In September 2013, the Shanghai Pilot Free Trade Zone was formally established and set sail. In September 2023, the construction of China’s Pilot Free Trade Zone ushered in its 10th anniversary. Starting from Shanghai’s 28.78 square kilometers, it has been continuously expanded to about 38,000 square kilometers. In the past ten years, after six expansions, there have been 21 free trade zones and Hainan Free Trade Ports across the country, forming an innovative pattern of reform and opening up covering the east, west, north and south, and coordinating the coastal, inland and border areas, which has effectively explored and accumulated valuable experience for comprehensively deepening reform and opening up.

　　Ten years of hard work has yielded fruitful results, and it has accumulated a lot of brilliance. In the past ten years, the Pilot Free Trade Zone has launched a large number of basic and pioneering reform and opening-up measures in line with international common rules, formed many landmark and leading institutional innovations, cultivated a number of internationally competitive industrial clusters, stood at the forefront of China’s high-level opening-up, actively served major regional strategies, coordinated regional development strategies and jointly built the "Belt and Road", and achieved remarkable results.

　　In the past ten years, a total of 302 institutional innovations have gone from the China Pilot Free Trade Zone to the whole country, and more than 2,800 have been promoted and copied by various provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, giving full play to the demonstration, leading and driving role of the Pilot Free Trade Zone, forming a good situation of sharing reform dividends and opening up the fruits to all. In 2022, the actual use of foreign capital in 21 pilot free trade zones was 222.52 billion yuan, accounting for 18.1% of the country. Among them, the actual use of foreign capital in high-tech industries was 86.34 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 53.2%. The total import and export volume of 21 pilot free trade zones reached 7.5 trillion yuan, up 14.5% year-on-year, accounting for 17.8% of the country; In the first half of this year, 21 pilot free trade zones accounted for 18.4% of the country’s foreign investment with a land area of less than four thousandths, and the actually used foreign capital reached 129.66 billion yuan, an increase of 8.2% year-on-year.

　　Since its establishment, China Pilot Free Trade Zone has been guided by high-level opening, and has made great efforts to explore an institutional system linked with international economic and trade rules. It has also made important breakthroughs in trade, investment, finance, and transformation of government functions, including taking the lead in implementing the national treatment plus negative list management model before foreign investment access, taking the lead in establishing a trade facilitation model centered on the "single window" of international trade, taking the lead in promoting the comprehensive opening of the service industry represented by the negative list management model of cross-border service trade, and taking the lead in implementing the "license separation". … In the past ten years, a number of firsts have been practiced and explored in the Pilot Free Trade Zone and copied to the whole country, creating a vivid model of China’s opening up and development, becoming the "vanguard" leading the country’s deepening reform in the new era, injecting stabilizers and providing new impetus for China’s economic stability and prosperity.

　　Bold trials, bold ventures and independent reforms, the fruitful results achieved in the Pilot Free Trade Zone in the past ten years come from innovation and opening up. Through a series of pioneering practices, the Pilot Free Trade Zone has continuously promoted the liberalization and facilitation of trade and investment and continued to lead the opening up. Since 2013, the negative list of foreign investment access in the Pilot Free Trade Zone has been reduced seven times, from 190 to 27 today, realizing the clearing of manufacturing items and the continuous expansion of service industry opening. Hainan Free Trade Port launched the first negative list of cross-border service trade, which realized the fundamental change of service trade management mode.

　　In addition, 21 pilot free trade zones across the country actively strengthened collaborative innovation, explored and promoted coordinated development, amplified the comprehensive effect of reform, and achieved positive results. For example, Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei Pilot Free Trade Zone established the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei joint conference system, launched 153 items of "colleagues with the same standard" in government services, and implemented regional general office to serve the coordinated development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei. Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui Pilot Free Trade Zones have established the Yangtze River Delta Pilot Free Trade Zone Alliance to create a mechanism for seeking common development, promoting innovation and sharing results, and achieved institutional innovation results in building a "single window" for international trade in the Yangtze River Delta and building an integrated oil and gas trading market. The Yellow River Basin Pilot Free Trade Zone Alliance will be established along the nine provinces of the Yellow River, and four cooperation mechanisms will be established, including "integrated construction" of social credit system, "integrated management of administrative examination and approval services", "integrated cooperation" of intellectual property protection and "integrated and smooth logistics and transportation services". Guangxi Pilot Free Trade Zone actively builds the most convenient seaport in the western region, effectively strengthens the connection with the backbone channels in southwest, northwest and central south, and serves the western development. Yunnan, Guangxi, Heilongjiang and other pilot free trade zones along the border plan to jointly promote the development and opening up along the border. The joint development of these pilot free trade zones has expanded the breadth and depth of institutional innovation, enriched the application scenarios of free trade policies, and expanded the dividend effect of free trade.It is of great significance for improving the efficiency of reform and innovation, serving to build a new development pattern, and effectively supporting the high-quality development of the free trade pilot zone.

