) each.

　　The flower market is famous for its flowers, but the flowers here are not flowers, but velvet flowers, silk flower flowers and paper flowers, which are called "Beijing flowers". "Jinghua" was once an indispensable ornament for Beijingers, especially decades ago, middle-aged and elderly women wore bright red velvet flowers on their heads during the Chinese New Year holiday, which was very festive from a distance. Flowers bloom for a short time in the north, and there are seasonal restrictions. People who love beauty decorate the environment with silk flower and put silk flower in a vase to make the room full of spring scenery. As for paper flowers, wreaths are mainly made, and all kinds of flowers have their own uses. The "Jinghua" industry was once very prosperous. According to the "Overview of Industry and Commerce in Beiping", in old Beijing, "there are more than 1,000 flower growers in various markets and homes."

　　The "Jinghua" workshop in the flower market generally does not do all the work, but has a clear division of labor. Some specialize in flowers, some in pistils, some in leaves, and some people or workshops assemble them into finished flowers. "Every morning, thousands of people gather in the flower market to display their products in the market". In addition to retail, larger stalls and "Flower Village" run wholesale and sell "Jinghua" to all parts of the country. In the development of "Jinghua", large-scale merchants, such as flower shops and flower villages, appeared to specialize in the sale of "Jinghua".

　　The technical content of making "Jinghua" is not high. Assembling flowers, stamens and branches is called "saving live". Adults and children can do it, which has solved many people’s employment. In addition to being used as headgear and decorating life, "Jinghua" merchants also provide services for opera artists and act as "outfits". Famous artists such as "Hua Er Liu", "Hua Er Gong" and "Hua Er Jin" have emerged in Beijing Flower Industry. Hemp rope is an indispensable material for Beijing gardeners, so there are many hemp shops in Donghua Market alone. Later, plastic flowers appeared on the stage, and velvet flowers and silk flower plummeted. Coupled with changes in folk customs, not many people wore velvet flowers. "Jinghua" basically doesn’t exist, except for those who make wreaths, and even "Jingyi silk flower Sales Department" has disappeared.

　　In addition to the flower industry, there are many handicrafts in Chongwai that are unique in Beijing, such as filigree mosaic, which is very famous. Filament inlay is a traditional handicraft in China. It processes gold and silver into filaments, shapes them by pushing, pinching and weaving, and engraves patterns on the gold and silver filaments, and then inlays them with beautiful pearls, jade and precious stones. The products inlaid with filigree can be roughly divided into three categories, one is jewelry, the other is display and decoration, and the other is to decorate filigree with some daily necessities. Nowadays, filigree mosaic has become a national intangible cultural heritage.

　　The feeder is also an ancient industry. The grape feeder made in the famous "Grape Factory" is as shiny and shiny as a real grape. The grape feeder is inherited by the "Chang sisters" who originally lived in the flower market. They are Mongolians. In order to keep this craft secret, the Chang sisters never marry. Their deeds are often seen in newspapers. Scholar Deng Tuo once wrote: "The two generations of the Chang family kept the cold, and a hundred years passed down. The purple color of the grapes damages the beauty, and the old dreams are like smoke! "

　　There are many kinds of feeders in old Beijing, except grapes, peaches, fruits, pears, flowers, animals and people can be confused. The feeder takes glass as the main material, and the handicrafts made are colorful, ingenious, lifelike, exquisite, crystal clear and lovely, and are loved by people. In 1964, the feeder company built a building near Longtan Lake, and more than 800 people were engaged in feeder production. Prior to this, feeder artists were all based on families or workshops, distributed in Huashi Street and surrounding alleys, which should be the birthplace of old Beijing feeders in Huashi area.

　　Cloisonne, also known as inlaid enamel, is a kind of ware made of fine copper wire woven into various patterns on a copper tire, and then the enamel glaze is mainly blue and filled in the patterns. Cloisonne craft has a history of 600-700 years in China, and it is called "Cloisonne" because of its high development, exquisite technology and various varieties during the Jingtai period in the Ming Dynasty. Before the Japanese invaders invaded China, cloisonne products in Beijing sold very well, and most of them were exported to Europe, America and Japan, and the Japanese secretly copied them. At the time of its prosperity, there were nearly 100 cloisonne workshops with more than 2,700 employees. Dexingcheng, the second lane in Chongwai, and Da Rui Hall in Tea Hutong are among them. In 1923, there were 15 "Jingtai enamel shops" in Beijing, specializing in cloisonne products. In 1950, Beijing Enamel Factory was built in the south of the Temple of Heaven, and the road next to the factory was named Jingtai Road.

