Look quickly! Common knowledge of vaccination is here.
Yang Guangwang Harbin April 25 th news (Reporter Pang Wei)April 25th is the National Child Vaccination Day.,This year’s publicity theme is "vaccination, disease prevention and control, health protection, life protection". Vaccination is the most economical and effective measure to prevent and control infectious diseases.,To this end,Heilongjiang ProvinceProvincial CDCPublish 61 articlesCommon knowledge of vaccinationquestions and answers.
Data Map Source: vision china
1 Q: What is a vaccine?
A: It refers to the preventive biological products used for human immunization in order to prevent and control the occurrence and epidemic of diseases, including immunization planning vaccines and non-immunization planning vaccines.
Q: What is an EPI vaccine?
A: It refers to the vaccines that residents should be vaccinated according to government regulations, including those determined by the national immunization program, those added by the people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government when implementing the national immunization program, and those used by the people’s governments at or above the county level or their health authorities for emergency vaccination or mass vaccination.
Q: What is a non-EPI vaccine?
A: It refers to other vaccines voluntarily vaccinated by residents.
Q: What is a vaccine marketing license holder?
A: It refers to an enterprise that has obtained the registration certificate of vaccine drugs and the drug production license according to law.
Q: What is immunization program?
A: Immunization planning refers to the plans, plans and strategies formulated by using effective vaccines to vaccinate susceptible people according to the national infectious disease prevention and control plan, and to vaccinate people in a planned way according to the vaccine varieties, immunization procedures or vaccination programs determined by the state or provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, so as to prevent and control the occurrence and prevalence of specific infectious diseases, and to improve people’s health level and health civilization level through the implementation of national immunization planning.
Q: What kind of immunization planning system does the country implement?
A: Residents living in China have the right to be vaccinated with EPI according to law and fulfill their obligations to be vaccinated with EPI. The government provides free immunization program vaccines to residents. The people’s governments at or above the county level and their relevant departments shall ensure that school-age children are vaccinated with immunization programs. The guardian shall ensure that school-age children are vaccinated with EPI vaccine on time according to law.
7 Q: What are the immunization program vaccines for school-age children in our province?
A: At present, the immunization programs for school-age children in our province include hepatitis B vaccine, BCG vaccine, inactivated polio vaccine, live attenuated polio vaccine, DTP vaccine, measles vaccine, live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine, live attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine, group A meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine and group A+C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine.
Q: What is routine vaccination?
Answer: It refers to the vaccination service provided by the vaccination unit for the vaccinated object within a relatively fixed vaccination service cycle time in accordance with the national immunization program, vaccine use guidelines and vaccine use instructions.
Q: What is mass vaccination?
A: It refers to the organized and centralized vaccination activities for a specific group of people who may be threatened by an infectious disease within a specific scope and time. Supplementary immunization (formerly called "booster immunization") is a commonly used form of mass vaccination.
Q: What is emergency vaccination?
Answer: When the epidemic situation of infectious diseases begins or has an epidemic trend, vaccination activities are carried out for the target population in order to control the spread of infectious diseases.
Q: Why can vaccination prevent diseases?
A: Scientific research shows that when bacteria or viruses invade the human body, the body will produce a substance that resists the bacteria or viruses. This substance is called antibody. Different bacteria or viruses will produce different antibodies, which are called specific antibodies. After recovery, this specific antibody still remains in the body. If the corresponding bacteria or viruses invade the body again, this specific antibody can protect the body from these bacteria or viruses. Vaccination is to artificially inoculate a small amount of bacteria or viruses and their metabolites after being attenuated or inactivated, so that the body can produce specific antibodies or cellular immune responses, thus producing resistance against this pathogen.
Q: Why do you have to take vaccination according to the immunization program?
A: Different vaccines have different immunization procedures, which are based on clinical trials and years of scientific practice. Such as hepatitis B vaccine, pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus combined vaccine, polio vaccine, etc., at least three doses of vaccination are needed to make children have sufficient immunity. As children grow up, the immunity acquired by vaccination in the body will gradually decline. Therefore, some vaccines need to be strengthened.