　　Standing at a new starting point in ten years, the Pilot Free Trade Zone has ushered in new tasks. At the end of June this year, the State Council issued a document, taking the lead in conducting pilot projects in five qualified free trade pilot zones and Hainan Free Trade Port, such as Shanghai, Guangdong, Tianjin, Fujian and Beijing, connecting with international high-standard economic and trade rules, promoting institutional opening, and exploring ways for comprehensively deepening reform and opening up. The Ministry of Commerce will also work with relevant localities and departments to formulate a list of key tasks in the Pilot Free Trade Zone, clarify 164 key tasks to be independently promoted by the relevant pilot free trade zones in the next three years, further strengthen classified guidance, and promote the deepening of reform, practice and innovation in each pilot free trade zone according to local conditions.

　　Sharpen a sword for ten years and stride forward again. This year marks the tenth anniversary of the construction of China Pilot Free Trade Zone, and it is also the first year to implement the "strategy of upgrading the Pilot Free Trade Zone". On the new journey, on the basis of comprehensively summing up ten years’ construction experience, we should thoroughly implement the promotion strategy of the Pilot Free Trade Zone, carry out exploration in a wider field and at a deeper level, and strive to build a higher level pilot free trade zone. For example, we should speed up the pilot work of comprehensively docking international high-standard economic and trade rules, and further promote the institutional opening of rules, regulations, management and standards; Promote a reasonable reduction of the negative list of foreign investment in the Pilot Free Trade Zone, promote the introduction of a negative list of cross-border service trade, and lead the country to continue to expand and open up; Strengthen the overall planning and system integration of reform, thoroughly implement the upgrading strategy of the Pilot Free Trade Zone, and focus on launching a number of leading and integrated reform measures in key areas; Support their respective trade pilot zones to further deepen differentiated exploration and promote the innovative development of the whole industrial chain around key areas … … Let the seeds of institutional innovation in the Pilot Free Trade Zone take root and bear fruit nationwide, promote economic growth to rely more on innovation, and lead China’s high-quality economic development! (Yang Guangwang commentator Yu Qi)

Cctv newsVirus is a word that makes people turn pale and avoid it. However, there is such a scientist who, despite difficulties, has played a key role in successfully stopping the avian influenza epidemics such as H5N1 and H7N9 in China. She is Chen Hualan, director of the National Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory and academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

The National Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory of Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, which she led, built a safety "epidemic prevention wall" by relying on a number of international leading achievements independently developed, and contributed China’s wisdom and strength to the prevention of avian influenza in many countries around the world.

Where is the initial heart?

In 1999, as a postdoctoral fellow, Chen Hualan went to the Influenza Sub-center of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in the United States to conduct cooperative research on avian influenza. After the exchange, the other party kindly retained him, but Chen Hualan resolutely embarked on the road of returning home.

"It doesn’t matter if the conditions are backward, we can build it slowly." Chen Hualan said that China is a big country for raising poultry. Once bird flu breaks out, it will inevitably suffer great losses if it lacks effective means. "Since the knowledge and technology I have mastered are urgently needed by the country, why don’t I come back?"

Highly pathogenic avian influenza is a class A infectious disease. Once the bird flu epidemic is found all over the world, the common way is to cull all the poultry in a certain range. Doing so not only consumes huge human and financial resources, but also brings disaster to the aquaculture industry.

"Why not seek a better solution?" Chen Hualan, who has just returned to China, boldly proposed, "It is ‘ to develop a new and efficient vaccine for prevention and control; Four or two thousand catties ’ The best choice. " The laboratory she led was designated as the "National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza" by the Ministry of Agriculture, responsible for the epidemic diagnosis, epidemiological monitoring and prevention and control technology research of highly pathogenic avian influenza.

At the beginning of 2004, H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza raided 14 provinces in China. The National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza receives samples from all over the country for final identification every day. In a short time, more than 50 cases of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza were diagnosed, which played a key role in controlling the epidemic in time.　

Chen Hualan led the team to speed up the pace of vaccine research and development. In more than a year, they completed the research on the new avian influenza vaccine in the laboratory. The successful development of H5N1 and H5N1 avian influenza vaccines has greatly improved China’s ability to prevent and control avian influenza and saved tens of billions of yuan for the country.

Re-war virus

In March 2013, there were cases of human infection with H7N9 avian influenza in China. The rapid spread of the virus caused a lot of panic in the country and attracted great attention from the international community.

The epidemic situation is like military intelligence, and Chen Hualan has once again started a race against the virus. She and her colleagues sent a number of teams to take samples at the first time, and then immediately conducted research and analysis.

Less than 48 hours after the first infected case was announced, Chen Hualan’s team isolated a similar virus from the samples collected in the live poultry market. According to the research results, Chen Hualan suggested that the live poultry market in infected areas should be closed immediately. After her suggestion was adopted, the number of new infections decreased rapidly.

"Although the H7N9 virus that appeared in 2013 can infect people, it is not pathogenic to poultry, and chickens do not show any clinical symptoms after infection, which makes it difficult to find the virus in time." Chen Hualan later said.