　　Chongwai is known as the hometown of handicrafts and the birthplace of many handicrafts in Beijing. The "Hundred Workshops" established a few years ago confirmed the prosperity of Chongwai handicrafts. Before 1990, there were glassware factories, feeder products factories, art red light factories, craft woodcarving factories, jade factories, theatrical outfitting factories, etc. Many handicraft factories gathered in the same area, which explained the origin of industrial and commercial halls in Chongwai area from the side. (Zhang Shuanglin)

Changjiang Daily Media February 1 (Reporter Wu Ye correspondent Ma Yaoyao) As the Spring Festival approaches, many citizens are busy buying new year’s goods. The doctor reminded that people must pay attention to avoiding the "pit" of allergies when they choose to buy new year’s goods with great joy. The Changjiang Daily reporter learned that the dermatology and ophthalmology clinics in Houhu Campus of central hospital of wuhan recently received many patients with related diseases caused by allergies when buying new year’s goods.

The citizens are buying flowers such as Cymbidium hybridum and Cyclamen. Reporter Li Yonggang photo

Men itch all over after visiting flower shops.

Mr. Liu, 43, lives in Houhu. On the afternoon of January 31, he and his wife went to the flower and bird market to buy some flowers and green plants to decorate the room and increase the atmosphere of the Spring Festival. After coming to the flower and bird market, Mr. Liu didn’t expect that there were not only many kinds of flowers and plants in the Spring Festival atmosphere, but also various meanings. Every time he went to a flower shop, he had to watch them carefully, listen carefully to the boss’s explanation of breeding methods, and sometimes touch the leaves with his hands and put his nose together to smell the flowers.

Not long after returning home, Mr. Liu suddenly felt itchy. After undressing, he was shocked. He found many erythema and wheal on his back, arms and abdomen. Thinking that it was getting late, he didn’t go to the hospital immediately. He endured until the next day and found that his body was more itchy, many skin were scratched, and diarrhea symptoms appeared. The dermatologist in Houhu District of central hospital of wuhan diagnosed that Mr. Liu had urticaria, and further examination revealed that he was allergic. At present, after drug treatment, Mr. Liu’s symptoms have been significantly improved.

Gao Ying, director of dermatology department, said that before the Spring Festival every year, many patients who were exposed to allergens during the purchase of new year’s goods would be admitted to the clinic, causing acute urticaria. Plants themselves are an important class of allergens. The roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits of plants can produce allergens. When they enter the human body through ingestion, inhalation or contact, they will induce allergic diseases under certain conditions.

Director Gao reminded that in winter and spring, we should try our best to avoid going to places where there are many flowers, plants and dust mites. Once citizens find that they have symptoms of urticaria, they should go to regular hospitals for examination in time. acute urticaria patients can be cured by taking drugs regularly for one week. However, chronic urticaria can be formed if it is not treated in time or exposed to allergens continuously. Chronic urticaria is difficult to cure, and symptoms can only be controlled through long-term medication.

The eyes of female white-collar workers are itchy after makeup.

Lily, a 25-year-old female white-collar worker, went to many shopping malls to try on cosmetics in order to wear a heavy makeup at the company’s annual meeting, and also bought some good cosmetics for herself for the New Year. Unexpectedly, the next day, her eyes showed symptoms of tears, photophobia and strange itching, and she was diagnosed with allergic conjunctivitis by eye examination in central hospital of wuhan. By further inquiring about her illness, the doctor who attended the clinic learned that Lily usually loves dressing up and never goes out without makeup. Eyeliner, mascara and Cosmetic Contact Lenses are all essential steps. The doctor judged that she tried a variety of cosmetics at the weekend, so that the use of cosmetics around her eyes led to allergic conjunctivitis.

Xiang Yi, director of ophthalmology, said that allergic conjunctivitis is now caused by improper use of cosmetics, wearing contact lenses and pollen, and its incidence is gradually increasing. The main symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis are tears, photophobia and even itching.

Director Xiang reminded that in recent years, cosmetics have also become the new year’s goods selected by young women who like fashion during the Chinese New Year. Cosmetics themselves contain many chemical synthetic substances, which constantly stimulate the tissues around the eyes, which may cause conjunctival allergy and allergic conjunctivitis. Citizens should stay away from inferior cosmetics. People with allergies should stop immediately after using cosmetics and go to the hospital in time.