Q: Can different vaccines be vaccinated at the same time?
A: Two or more injectable vaccines should be inoculated in different parts. It is forbidden to mix two or more vaccines and inhale them into the same syringe for inoculation. At present, all the vaccines in the national immunization program can be vaccinated at the same time according to the immunization procedure or the principle of replanting. Immunization planning vaccine and non-immunization planning vaccine can be vaccinated at the same time. If you choose not to vaccinate at the same time, priority should be given to ensuring immunization planning vaccine vaccination.
Q: How long does it take for different vaccines not to be vaccinated at the same time?
A: If two or more live attenuated vaccines for injection are not vaccinated at the same time, they should be vaccinated at an interval of ≥28 days. Inactivated vaccine and oral attenuated live vaccine, if they are not inoculated at the same time with other kinds of vaccines (including attenuated and inactivated), there is no restriction on the inoculation interval.
Q: How do migrant children get vaccinated?
A: In China, the vaccination of floating children is managed locally (that is, where they live), and floating children enjoy the same vaccination services as local children. If children under 6 years old move to other cities (regions) and counties (districts), they can directly carry the vaccination certificate issued by the health department of their original place of residence to the vaccination unit where they live now. If the vaccination certificate has not been handled before or is lost, the vaccination certificate can be reissued at the vaccination unit in the current residence.
Q: Which is better, imported vaccine or domestic vaccine?
A: Both domestic and imported vaccines have strict quality control systems to ensure the safety and effectiveness of vaccines. There is no obvious difference in performance between domestic vaccines and imported vaccines. No matter domestic or imported vaccines, all vaccines will have a certain level of adverse reactions, and there is no obvious difference in the level of adverse reactions between imported vaccines and domestic vaccines. Compared with domestic vaccines, imported vaccines have higher investment in R&D, and there is a certain gap between the prices of imported vaccines and domestic vaccines due to factors such as tariffs, freight and marketing costs. The choice of domestic vaccine or imported vaccine depends on the importance that individuals attach to the performance and price of the vaccine. If economic conditions permit, you can choose to vaccinate imported vaccines at your own expense, but if you consider the cost performance, it is also good to choose domestic vaccines. Don’t fall into the misunderstanding that the higher the price, the better.
Q: Why should BCG be vaccinated at birth?
Answer: After inoculation with BCG, the body can have specific immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which can prevent the reproduction and spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the human body, so it has a good effect on preventing tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis. The World Health Organization suggests that newborns should be vaccinated with BCG as soon as possible in areas with high and moderate tuberculosis prevalence. China’s immunization program is to vaccinate newborns with one dose of BCG at birth.
Q: Why should newborns be vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine within 24 hours after birth?
A: Most carriers of hepatitis B virus surface antigen in China come from vertical transmission from mother to child and early childhood infection. Because newborns have no immunity to hepatitis B virus and their immune function is not perfect, once they are infected with hepatitis B virus, they will easily become carriers of hepatitis B virus surface antigen. After infants less than one year old are infected with hepatitis B virus, more than 90% of them will become chronic hepatitis B virus surface antigen carriers. Thus, it is particularly important for newborns to prevent hepatitis B. All newborns should be vaccinated with the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine as soon as possible within 24 hours after birth, and complete the whole course of three doses of hepatitis B vaccine according to the immunization program of 0, 1 and 6 months old.
Q: Is it necessary to strengthen immunization after the whole vaccination of hepatitis B vaccine is completed?
A: At present, neither the World Health Organization nor China advocates the complete vaccination of hepatitis B vaccine and the booster immunization after successful immunization. This is because: after the successful initial immunization of hepatitis B vaccine, the immune persistence is good. According to domestic observation, the protection rate is still as high as 88.6% 15 years after vaccination. After natural exposure to hepatitis B virus (HBV), the memory B lymphocytes of successful immunization recipients inoculated with hepatitis B vaccine can rapidly proliferate, differentiate and produce specific antibodies after being attacked by HBV. It has been proved that humoral immune memory reaction still exists even among immunocompetents with low antibody or no antibody after 5 years. There is cellular immunity, and it has been observed that there is also specific cellular immune memory in addition to humoral immune memory response after vaccination with hepatitis B vaccine. Under the protection of hepatitis B vaccine, children can safely pass through the high-risk period of HBV infection (1 ~ 3 years old) without strengthening immunization, and with the function of immune barrier, the chances of infection of immunized children are greatly reduced. However, high-risk groups (such as hemodialysis patients, medical staff, etc.) should be tested for antibodies every 6 ~ 12 months, and when anti-HBS is less than 10 miu/ml, intensive vaccination can be carried out.