The H7N9 avian influenza virus caused a total of 5 waves of human infections, resulting in 1,567 infections, of which more than 600 people were killed. From October every year to March the following year, it is a high incidence period of human infection with H7N9 avian influenza.

Chen Hualan said: "At the thought that H7N9 avian influenza virus is threatening the lives of thousands of people, we dare not relax for a moment."

In the four Spring Festival after the emergence of H7N9 virus, Chenhualan was spent in the laboratory. But the virus is a tough opponent.

"In January 2017, we found in the monitoring that the H7N9 avian influenza virus had a key mutation, and poultry began to get sick and died in large numbers after infection." The situation that Chen Hualan is most worried about has emerged. "The mutated virus is more harmful to people, and the mortality rate can reach more than 50%."

From January to September, 2017, the "race" between team Chen Hualan and the virus entered a sprint stage: intensify on-site sample collection and pathogen monitoring nationwide, speed up virus analysis and research, formulate prevention and control measures, put forward prevention and control suggestions, speed up the process of creating efficient vaccines, and accept evaluation and testing & HELIP; … Miracle happened like this. Before the arrival of the virus epidemic season in autumn and winter of 2017, Chen Hualan team successfully launched the bivalent inactivated vaccine of recombinant avian influenza virus (H5/H7).

The popularization of the vaccine has effectively controlled the spread of H7N9 avian influenza virus in poultry and successfully blocked the infection of H7N9 avian influenza virus in people.

be as usual

Behind the first-class scientific research is the unimaginable contribution of ordinary people. Team Chen Hualan conducts large-scale avian influenza virus monitoring twice a year, and members go to farms and live poultry markets across the country to take samples from live poultry and bring them back for analysis. When sampling, researchers should use swabs to take samples from the deep throat and cloaca of chickens respectively. In 2017 alone, the team members sampled 53,000 copies. After returning to the laboratory, they must isolate the virus as soon as possible and do further analysis and research.

In addition to epidemic diagnosis and vaccine research, Chen Hualan also led the team to strengthen the active surveillance of avian influenza epidemiology in China and explore the biological characteristics of the virus. By giving full play to the individual strengths of team members, a full chain and systematic influenza research layout has been formed. At the same time, it shoulders the responsibility of providing scientific reference for the prevention and control of bird flu epidemic and early warning of human influenza.

In 2013, Chen Hualan was selected as one of the top ten scientific figures in Nature, and Nature called her "the one fighting in the front line ‘ Influenza detective ’ " . In 2016, Chen Hualan won the "World Outstanding Female Scientist Achievement Award" awarded by UNESCO.

Even though Chen Hualan has stood in the leading position in the world, he and his team are always in a state of "preparing for war". Chen Hualan said: "Avian influenza virus can infect not only poultry, but also migratory birds. Migratory birds who migrate across borders are very free, and they don’t need to fly to any country ‘ Passport ’ . If they carry the virus, an epidemic may occur as soon as they come into contact with local poultry. We must always be vigilant and respond to emerging epidemics at any time. "

Now, the word "avian influenza" has quietly faded out of the sight of ordinary people, while Chen Hualan remains vigilant. "The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus has evolved rapidly, and we can’t relax at all". Some people ask, is it worthwhile to give up many pleasures in life for work? Chen Hualan replied slowly: "Is it more fun and worthwhile for researchers engaged in the prevention and control of infectious diseases to nip the highly dangerous bird flu epidemic in the bud?" (Text/Kan Chunyu)

Special feature of 1905 film network To say that the most "beautiful" award in every Oscar is not the best film or the best actress!

　

It’s the "Best Fashion Design" unit! (Refutation not accepted)

Winner of the Best Fashion Design Award in 2017 — —　

Although it is often neglected as a technical award, it is undoubtedly an important part of the art of movie dreaming. Without clothes tailored for the role, even amazing performances will be eclipsed.

Winner of the Best Fashion Design Award in 2016 — —

The film costume design should always balance the relationship between the theme of the film and the exquisite clothes, which should not only make people unforgettable, but also avoid usurping the host’s role and test the designer’s ingenuity.

　

Award-winning films in the past three years — — Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, Mad Max: Fury Road and others all show this point.

Award-winning film of Best Fashion Design Award in 2015 — — The Grand Budapest Hotel.

Let’s take a look at the five finalists of this year’s Oscar’s "Best Fashion Design" — — 、、、、。

　

This year’s finalists have featured vintage cards, which can be said to have their own advantages and strong hands. What Xiao Dianjun is going to introduce to you today is also one of the seed players. It is the Phantom Sewer starring Daniel Day Lewis.

The Phantom Sewing Craftsman is also translated into Phantom of the Dress. As soon as you hear the name, you will know that it has something to do with "fashion".

　

Reynolds Woodcock, the hero of the film, was also a leading figure in the fashion circle in the 1950s.

　

He and his sister Cyril jointly control the family brand, and the European royal family, ladies and celebrities from all walks of life are their customers. In terms of feelings, Woodcock, a talented man, is a committed celibate, letting his lover come and go around and never being moved.