　　In order to ensure that critically ill patients can receive timely priority treatment, the reporter learned from the Beijing Municipal Hospital Administration that from May 1, 2019, 20 Beijing-owned hospitals providing emergency services will uniformly implement emergency pre-examination and triage ("emergency classification").

　　According to the former Ministry of Health’s Guide to the Construction and Management of Emergency Department (Trial) (Wei Yi Zheng Fa [2009] No.50) and the national health industry standard "Standardized Process of Hospital Emergency Department" (WS/T390-2012), it is clearly put forward that "emergency departments should formulate and strictly implement triage procedures and triage principles": patients should be divided into "endangered, critical, emergency and non-emergency" 1.

　　Level 1 patients are in critical condition and may be life-threatening at any time, and immediately enter the resuscitation room or rescue room for rescue. Such as cardiac arrest, shock, definite myocardial infarction, status epilepticus, body temperature > 41℃, systolic blood pressure < 70mmHg, blood sugar < 3.33mmol/L, etc.

　　Grade 2 patients are critically ill or rapidly deteriorating and life-threatening, and enter the rescue room for treatment within 10 minutes. Such as severe dyspnea, lethargy, acute stroke, ECG suggesting acute myocardial infarction, active or severe blood loss, etc.

　　Grade 3 patients are in an urgent condition and have potential life threats, and priority is given to diagnosis and treatment before grade 4 non-emergency patients. Such as acute asthma, foreign body inhalation, dysphagia, persistent vomiting, chest and abdominal pain, mild and moderate trauma, mild and moderate bleeding, etc.

　　Grade 4 patients are non-emergency, and the degree of illness is average. According to the guidelines, the waiting time is longer. Such as mild pain without dangerous features, minor abrasions without suture, follow-up visit of patients in stable recovery period, and only issuing medical certificates.

　　How to achieve scientific classification and give consideration to fairness and safety? According to reports, first of all, the emergency departments of all hospitals have arranged experienced personnel to engage in emergency pre-examination and triage, and organized all medical staff related to emergency to conduct special training for all staff; Secondly, the most important basis for grading is the collection of patients’ vital signs by professional instruments, including heart rate, blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation, etc., and the medical staff will combine the patient’s medical history, symptoms and signs to make the final scientific grading and subordinate to the specialty; Third, professionals monitor the condition of patients in the waiting area. For Grade 3 and Grade 4 patients, when waiting in the waiting area, there will be specialized medical personnel to patrol regularly to dynamically evaluate the condition and potential risks of the patients waiting for treatment, and they can be graded again according to the latest evaluation to ensure the safety of patients. If the patient has sudden discomfort, please inform the medical staff in time so as to take corresponding medical care measures in time.

　　20 municipal hospitals providing emergency services:

　　1. Beijing Friendship Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University

　　2. Beijing Tongren Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University

　　3. Beijing Chaoyang Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University

　　4. beijing jishuitan hospital

　　5. Beijing Tiantan Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University

　　6. Beijing anzhen hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University.

　　7. Beijing Millennium Monument Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University

　　8. xuanwu hospital of Capital Medical University

　　9. Tsinghua Chang Gung Memorial Hospital.

　　10. Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University

　　11. Beijing Children’s Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University

　　12. Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics

　　13. Beijing Maternity Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University

　　14. Beijing Chest Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University

　　15. Beijing Stomatological Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University

　　16. Beijing You ‘an Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University

　　17. beijing ditan hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University.

　　18. Beijing Anding Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University

　　19. Beijing huilongguan hospital

　　20. Beijing Geriatric Hospital

Short video news is changing people’s habit of watching TV news for a long time. The All Media School had previously paid attention to the trend of Washington post’s short video strategy. Today, it once again focuses on methodology. How short video is the most popular?

The Journalist’s Resource website synthesizes many reports and sorts out the essential tips of video editing. To get the best "input-output ratio" of news video production, we need to figure out how long it is most appropriate!

In 2014, a report from the Pew Research Center showed that in the United States, more than 6 out of 10 adults had the habit of watching online videos, and 36% of them chose to watch news videos.

YouTube has more than 1 billion registered users, and the massive user viewing data can most intuitively reflect how long videos are the most popular.

As early as 2012, Pew Research Center began to study the video viewing data on YouTube, and concluded:The most popular video is about 2.1 minutes long.. This video is slightly longer than the local TV news, but shorter than the online evening news collection.

Research institute ComScore found in a report in 2014 that,The average duration of online video (excluding online video advertisements) is about 4.4 minutes.