Q: How long will it take to have antibodies after hepatitis B vaccination? How long can it be protected?
A: Vaccination with hepatitis B vaccine is the most effective measure to prevent HBV infection. The effective component of hepatitis B vaccine is HBsAg, which induces human body to produce anti -HBs (hepatitis B surface antibody) and plays a role. After the first vaccination, most anti -HBs were still negative or below the lower limit of detection value; Anti -HBs turned positive about 1 week after the second injection, that is, it was immune to HBV 35-40 days after the start of inoculation; Inoculation with the third dose can significantly increase the level of anti -HBs and prolong the protection period. The positive conversion rate of anti -HBs is as high as 95%-100% after the whole vaccination of newborns, and the protection period can reach more than 22 years. After the human body actively produces anti -HBs, it has immune memory. Even if the anti -HBs turns negative and is exposed to HBV again, the body can produce anti -HBs in a short time. Therefore, it is not necessary for non-high-risk people to strengthen hepatitis B vaccination.
Q: What should adults do if they don’t produce antibodies after hepatitis B vaccination?
Answer: For those who fail to respond after three doses of hepatitis B vaccine, they can be vaccinated with one dose of 60μg or three doses of 20μg hepatitis B vaccine, and their serum anti -HBs will be detected 1-2 months after the second dose of hepatitis B vaccine. If there is still no response, they can be vaccinated with one dose of 60μg recombinant yeast hepatitis B vaccine.
Q: Can newborns of pregnant women infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) breastfeed?
A: Although HBsAg and HBV DNA can be detected in the milk of pregnant women infected with hepatitis B virus, and some scholars believe that chapped nipples, excessive sucking of infants and even biting of nipples may transmit the virus to infants, these are theoretical analysis and lack of evidence-based medical evidence. Even without immunization, the infection rate of breast-fed and artificially fed newborns is almost the same. More evidence proves that even if pregnant women are HBeAg positive, breastfeeding does not increase the risk of infection. Therefore, after formal prevention, whether pregnant women are HBsAg positive or negative, their newborns can breastfeed, and there is no need to test whether there is HBV DNA in the milk.
Q: What should medical staff and others who accidentally expose hepatitis B virus do?
Answer: (1) Squeeze gently around the wound to discharge the blood in the wound, then rinse the wound with 0.9%NaCl solution, and then treat it with disinfectant. (2) HBV DNA and HBsAg should be detected immediately and rechecked after 3-6 months. (3) Those who have been vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine and are known to be positive for anti -HBs (anti -HBs≥10mIU/ml) may not be treated. If you have not been vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine, or if you have been vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine, but the anti -HBs is less than 10 miu/ml or the anti-HBS is unknown, you should immediately inject 200-400 IU of HBIG, and at the same time, inoculate one dose of hepatitis B vaccine (20μg) in different parts, and then inoculate the second and third doses of hepatitis B vaccine (20μg) one month and six months later, respectively.
Q: Why should I stay on observation for at least 30 minutes after vaccination?
A: After vaccination, due to individual reasons, very few people may have allergic reactions. Monitoring data show that anaphylactic shock mostly occurs within 30 minutes after inoculation. After anaphylactic shock, if it is not under the supervision of medical staff, it is easy to be life-threatening. Therefore, doctors and first-aid drugs must be equipped at the inoculation site, mainly to prevent accidents. If the guardian suspects that his child has an adverse reaction to vaccination, he should consult or report to the vaccinator or the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in time.
Q: What is a suspected adverse reaction to vaccination?