　

However, the appearance of a young woman named Elma broke his orderly life, aroused his long-cherished enthusiasm and desire, and finally became his determined muse and lifelong companion.

　

In the film, "poisonous mushroom" is a "panacea" to maintain their feelings. Elma used poisonous mushrooms to show the weak side of the powerful Reynolds, and Reynolds also acquiesced in the poisoning behavior and enjoyed the careful company of his lover at his bedside when he dropped his guard.

　

This kind of "sadomasochism", like drinking poison to quench thirst, wandered on the edge of morality and discipline, and it caused a lot of controversy and discussion after its release.

　

However, the theme of the film is not the focus of Xiao Dianjun’s discussion. After all, there are different opinions on the concept of love. But regardless of the theme, the film’s powerful creative team and beautiful and retro pictures deserve its six Oscar nominations.

　

Director and screenwriter paul thomas anderson (PTA) won the Best Director Awards in Berlin, Cannes and Venice. At the age of 42, he became the first director to win a Grand Slam in three major international film festivals in Europe.

The leading actor is Daniel Day Lewis, who won three Oscars for best actor, and he will compete for the title of best actor again with this "mountain-closing work".

[Character prototype]

Paul thomas anderson didn’t explicitly reveal the prototype of Woodcock, but many sharp-eyed fans and fashion fans pointed out that the male protagonist is very much like the combination of cristobal Valencia, Charles James and Karl Lagerfeld, the founders of Balenciaga.

Cristobal Balenciaga

　

They are all typical "genius is on the left, madman is on the right" figures, who are brilliant in their own best fashion field, but they are often paranoid and eccentric in mortal life.

　

In order to be infinitely close to people, Daniel Day Lewis spent a year studying fashion design and sewing skills under Mark Harper, the royal designer of new york Ballet.

　

The core task of the training course is to restore a classic dress of the famous designer cristobal Valencia stitch by stitch.

　

Designed by cristobal Valencia in 1962.

　

It was not until this amazing evening dress was completely reproduced that Lewis agreed to officially start shooting. The three-time Oscar winner’s professionalism was well-deserved.

　　

[Royal Designer]

To say that PTA, a fashion layman, is the biggest contributor to the "dream come true", it is naturally the fashion designer of the film — — Mark Bridges.

Designer Mark Bridges.　

He is the royal designer of PTA, and they have cooperated in many works, such as,, and so on. Bridges also won the Best Costume Design Golden statuette in the 84th Oscar for his films.

Stills of The Artist

　

In order to restore the classic charm of British clothing in 1950s, Briggs was allowed to enter the famous V&A Museum in London and get a close look at the masterpieces in the museum, including Givenchy, Ba Erman, Balmain, the Balenciaga family, Charles Fredericksworth, the father of Gao Ding and so on.

While drawing inspiration from the master, Bridges also needs to combine the movie plot and the characters’ characteristics to tailor-made clothes with both artistic aesthetics and focus plane feeling.

　　　

Special clothing exhibition held by V&A Museum in London

Bridges’ team has designed and produced more than 50 original works for this film, including wedding dresses, evening dresses and everyday clothes. Among them, there is a set of consistent and unified spring Collection. It can be said that in order to make a movie, the whole process of a fashion show from design to display was really repeated.

　

Next Page: Analysis of Classical Modeling in the Play

　　When the summer heat hits the midsection, the weather is so hot that there is nowhere to hide. In the hot sauna days, eating crayfish and drinking a glass of cold beer, not to mention how pleasant it is, but recently people dare not enjoy it so much because of some rumors.

　　The "classification map of crayfish after death" transmitted by the internet has made many people ask their souls: "Delicious and attractive crayfish, what kind of garbage are you?" After that, the takeaway order of crayfish was silently cancelled; And the saying that "you can’t drink cold drinks in dog days, you have to drink hot water to force the cold" has made some people put down the bottles of iced beer.

　　Are we destined to have a tasteless summer? The reporter of Science and Technology Daily interviewed relevant experts, shattered the rumors one by one, and gave you a cool summer as usual.

　　Proverbs 1

　　Lobster meat is wet garbage and lobster head is dry garbage.

　　It’s the season to eat crayfish again, but since many places in the country have entered the "mandatory era" of garbage sorting, and a "classification map of crayfish after death" has been posted on the Internet, crayfish lovers are no longer afraid to eat without scruple. According to the classification map, the whole crayfish is wet garbage, and the yellow lobster head is dry garbage; Lobster meat and lobster yellow are wet garbage, and lobster shells are dry garbage.

　　Many netizens said that eating crayfish is refreshing for a while, but after eating it, the garbage classification is heartbroken, so don’t eat it. In fact, throwing a crayfish is not as complicated as the picture. This picture is wrong.

　　Shanghai Waste Management Office responded through WeChat WeChat official account that crayfish, lobster shell, lobster head, lobster yellow and lobster meat all belong to wet garbage.