The Tow Center Digital Journalism Research Center of Columbia University also published a multimedia research report in 2014, compiling the challenges faced by newsrooms, such as how media organizations try to use video as a profitable editing tool.

Although many organizations have published research reports, there is no "absolute standard" for the duration of news videos. This is because, to a great extent, readers’ tastes and standards are constantly changing.Therefore, in the discussion about the length of moving vertical video, there have been various opinions.

However, the latest research from the University of Texas at Austin provides some new perspectives.

The research team published their research results in the professional journal News Research this year, focusing on the quality and length of news videos, trying to find out the characteristics of news videos that attract readers and estimate people’s viewing preferences.

Peter S. Chen, the first author from the University of Texas, published a paper with two co-authors from the University of Southern Mississippi. The core findings are as follows:

1. High-definition image quality and information determine the "first impression"

Although previous studies have proved that if video content can arouse the audience’s interest, they can also tolerate low-quality video images.

But,Readers won’t tolerate pictures that are not informative, poor in texture and have no sense of pleasure.I will not recommend this to others.

2. Don’t ask the source of the video, talk about the hero by length.

It is found that it is most appropriate to keep the video content of a short video at 2.08 minutes. A slightly shorter video is most suitable in 24 seconds.

3. When both image quality and duration are taken into account, image quality takes precedence.

When both quality and length are considered, compared with other videos,People will prefer long and high-definition videos or short and high-definition videos.

4. Quality is paramount, and video editing also needs professional training.

The quality of a news video can affect the audience’s cognition of news organizations, and the longer the video, the deeper the cognitive impression.

In recent years, many editors are required to be able to produce and edit news videos, but they have not received professional training.

"This enables employees who lack professional visual training to post videos online, especially those short videos."And such reckless practices will leave a "bad impression" on readers.

"Just like the paper media dealing with the content crisis, publishing news videos online can only solve the problem of how to attract audiences by overcoming quality problems."The researchers stressed that other components of video still need more research. For example, audio quality and its composition, which is also an important factor for the audience to decide to start or stop watching.

Related research:

In 2011, a paper in the journal News Research proposed that "the more relaxed the content, the more clicks it can get" by studying YouTube videos. Of course, this is not to deny that traditional news videos can’t gather popularity.

//www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1461670X.2010.511951? journalCode=rjos20

In 2015, the report of Reuters Institute of Journalism of Oxford University counted the application of data news around the world:

//journalistsresource.org/studies/society/news-media/mobile-social-news-oxford-reuters-2015-report

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This article is an exclusive editorial of All Media School.

　　CCTV News:May 20th is the full day of the 24 solar terms. At this time, the wheat is full of filling and enters the late stage of milk ripening, but it is not fully mature, just "small enough to be full", so it is called Xiaoman. From childhood to maturity, it is one of the busiest stages of farming in a year, and summer crops in various places begin to be harvested one after another.

　　The main producing areas welcome a bumper harvest, and Henan, the largest wheat province, has a bumper harvest in sight.

　　Summer grain is the mature grain in the first season of the year in China, and its output accounts for more than 20% of the annual grain, most of which is winter wheat. In 2024, the area of 11 major winter wheat producing provinces increased steadily, and the growth of wheat was generally better than normal, laying the foundation for a bumper harvest. At present, wheat has not been harvested in a large area in the Huang-Huai-Hai wheat area, where the output accounts for more than 80% of the country, but the processing market, agricultural machinery market and trading market have been busy. In Henan, due to the growth of food processing enterprises in 2024, the demand for high-quality wheat flour also showed an increasing trend.

　　Henan is located in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, and its perennial wheat planting area is more than 85 million mu, ranking first in the country. In terms of geographical conditions, the topography of Henan province is high in the west and low in the east, and the area of plains and basins suitable for large-scale agricultural cultivation reaches 93,000 square kilometers, which provides a good prerequisite for large-scale cultivation of wheat.

　　From the climate point of view, Henan is located in the middle of China, and sufficient light and heat resources provide favorable conditions for wheat planting. At the same time, the Yellow River, Huaihe River, Haihe River and other water systems also provide a guarantee for agricultural irrigation, making Henan a well-deserved "hometown of wheat", accounting for about a quarter of the national wheat production.

　　Henan is not only a major province of wheat production, but also a major province of wheat processing, producing one third of instant noodles, one quarter of steamed bread, three fifths of glutinous rice balls and seven tenths of dumplings.

　　The number of food processing enterprises increases, and the demand for wheat flour increases.