A: It refers to the reaction or event that is suspected to be related to vaccination after vaccination.
Q: What are the classifications of suspected adverse reactions to vaccination?
A: It includes adverse reactions (general reactions and abnormal reactions), vaccine quality accidents, vaccination accidents, coupling diseases and psychogenic reactions.
Q: What are the conditions that do not belong to the abnormal reaction of vaccination?
A: The abnormal reaction of vaccination refers to the adverse drug reaction caused by the qualified vaccine in the process of implementing the standardized vaccination or after implementing the standardized vaccination, and the relevant parties have no fault.
The following situations do not belong to the abnormal reaction of vaccination:
(a) the general reaction after vaccination caused by the characteristics of the vaccine itself;
(2) Damage caused to the recipients due to vaccine quality problems;
(three) the damage caused to the recipients by the vaccination unit’s violation of the vaccination work norms, immunization procedures, guiding principles for vaccine use, and vaccination programs;
(four) the recipient is in the incubation period or precursor period of a disease at the time of inoculation, and the disease is coupled after inoculation;
(5) The recipient has vaccination contraindications specified in the vaccine instructions, and the recipient or his guardian failed to truthfully provide the health status and vaccination contraindications of the recipient before vaccination, and the original disease of the recipient has an acute recurrence or aggravation after vaccination;
(6) Psychogenic reactions of individuals or groups due to psychological factors.
Q: Why do some recipients have redness and inflammation in the injection area after vaccination?
A: Red swelling is a manifestation of inflammation and a common phenomenon in vaccination. It is the body’s responsive response to various damaging stimuli. It is characterized by local tissue deterioration, exudation and proliferation. When vaccinating, injection is often used, which itself can stimulate the human body to cause minor trauma and cause inflammation; At the same time, the vaccine itself is a foreign body and has certain toxicity. The pH, osmotic pressure and preservatives contained in the vaccine can cause inflammatory reactions to varying degrees. In addition, the inoculation of live vaccine is essentially a mild artificial infection, which can not only cause a mild infection process similar to the virulence of the microorganism, but also be accompanied by inflammatory reaction.
From the immunological point of view, inflammatory reaction is caused by the interaction between antigen and antibody or sensitized lymphocytes, which leads to the release of various inflammatory mediators by cells or the activation of inflammatory mediators in plasma or tissue fluid. Although the inflammation caused by vaccination may cause damage to the recipients, it is also conducive to the exudation of complement and antibody in the blood and strengthen the defense function.
Q: How to deal with the general reaction after vaccination?
A: After vaccination, you should stay in the vaccination unit for at least 30 minutes. Some children will have some reactions after vaccination, such as low fever, local redness and swelling, and may be accompanied by general discomfort, such as burnout, loss of appetite and fatigue. The above symptoms usually last for 1 ~ 2 days and disappear without any treatment. Children who have the above reactions after vaccination should take a proper rest, drink plenty of boiled water and keep warm to prevent other diseases from secondary. If there is a serious reaction, you should seek medical advice in time.
Q: Can children with neonatal jaundice be vaccinated?
A: Jaundice is a common clinical symptom in neonatal period, which can be divided into two types: physiological jaundice and pathological jaundice.
Physiological jaundice refers to the newborn’s 2 ~ 3 days after birth, which first appears on the face and neck, and then spreads all over the skin of trunk and limbs, with slight yellow staining and yellow sclera, but the palms and soles are not yellow, and the blood bilirubin is less than 12 mg/L, which reaches its peak on the 4 ~ 6 days after birth. Full-term infants mostly subside within 7 ~ 10 days after birth, and premature infants can delay to the 3 ~ 4 weeks. Children with physiological jaundice, except jaundice, are in good health, without other clinical symptoms, have normal urine and stool color, do not need treatment, have a good prognosis, and can be vaccinated with various vaccines.