　　In April 2019, the "Guidelines for the Classification of Domestic Waste in Shanghai" also clearly pointed out that aquatic products and their processed foods (fish, fish scales, shrimp, shrimp shells and squid) are all wet wastes.

　　"It is not difficult to distinguish between dry and wet garbage. Dry garbage refers to garbage that can be burned, and wet garbage is garbage that is perishable, easy to crush and compostable. It is a bit taken for granted that crayfish shells are classified as dry garbage in the above classification map. In fact, it is relatively easy to rot and crush, so it belongs to wet garbage. " Yi Zhu, an associate professor at the College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering of China Agricultural University, explained.

　　If you still can’t tell what kind of garbage is on your hand, remember the official recommendation of Shanghai for garbage classification: recyclable materials — — Glass, gold, plastic, paper and clothing; Harmful waste remembers the formula — — Medicine (oil) (electric light); The principle of wet garbage recording — — Perishable and easy to crush; The rest is dry garbage.

　　Proverbs 2

　　You can’t eat cold drinks in dog days, but drink hot water to force the cold.

　　Cicadas sound, summer is strong, and the heat in the dog days seems to be dependent on cold drinks. However, a recent health tip circulating on the Internet pointed out that all iced drinks should be rejected in dog days, otherwise the cold will invade and cannot be discharged. Insist on drinking hot water in the dog days, so as to force out the cold that goes deep into the bone marrow. This is called treating winter diseases in summer.

　　At first glance, there is some truth, but is this really the case?

　　The doctor reminded that the statement that "don’t drink iced drinks and eat iced food" on the dog days is too absolute. In fact, for most people, there is no problem of completely avoiding cold drinks, and eating some cold drinks properly will not cause harm to the body.

　　Li Fangling, chief physician of Chinese Medicine Department of Beijing Geriatric Hospital, told the media: "In summer, the temperature is too high for people to stand. At this time, eating moderate cold drinks can relieve the heat and make people feel comfortable."

　　However, Yi Zhu also pointed out that drinking ice water when it is very hot will cause rapid contraction of blood vessels, and the oxygen consumption of heart, brain and other organs will increase, which will cause blood pressure fluctuation, especially for the elderly with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. For young people, eating ice cream and drinking iced drinks in dog days may lead to sudden headaches. And eating too much cold food can also cause gastrointestinal cramps and diarrhea. "Therefore, we do not encourage unrestrained use of cold drinks to relieve the heat in the dog days." She said.

　　However, the theory that drinking hot water can force out the cold is not recorded in Chinese medicine. "Although it is not advisable to be greedy and cold in the dog days, it is a bit exaggerated and there is no scientific basis to force out the cold that has penetrated into the bone marrow for many years by drinking hot water in the dog days. The way to maintain health advocated by Chinese medicine lies in persistence all year round, and improving physical fitness is not a one-off event. " In Yi Zhu’s view, drinking hot water in summer is generally suitable for people who need to sweat because of a cold, but drinking overheated water will also cause damage to the digestive tract mucosa, and it is advisable to drink warm water in small quantities for many times in hot weather.

　　Proverbs 3

　　Famous biologists have developed cold-resistant mosquitoes.

　　The most annoying thing in summer is mosquitoes besides the high temperature. People are afraid to avoid this annoying creature, but a screenshot of a recent report on the emergence of cold-resistant mosquitoes surprised netizens. The report said: Professor Li, a famous biologist in China, has worked hard for more than 30 years and successfully cultivated cold-resistant mosquitoes. This mosquito can also come out to bite people in winter, which fills the gap that there are no mosquitoes in winter in China … … The source of the article also marked the authoritative media, but the description of the article made people feel incredible. Some netizens joked: "We don’t need mosquitoes in winter, so it’s better not to fill this gap."

　　According to the reporter’s review, the authoritative media marked at the source of the article has never reported it at all. This is actually an old story full of plastic sense. This paragraph first appeared in 2014, and the version has been iterative since then.

　　In fact, there are many loopholes in the above rumors that can be seen at a glance. For example, it is impossible for authoritative media reports to have the nonstandard title of "Professor Li, a famous biologist in China". Moreover, from the scientific common sense, it is not uncommon for mosquitoes to appear in winter, and experts have already made popular science. Mosquitoes are at the temperature of 15℃— The vitality is still very strong at 16℃. Even in winter, if the indoor temperature is high, it can wake up the dormant mosquitoes.

　　Proverbs 4

　　Common genes in genetically modified crops appear in China.

　　Recently, many WeChat groups are spreading an article — — British Research: Genes common in genetically modified crops have appeared in China, please be careful of the next generation. Accordingly, some WeChat WeChat official account articles with 100,000 hits vowed to write: "This is another proof of the harm of genetically modified weapons to Chinese."

　　Is this really the case? That’s not true. This is actually a patchwork of fishing articles and rumors about genetically modified foods, which is an advertisement for the platform of non-genetically modified food grocery stores.