　　Luohe is one of the important gathering places for wheat processing in Henan. In 2024, there were 237 food industrial enterprises above designated size, 40 more than in 2023. In addition, these enterprises introduced new products every year, so the demand for high-quality wheat flour as the main raw material showed an increasing trend.

　　Unified seed supply and unified management to ensure that the quality of stored wheat reaches the standard

　　In order to ensure that the quality and yield of high-quality wheat can reach the standard stably, the consortium introduced social service organizations for unified seed supply and management.

　　Perception of "Three Summers" Change from Processing Market

　　At present, Henan wheat field is in the calm before large-scale harvest, but around the listing of new grain, farmers, cooperatives and processing enterprises have long been active. What are the new changes in 2024?

　　As the wheat harvest approaches, this flour processing enterprise in Wuyang County, Luohe City has been busy.

　　Yang Shuai, head of the enterprise, said that the biggest change in 2024 is that the planned harvest of high-quality wheat is much more, which was 18,000 tons in previous years and may exceed 40,000 tons in 2024. Because a single variety of high-quality wheat needs special collection and storage, he has to vacate more independent warehouses and special vehicles to keep the wheat from being mixed and ensure the purity.

　　Luohe is one of the important gathering places for wheat processing in Henan. Take the flour mill where Yang Shuai is located as an example, they meet the individual flour order demand of 28 food production enterprises, and according to these demands, they are transformed into seven specific high-quality wheat varieties, and then 53 cooperatives cooperating with the flour mill are guided to order planting by appropriately raising the purchase price. In this way, the demand for new products such as moon cakes, shrimp slices, Shaqima and spicy strips in the downstream of the industrial chain has been transformed into seven wheat varieties in the upstream of the industrial chain.

　　In Luohe, there are already seven such wheat industrial chain complexes. In order to ensure that the quality and yield of high-quality wheat can reach the standard stably, the consortium introduced social service organizations for unified seed supply and management.

　　Different from the plots under unified management, because of extensive management and mixed planting of different varieties, the wheat is uneven in height and the quality can not meet the processing requirements of special flour.

　　In recent years, driven by the whole industrial chain, Luohe has continuously guided large grain growers to increase production and income through standardized planting of high-quality varieties.

　　It is understood that in 2024, the area of high-quality special wheat in Luohe City reached 1,268,900 mu, accounting for 53.3% of the local wheat area, ranking first in Henan Province.

　　Do a good job in cross-regional operation support and disaster prevention and reduction

　　These days, wheat in Henan has entered the late filling stage, and it is expected that a large area will be harvested around May 25th, and the wheat harvest will last until June 15th. In just about 20 days, how to ensure that more than 85 million mu of harvest is available and the particles are returned to the warehouse?

　　2024 is the first year of China’s wheat yield increase action. Henan province focuses on increasing wheat yield per unit area, and promotes the integration of fertile fields, improved varieties, good methods, good opportunities and good systems. At the same time, in the high-standard farmland built-up area, we will focus on building 7 million mu of high-yield demonstration areas for wheat, integrate and promote high-yield technologies, and build a good harvest foundation.

　　During the "Three Summers" period, Henan plans to invest more than 4 million sets of agricultural machinery, including 200,000 sets of combine harvesters and 30,000 sets of crawler harvesters.

　　In view of individual lodging plots caused by recent extreme weather, Henan has formulated remedial measures as soon as possible, sent technicians to the front line for guidance, and sprayed potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution to promote wheat filling and minimize losses caused by disasters.

　　At the same time, in order to prevent the impact of extreme weather during harvest, Henan also supports various business entities to speed up the construction of grain drying facilities. At present, 580 drying facilities have been built, with an additional daily drying capacity of 37,000 tons.

　　"Three Summers" Science Popularization: Colorful Wheat with High Value and Connotation

　　When it comes to wheat, most people may think of yellow, but there is actually more than one color of wheat. Follow the doctor of agriculture to meet the colorful wheat with high value and connotation.

　　Xu Hao, a doctoral student in crop science at the Agricultural College of Henan Agricultural University, said that colored wheat is similar to ordinary wheat in appearance, but its grain color is not Huang Chengcheng in the traditional sense, but red and green. This is not late-maturing wheat, it has entered the filling stage and will be harvested in more than 20 days.

　　These are new varieties of colored wheat which are suitable for large-scale planting through a series of breeding methods such as physical mutagenesis, chemical mutagenesis and distant hybridization. Because they are rich in anthocyanins, they will show different colors on the seed coat.