Pathological jaundice can be divided into infectious jaundice and non-infectious jaundice (hemolytic disease of newborn, biliary atresia, breast-feeding jaundice, genetic diseases and drug-induced jaundice). If neonatal jaundice occurs in one of the following situations, it should be considered whether it is pathological jaundice: jaundice occurs within 24 hours; The degree of jaundice is deep and progresses rapidly, exceeding 6 mg/d L； in one day; Blood bilirubin > 12 mg/l; Jaundice lasts more than 2 weeks or reappears after it subsides. Pathological jaundice is the manifestation of the disease, and it should be treated in time, and vaccination is not allowed.
Q: Can allergic constitution be vaccinated?
A: The so-called "allergic constitution" is not a contraindication for vaccination. Allergic reactions are mild and severe, and serious allergic reactions caused by vaccines are rare. Compared with the risk of illness without vaccination, the benefit of vaccination is greater. The so-called "allergic constitution" can be observed after vaccination. If there are allergic manifestations, they can be treated in time, which generally will not affect health (nor affect the vaccination effect). If you are seriously allergic to the known vaccine ingredients or have laryngeal edema, anaphylactic shock and other serious systemic allergic reactions due to vaccination in the past, it is forbidden to continue to vaccinate the same vaccine.
Q: What common diseases are not taboo for vaccination at present?
A: Physiological and breast-feeding jaundice, history of simple febrile convulsion, stable epilepsy control, congenital inherited metabolic diseases (congenital hypothyroidism, phenylketonuria, trisomy 21 syndrome, etc.), stable brain diseases, congenital heart disease, congenital infection (syphilis, cytomegalovirus and rubella virus), etc.
Q: Is it necessary to vaccinate Covid-19 vaccine?
A: It is necessary. On the one hand, most people in our country have no immunity against Covid-19, and they are susceptible to Covid-19. After the onset of infection, some people will develop into critical illness and even cause death. After vaccination, on the one hand, most people can gain immunity, thus effectively reducing the risk of illness, severe illness and death; On the other hand, through the orderly vaccination of Covid-19 vaccine, we can gradually establish an immune barrier among the population, stop the epidemic of COVID-19, and restore the normal operation of China’s social economy and residents’ life as soon as possible.
Q: How does Covid-19 vaccine work in human body?
A: After vaccination, the human body will produce protective antibodies, and some vaccines will also make the human body have cellular immunity and form corresponding immune memory. In this way, the human body has immunity against diseases. Once Covid-19 invades the human body, antibodies produced by vaccines and cytokines released by cellular immunity can identify, neutralize or kill the virus, and immune memory can quickly mobilize the immune system to play a role, so that the virus cannot continue to proliferate in the body, thus achieving the purpose of preventing diseases.
Q: At present, how many kinds of Covid-19 vaccines have been approved for conditional marketing or emergency use in China?
A: Covid-19 vaccines from five manufacturers in China have been approved for conditional marketing or emergency use. Among them, there are 3 inactivated vaccines and 1 adenovirus vector vaccine approved for marketing conditionally; In addition, one recombinant Covid-19 vaccine (CHO cells) was approved for emergency use.
Q: Who are the approved vaccine manufacturers in Covid-19?
A: The three Covid-19 inactivated vaccine products that have been conditionally approved for marketing are produced by Sinopharm China Bio-Beijing Institute of Biological Products (Beijing Institute), Wuhan Institute of Biological Products (Wuhan Institute) and Beijing Kexing Zhongwei Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Kexing Zhongwei).
The adenovirus vector vaccine approved for marketing conditionally is produced by Kangxinuo Bio-stock Company (Kangxinuo).
The recombinant subunit vaccine approved for emergency use is produced by Anhui Zhifeilong Kema Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Zhifeilong Kema).
Q: At this stage, who is the target of Covid-19 vaccine?
A: The vaccination target of Covid-19 vaccine in China is people aged 18 and above.
Q: At present, how many doses of Covid-19 vaccine are required to be used in China? How long is the interval?
A: At present, Covid-19 inactivated vaccine needs to be inoculated with two doses; The interval between the first dose and the second dose should be 3 weeks or more, and the second dose should be completed as soon as possible within 8 weeks after the first dose.
Adenovirus vector vaccine needs 1 dose.