　　According to this article, an article published in the British academic journal Shelley Genetics Newsletter has attracted the attention of domestic academic circles. Professor Victor Stein, a geneticist from the German Tesrosa Medical Center, is currently conducting an international genomics research project in China … …

　　Lin Min, a researcher at the Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, said that there was no British academic journal Shelley Genetics Newsletter, and the so-called Tesrosa Medical Center was also invented.

　　The article also said: "Almost all genetically modified foods contain SCoAL gene." "SCoAL will synthesize succinic acid in the human body, which is highly acidic and corrosive and may cause blindness when it enters the eyes."

　　However, Jiang Tao, a senior engineer at the Biology Research Center of the Institute of Genetics and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, pointed out that the gene name SCoAL was concocted.

　　"And succinic acid, also known as succinic acid. Nutritional supplements containing succinic acid are food additives and dietary supplements, which are approved as edible safety by the US Food and Drug Administration. All living things produce succinic acid. " Lin Min said.

Original biological world biological world

Written by Cong Wang

Edit Wang Duoyu

Typesetting and writing in water

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is one of the most common viruses in the world. EBV is easily transmitted through body fluids (mainly saliva), such as kissing and sharing drinks or tableware. According to statistics, 90%-95% people around the world have been infected, usually in childhood.

EBV infection can cause infectious mononucleosis or similar diseases, but it usually has no symptoms. Most EBV infection symptoms are mild and will disappear, but these viruses will persist and lurk in the body, and will be reactivated. In recent years, some studies have shown that long-term latent EBV virus is related to some chronic inflammation and various cancers, and some studies have found that EBV may be the pathogenic factor of multiple sclerosis (MS).

On April 12th, 2023, the team of Professor Don Cleveland from the University of California, San Diego published a research paper entitled Chromosomal Fragile Site Breakage by EBV-Encoded EBNA 1 at clustered repeats in Nature.

This study describes for the first time how Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) uses the fragile sites in the human genome to cause chromosome breakage, cause cancer, and reduce the human body’s ability to suppress cancer.

There are fragile sites in everyone’s genome, and these specific chromosome regions are more prone to mutation, breakage or deletion during DNA replication. These changes may be related to disorders and diseases, which may lead to genetic diseases and cancer.

Professor Don Cleveland

Professor Don Cleveland, the correspondent of the paper, said that this study revealed how EBV induced the breakage of human chromosome 11 and caused a series of genomic instability, which may activate the oncogene that causes leukemia and inactivate the main tumor suppressor gene. This also proves for the first time how to selectively induce the breakage of fragile DNA sites.

In this latest study, the research team focused on EBNA1 protein, a viral protein that persists in human cells infected with EBV. Previous studies have shown that EBNA1 will bind to a specific genome sequence at the beginning of EBV genome replication. This study found that EBNA1 also combined with a cluster of EBV-like sequences at a fragile site of human chromosome 11, where the increase of protein abundance would lead to chromosome breakage.

Previous studies have shown that EBNA1 can inhibit p53 gene, and p53, known as the "genome guardian", plays a key role in controlling cell division and cell death. Under normal circumstances, p53 can inhibit the occurrence and development of tumors, while mutant p53 is related to the growth of cancer cells.

The research team also examined the genome-wide sequencing data of 2,439 cancers of 38 cancer types from the genome-wide pan-cancer analysis project. They found that tumors with EBV infection showed higher levels of chromosome 11 abnormalities, especially head and neck cancer cases.

Julia Su Zhou Li

Julia Su Zhou Li, the first author of the paper and a postdoctoral fellow, said that for a virus that is ubiquitous and harmless to most people, it is still an ongoing effort to identify high-risk groups susceptible to latent infection-related diseases. This study shows that the susceptibility to EBNA1-induced chromosome 11 breakage depends on the control of the level of EBNA1 protein produced in latent infection and the genetic variation of the number of EBV-like sequences on chromosome 11 in each individual. Looking ahead, this discovery paves the way for screening the risk factors for the development of diseases related to EBV infection. In addition, blocking the combination of EBNA1 and EBV-like sequence on chromosome 11 can be used to prevent the development of EBV-related diseases.

Paper link:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-05923-x

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Measures for the Administration of Internet Advertising

(Promulgated by Order No.72 of the State Administration of Market Supervision on February 25, 2023 and effective as of May 1, 2023)

 

　　the first　In order to regulate Internet advertising activities, protect the legitimate rights and interests of consumers, promote the healthy development of Internet advertising industry, and maintain the market economic order of fair competition, these Measures are formulated in accordance with the Advertising Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) (hereinafter referred to as the Advertising Law), the Electronic Commerce Law of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the Electronic Commerce Law) and other laws and administrative regulations.

　　the second　In People’s Republic of China (PRC), the provisions of the Advertising Law and these Measures shall apply to commercial advertising activities that directly or indirectly promote goods or services in the form of words, pictures, audio, video or other forms by using Internet media such as websites, webpages and Internet applications.

　　Laws, administrative regulations, departmental rules, mandatory national standards and other relevant provisions of the state require information to be displayed, marked and informed, in accordance with its provisions.