　　Why study colored wheat? We are not interested in its showy appearance, but it is rich in protein, amino acids, trace elements and minerals, which are higher than ordinary wheat, and it has the potential to make people eat delicious and healthy!

　　These noodles and cereals made from it still look like traditional food, but they already have the function of health food. It is no exaggeration to say that they have high value and connotation!

On August 17, the Chinese special warfare team rounded up the "terrorists" after the plane landed and rescued the hostages. Xinhua News Agency reporter Li Gangshe
The military representatives of a military agency of the Communications Department of the General Staff Department aim at the needs of the future information battlefield, actively explore new modes of equipment support, and become the behind-the-scenes heroes of our army’s "information sword".
■ Aiming at the modern battlefield: changing "fighting independently" into "cross-system cooperation"
[Past Playback] Near the Spring Festival, in order to test the tactical performance of a certain type of communication equipment in plateau and cold areas, the comrades in Shenzhen Military Representative Office came to a plateau test base. The motor starts, the power is turned on, the green light flashes frequently, and all indicators are normal, but it is impossible to contact. Test and adjust, record data, find faults … Take turns to go into battle, fighting for 6 days and nights, they can’t find the reason, so they have to ask for help from their superiors.
[Click today] In the initial assembly of a large-scale equipment system, the military representatives in charge, Gu Yuheng and Lv Yan, successively reviewed more than 4,000 documents and 2,000 drawings, found 83 quality problems and put forward 8 quality improvement suggestions.
In recent years, communication equipment has been transformed into a large-scale complex system integrating optics, machinery and electricity, and the requirements for military representatives are getting higher and higher. To this end, they hold training courses to encourage everyone to study professional knowledge and high technology. Tian Jiuchang, political commissar of the bureau, told the reporter that at present, 90% of the military representatives of the bureau have obtained the qualification certificates of internal auditors, 19 comrades have obtained the qualification certificates of external auditors, and nearly half of the military representatives have obtained master’s degrees.
■ Aiming at joint operations: changing "installation management" into "standard specification formulation"
[Past Playback] Late at night, everything was silent. An engineer in a military representative office in Tianjin endured a stomachache to test the technical performance of a certain type of communication equipment. He couldn’t help sighing: "Because there is no uniform quality standard, every one should be inspected with all his heart and effort!"
[Click Today] A certain communication vehicle has passed the indoor acceptance index, but its calling distance is obviously less in the field. After demonstration, the military representative found that the reason was that the indoor inspection standard was low. As a result, Yuan Xin, the general representative, led the military representatives and manufacturers to upgrade and improve the technical standards, effectively expanding the communication distance.
Modern warfare is a confrontation between systems in a complex electromagnetic environment. To this end, all kinds of equipment must be standardized to ensure interconnection, interoperability and interoperability in combat. According to Zhang Jin Shan, director of the Bureau, during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, they organized and formulated more than 50 laws and standards, compiled 41 national military standards, and strictly audited the quality management system of the contracting units, checked for missing parts, and upgraded the version. Established a quality file covering thousands of raw materials, original devices, supporting products and other components.

Night shooting training of Chinese Army wheeled infantry fighting vehicles [data picture] ■ Aiming at the forefront of information technology: changing "hardware-oriented" to "both hardware and software"
[Past Playback] In 1996, a large-scale communication network system of the whole army conducted a joint test in Chengdu, and military representatives found that the network was unstable. After half a year, they found that 70% of the problems came from software design defects, because there was no unified standard. With the support of higher authorities, a military representative office in Chengdu started the research on "Quality Supervision Standard of Military Communication Software". Two years later, their achievements filled the gap of the whole army.
[Click Today] In 2003, in the development of a large-scale integrated network system, a military representative office in Chengdu used the advanced software engineering management model to track, monitor and review the quality of dozens of software contractors throughout the whole process, and the initial sample joint test was successful in one fell swoop, marking that the software engineering management of our army has reached the domestic advanced level.
In a sense, software has become the soul of information equipment, but how to check the quality has always been an international problem. At the beginning of 2000, with the support of superiors, the bureau organized more than 10 military representative offices and dozens of technical backbones, including Chengdu, and led by Du Lihua, chief engineer, took the lead in carrying out related research on software engineering management in the whole army. In 2006, their "Research and Construction of Engineering Management of Certain Equipment Software" won the first prize of military scientific and technological progress and became a "green paper" to guide the quality management of equipment software in the whole army. (People’s Liberation Army Daily/Cheng Gang Zhang Japanese Army Wang Qingsong)

Editor: Cao Jin