The recombinant subunit vaccine needs 3 doses; The interval between the first dose and the second dose, and the interval between the second dose and the third dose are suggested to be 4 weeks or more. The second dose should be completed within 8 weeks after the first dose and the third dose should be completed within 6 months after the first dose.
Q: Where can I get the Covid-19 vaccine?
A: Vaccination in Covid-19 is carried out in vaccination units approved by local health administrative departments. Usually, the inoculation unit is located in the health service center, township health center or general hospital in the jurisdiction. If vaccination involves some departments or enterprises with relatively concentrated key targets, some temporary vaccination units will be set up locally according to the situation.
The health administrative department or disease prevention and control institution in the jurisdiction will also announce the vaccination units that can carry out Covid-19 vaccination as required, including the location and service hours. Please pay attention to the relevant information release platform.
Q: What are the contraindications for COVID-19 vaccination?
A: The taboo of vaccination refers to the situation that vaccination should not be given. According to the Technical Guide for Vaccination in Covid-19 (First Edition), the common taboos for vaccination include: 1. Those who are allergic to the active ingredients, any inactive ingredients and substances used in the production process, or those who have been allergic to similar vaccines before; 2. Those who have had severe allergic reactions to vaccines in the past (such as acute allergic reactions, angioneurotic edema, dyspnea, etc.); 3. People with uncontrolled epilepsy and other serious nervous system diseases (such as transverse myelitis, guillain-barre syndrome, demyelinating diseases, etc.); 4. Those who are suffering from fever, or acute diseases, or acute attacks of chronic diseases, or patients with uncontrolled serious chronic diseases; 5. Pregnant women. Some taboos, such as fever, are temporary. When the situation that caused the taboo no longer exists, you can vaccinate later.
Q: How to find and grasp the taboo of vaccination?
A: During the operation, if the first dose of vaccine causes severe allergic reaction, and it cannot be ruled out that it is caused by the vaccine, it is not recommended to vaccinate the second dose. To understand the ingredients of the vaccine, people who have been allergic to the ingredients of the vaccine in the past cannot be vaccinated.
At the time of vaccination, the recipient should truthfully report the physical health status, disease history and allergy history to the vaccination doctor; The vaccination doctor will ask about the health status and past allergy history of the recipient.
Q: Can Covid-19 vaccines from different manufacturers replace vaccination?
A: According to the Technical Guide for Vaccination in Covid-19 (First Edition), it is suggested to complete the whole vaccination with inactivated Covid-19 vaccine from the same company at this stage. In case of special circumstances, such as the vaccine can’t continue to be supplied, the recipients are inoculated in different places, and the whole process of vaccination can’t be completed with the inactivated vaccine of Covid-19 from the same enterprise, the inactivated vaccine produced by other enterprises can be used to complete the vaccination.
Q: Where and how to vaccinate Covid-19 vaccine?
A: At present, the five Covid-19 vaccines have been approved for inoculation in deltoid muscle of upper arm, and the inoculation route is intramuscular injection.
Q: What should we pay attention to in the process of vaccination in Covid-19?
A: During the vaccination process, the recipients should pay attention to and cooperate with the following matters:
Before vaccination, you should know about COVID-19’s disease, Covid-19’s vaccine and vaccination process in advance.
When vaccinating, you need to bring relevant certificates (ID card, passport, etc.), do personal protection according to local prevention and control requirements, cooperate with the on-site vaccination staff to ask, and truthfully provide information such as my health status and vaccination contraindications.
After inoculation, you need to stay for 30 minutes; Keep the skin of the inoculated area clean and avoid scratching the inoculated area with your hands; If there is any suspected adverse reaction, report it to the inoculation unit and seek medical treatment in time if necessary.
Q: Why do you have to stay on observation for half an hour after vaccination?
A: After vaccination, very few people may have acute allergic reactions and syncope. Acute allergic reactions that seriously endanger life safety often occur within 30 minutes after vaccination. In case of acute allergic reaction, you can take timely treatment measures at the scene. Syncope also occurs mostly within half an hour after inoculation. If you leave the observation site immediately after inoculation, you may cause accidental injury to the recipient due to syncope. Therefore, the recipients need to stay in the designated area of the vaccination unit for half an hour after vaccination.