　　Article　Internet advertising should be true and legal, adhere to the correct orientation, and express the advertising content in a healthy form, which is in line with the requirements of socialist spiritual civilization construction and the promotion of Chinese excellent traditional culture.

　　Advertising activities using the Internet shall abide by laws and regulations, be honest and trustworthy, and compete fairly.

　　The state encourages and supports public service advertising activities on the Internet, spreads socialist core values and Chinese excellent traditional culture, and advocates civilized fashion.

　　Article 4　Natural persons, legal persons or other organizations that use the Internet to publish advertisements for advertisers or advertising agents entrusted by advertisers shall apply the provisions of the Advertising Law and these Measures on advertisement publishers.

　　The provisions of the Advertising Law and these Measures on Internet information service providers shall apply to natural persons, legal persons or other organizations that provide information services through the Internet; Engaged in Internet advertising design, production, agency, release and other activities, shall apply the provisions of the Advertising Law and these Measures on advertising agents, publishers and other subjects.

　　Article 5　Advertising industry organizations shall, in accordance with laws, regulations, departmental rules and articles of association, formulate industry norms, self-discipline conventions and group standards, strengthen industry self-discipline, guide members to actively practice socialist core values, engage in Internet advertising activities according to law, promote integrity building and promote the healthy development of the industry.

　　Article 6　No unit or individual may use the Internet to design, produce, act as an agent or publish advertisements for products or services whose production and sale are prohibited by laws and administrative regulations, or for goods or services whose advertising is prohibited.

　　It is forbidden to use the Internet to publish tobacco (including electronic cigarettes) advertisements.

　　It is forbidden to use the Internet to publish prescription drug advertisements. Where there are other provisions in laws and administrative regulations, such provisions shall prevail.

　　Article 7　Advertisements that should be examined according to laws and administrative regulations such as advertisements for medical treatment, medicines, medical devices, pesticides, veterinary drugs, health foods and formula foods for special medical purposes shall be examined by the advertisement examination organ before publication; Without review, it shall not be published.

　　Internet advertisements subject to censorship shall be published in strict accordance with the contents examined and approved, and shall not be edited, spliced or modified. If the contents of advertisements that have been examined and approved need to be changed, they shall re-apply for advertisement examination.

　　Article 8　It is forbidden to publish advertisements for medical treatment, medicines, medical devices, health foods and formula foods for special medical purposes in disguised form by introducing health and health preservation knowledge.

　　When introducing health and health preserving knowledge, the address, contact information, shopping links and other contents of commodity operators or service providers related to medical treatment, medicines, medical devices, health food and formula food for special medical purposes shall not appear on the same page or at the same time.

　　Article 9　Internet advertisements should be identifiable and enable consumers to identify them as advertisements.

　　For the goods or services ranked by bidding, the advertisement publisher should clearly mark "advertisement", which is obviously different from the natural search results.

　　Except in cases where laws and administrative regulations prohibit the publication or disguised publication of advertisements, if a commodity or service is promoted through knowledge introduction, experience sharing, consumption evaluation and other forms, and a shopping link is attached, the advertisement publisher shall clearly indicate "advertisement".

　　Article 10　When publishing Internet advertisements in the form of pop-ups, advertisers and advertisement publishers shall clearly mark the closure sign to ensure one-click closure, and shall not have any of the following circumstances:

　　(1) The advertisement can only be closed if there is no closing sign or the time is over;

　　(two) the closure sign is false, unclear or difficult to locate, etc., which sets obstacles for the closure of advertisements;

　　(three) to close the advertisement, it must be clicked twice or more;

　　(four) in the process of browsing the same page and the same document, continue to pop up advertisements after closing, which will affect the normal use of the network by users;

　　(five) other acts that affect the one-button closure.

　　The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall apply to the open-screen advertisements displayed and released when the Internet application is started.

　　Article 11　Do not cheat or mislead users to click or browse advertisements in the following ways:

　　(a) false system or software update, error reporting, cleaning, notification and other tips;

　　(two) false signs such as playing, starting, pausing, stopping and returning;

　　(3) False reward promises;

　　(four) other ways to deceive and mislead users to click and browse advertisements.

　　Article 12　Advertisements for medical treatment, medicines, health foods, formula foods for special medical purposes, medical devices, cosmetics, alcohol, beauty, and online game advertisements that are not conducive to the physical and mental health of minors shall not be published on websites, webpages, internet applications, WeChat official account and other Internet media aimed at minors.

　　Article 13　Advertisers should be responsible for the authenticity of Internet advertising content.

　　When an advertiser publishes an Internet advertisement, the subject qualification, administrative license, citation content, etc. shall meet the requirements of laws and regulations, and the relevant certification documents shall be true, legal and effective.

　　Advertisers can publish their own advertisements through self-built websites, their own clients, Internet applications, WeChat official account, online shop pages and other Internet media, or they can entrust advertising agents and publishers to publish advertisements.