Q: Why do you need a certain interval between doses of inactivated vaccine in Covid-19?
A: Usually, inactivated vaccines need to be vaccinated several times to achieve better immune effect. According to the clinical trial data, the first dose of inactivated vaccine in COVID-19 can stimulate the body to produce partial immune response, and the second dose can produce better immune effect. The interval between doses generally needs to be determined according to the results of clinical trials. If two doses of inoculation are not completed within the time required by the program interval, replanting should be done as soon as possible.
Q: How to replant those who have not completed the whole immunization program? Do you need to start over?
Answer: For vaccines with two or three doses of immunization, those who have not been vaccinated in the whole process are advised to replant the unfinished doses as soon as possible, and there is no need to restart vaccination according to the immunization program.
Q: Do people whose interval between two doses of inactivated Covid-19 vaccine is less than 3 weeks need replanting?
Answer: For those who have completed two doses of inactivated vaccine in Covid-19 within 14 days, one dose of inactivated vaccine should be replanted as soon as possible three weeks after the second dose. For those who complete 2 doses of inactivated Covid-19 vaccine in 14-21 days, there is no need to replant.
Q: Is it necessary to strengthen immunization after the whole vaccination of inactivated vaccine in Covid-19 at this stage?
A: Strengthening immunization is not recommended at this stage.
Q: It was suggested that HPV vaccine and Covid-19 vaccine should not be vaccinated at the same time. How long should the interval be?
A: Covid-19 vaccine is a new vaccine. In order to identify or distinguish possible suspected adverse reactions of vaccine, it is not recommended to vaccinate Covid-19 vaccine together with other vaccines (including HPV vaccine) at present. However, it doesn’t mean that you can’t vaccinate other vaccines after Covid-19 vaccination, but it is suggested that Covid-19 vaccine and other vaccines should be vaccinated more than two weeks apart. It must be noted that when rabies vaccine, tetanus vaccine and immunoglobulin need to be vaccinated urgently due to animal injury, trauma and other reasons, the vaccination interval with Covid-19 vaccine may not be considered.
Q: Can women of childbearing age and lactation be vaccinated with Covid-19 vaccine?
A: If you are pregnant after vaccination or have been vaccinated in the case of unknown pregnancy, based on the understanding of vaccine safety, it is not recommended to take special medical measures (such as termination of pregnancy) just because you have been vaccinated with Covid-19 vaccine. It is recommended to do a good job in pregnancy examination and follow-up. For women who have a pregnancy plan, it is not necessary to delay the pregnancy plan just because of Covid-19 vaccination.
Although there is no clinical research data on the effect of Covid-19 vaccine on lactating infants, based on the understanding of vaccine safety, it is suggested to vaccinate lactating women (such as medical staff) who are at high risk of Covid-19 infection. Considering the importance of breast-feeding for infants’ nutrition and health, and referring to the international practice, it is suggested that breast-feeding should be continued after breast-feeding women are vaccinated with Covid-19 vaccine.
Q: Can people aged 60 and above be vaccinated with Covid-19 vaccine?
A: People aged 60 and above are at high risk of severe illness and death after being infected with Covid-19. At present, the number of four phase III clinical trials of Covid-19 vaccine approved for marketing is limited, and the phase III trial of recombinant subunit vaccine is still in progress, and there is no data on the protective efficacy of the vaccine for this population. However, the data of the above-mentioned phase I/II clinical study of the vaccine show that the vaccination safety of this population is good. Compared with the population aged 18-59, the titer of neutralizing antibody after vaccination is slightly lower, but the positive conversion rate of neutralizing antibody is similar, suggesting that the vaccine will also have a certain protective effect on people over 60 years old, so vaccination is recommended.
Q: Can people with chronic diseases be vaccinated with Covid-19 vaccine?
A: People with chronic diseases are people with high risk of severe illness and death after being infected with Covid-19. People with chronic diseases with stable health and good drug control should not be considered as the taboo population for vaccination in Covid-19, so vaccination is recommended.
Q: Can people with impaired immune function be vaccinated with Covid-19 vaccine?
A: People with impaired immune function are people with high risk of severe illness and death after Covid-19 infection. At present, there is no data on the safety and effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccine for this population (such as malignant tumor, nephrotic syndrome, AIDS patients) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected people. The immune response and protective effect of this group of people may be reduced after vaccination. For inactivated vaccine and recombinant subunit vaccine, according to the safety characteristics of the same type of vaccine in the past, vaccination is recommended; For adenovirus vector vaccine, although the vector virus used is replication-deficient, there is no safety data of the same type of vaccine in the past. It is recommended to vaccinate after being fully informed that the benefits outweigh the risks.
Q: Do I need to get Covid-19 vaccine if I have been infected with Covid-19?
A: The existing research data show that it is rare to get reinfected in Covid-19 within 6 months after infection. Previous COVID-19 virus-infected people (patients or asymptomatic infected people) can receive one dose after 6 months on the basis of full notification.
Q: How long will it take to produce antibodies against Covid-19 after Covid-19 inactivated vaccine is inoculated?
A: According to the previous clinical trial of inactivated vaccine in Covid-19, the vaccinated population can have a good immune effect about two weeks after the second dose of inactivated vaccine is inoculated.
Q: Is it necessary to test antibodies before and after vaccination?
A: There is no need to carry out Covid-19 nucleic acid and antibody testing before vaccination; Routine antibody detection after vaccination is not recommended as the basis for successful immunization.
Q: Do I still need to do nucleic acid testing after Covid-19 vaccination? Can vaccination certificate replace nucleic acid test report?
Answer: After vaccination with Covid-19 vaccine, a very small number of the recipients still have positive nucleic acid test or illness due to protection failure: 1. After the whole vaccination, some people failed to get effective protection due to immune failure. After exposure to Covid-19, this group of people may be infected with Covid-19 and have positive nucleic acid test or illness. 2. It takes some time to produce protective effect after vaccination. If you are infected with Covid-19 during this period, you may detect nucleic acid positive or get sick. 3. Patients who are in the incubation period of the disease or asymptomatic infected people may still detect nucleic acid positive or get sick because they have been infected even after vaccination.
These people may become infected persons. When the prevention and control of epidemic situation in COVID-19 needs to be screened for nucleic acid, Covid-19 vaccination certificate cannot replace the nucleic acid test report, and it is necessary to cooperate with relevant departments to carry out nucleic acid test.
Q: After the mutation in Covid-19, is Covid-19 vaccine still effective?
A: According to the global monitoring of Covid-19 mutation, there is no evidence that virus mutation will invalidate the existing Covid-19 vaccine. Virus is one of the simplest organisms, and its proliferation depends on living cells. In the process of proliferation, the virus will mutate. The World Health Organization, research institutions in various countries, vaccine manufacturers, etc. are paying close attention to the mutation situation in Covid-19, and are also carrying out related research, which will provide early warning and scientific analysis basis for the follow-up vaccine development and application.
Q: What are the common adverse reactions of vaccination in Covid-19?
A: According to the results of the previous clinical trial of Covid-19 vaccine and the information collected during emergency use, the common adverse reactions of Covid-19 vaccine in China are basically similar to those of other vaccines that have been widely used. Common adverse reactions are mainly manifested as redness, induration and pain at the inoculation site, as well as clinical manifestations such as fever, fatigue, nausea, headache and muscle soreness. Relevant departments will continue to strengthen the real-time monitoring and evaluation of adverse reactions.
Q: Will our prevention and control measures be adjusted after vaccination in COVID-19?
A: For individuals, the protective effect of vaccination is not 100%, and it takes some time to produce protective antibodies. For the population, Covid-19 is still easy to spread without forming an immune barrier. Therefore, in order to prevent the COVID-19 epidemic from rebounding, some prevention and control measures should still be adhered to at this stage, including wearing masks, keeping social distance, washing hands frequently, ventilation and other protective measures. The prevention and control measures for COVID-19 epidemic will be adjusted in time with the improvement of vaccine coverage rate in COVID-19 and the change of epidemic situation at home and abroad.