　　Advertisers who publish Internet advertisements by themselves shall comply with the requirements of laws and regulations, establish advertisement files and update them in time. The relevant files shall be kept for not less than three years from the date of termination of advertising.

　　When an advertiser entrusts to publish an Internet advertisement, it shall notify the advertising agents and publishers who provide services to it in a timely manner in written form or in other ways that can be confirmed.

　　Article 14　Advertising agents and publishers shall, in accordance with the following provisions, establish, improve and implement the registration, audit and file management system for Internet advertising business:

　　(a) check and register the real identity, address and effective contact information of advertisers, establish advertising files and regularly check and update them, and record and save relevant electronic data of advertising activities; The preservation time of relevant files shall be no less than three years from the date of the end of advertising;

　　(2) Examining relevant supporting documents and checking the contents of advertisements. Advertising agents shall not provide design, production or agency services for advertisements with inconsistent contents or incomplete supporting documents, and advertisement publishers shall not publish them;

　　(three) equipped with advertising audit personnel familiar with advertising laws and regulations or set up advertising audit institutions.

　　The term "identity information" as mentioned in these Measures includes name (name), unified social credit code (ID number), etc.

　　Advertising agents and publishers shall, in accordance with the law, cooperate with the Internet advertising industry survey conducted by the market supervision and management department and provide true, accurate and complete information in a timely manner.

　　Article 15　Where an Internet advertisement is published by means of algorithmic recommendation, the relevant rules of algorithmic recommendation service and advertisement delivery records shall be recorded in the advertisement file.

　　Article 16　Internet platform operators shall take measures to prevent and stop illegal advertisements in the process of providing Internet information services, and abide by the following provisions:

　　(1) Recording and preserving the true identity information of users who use their information services to publish advertisements, and the information recording and preservation time shall be no less than three years from the date of the end of information service provision;

　　(two) to monitor and investigate the contents of advertisements published by using its information services, and if illegal advertisements are found, necessary measures such as notice to correct, delete, block and disconnect the publishing links shall be taken to stop them, and relevant records shall be kept;

　　(three) to establish an effective mechanism for accepting and handling complaints and reports, set up a convenient entrance for complaints and reports, or publish the way of complaints and reports, and accept and handle complaints and reports in a timely manner;

　　(four) shall not obstruct or hinder the market supervision and management departments to carry out advertising monitoring by technical means or other means;

　　(5) Cooperate with the market supervision and management departments to investigate illegal Internet advertisements, and take timely technical measures to preserve evidence materials suspected of illegal advertisements according to the requirements of the market supervision and management departments, and truthfully provide the true identity information of relevant advertisement publishers, advertisement modification records and transaction information of related commodities or services;

　　(six) according to the service agreement and platform rules, users who use their information services to publish illegal advertisements shall be warned, suspended or terminated.

　　Article 17　The use of the Internet to publish and send advertisements shall not affect users’ normal use of the Internet, and shall not insert bidding advertisements into the results of searching government service websites, webpages, Internet applications, WeChat official account, etc.

　　Without the user’s consent, request or clear refusal, no Internet advertisement shall be sent to his means of transportation, navigation equipment, smart home appliances, etc., and no advertisement or advertisement link shall be attached to the e-mail or Internet instant messaging information sent by the user.

　　Article 18　When publishing Internet advertisements with links, advertisers, advertising agents and advertisement publishers should check the advertising contents related to front-end advertisements in the next link.

　　Article 19　Where a commodity seller or service provider promotes a commodity or service through live Internet broadcast, which constitutes a commercial advertisement, it shall bear the responsibilities and obligations of the advertiser according to law.

　　If the operator of the live broadcast room is entrusted to provide advertising design, production, agency and publishing services, it shall bear the responsibilities and obligations of the advertising operator and publisher according to law.

　　Live marketing personnel who are entrusted to provide advertising design, production, agency and publishing services shall bear the responsibilities and obligations of advertising operators and publishers according to law.

　　Live marketing personnel who recommend and prove goods and services in their own names or images, which constitute advertising endorsements, shall bear the responsibilities and obligations of advertising spokespersons according to law.

　　Article 20　Administrative penalties for illegal Internet advertisements shall be under the jurisdiction of the market supervision and administration department where the advertisement publisher is located. Where it is difficult for the market supervision and administration department where the advertisement publisher is located to have jurisdiction over advertisers, advertising agents, advertising spokespersons and Internet information service providers in different places, it may transfer the illegal situation to the market supervision and administration department where it is located for handling. If the advertising spokesperson is a natural person, the location of the agency providing brokerage services for the advertising spokesperson, the domicile or habitual residence of the advertising spokesperson shall be its location.

　　Where the market supervision and management department of the place where the advertiser is located or where the advertising operator is located first discovers illegal clues or receives complaints or reports, it may also exercise jurisdiction.

　　The implementation of administrative penalties for advertisers to publish illegal advertisements by themselves shall be under the jurisdiction of the market supervision and management department where the advertisers are located.

　　Article 21　The market supervision and management department may exercise the following functions and powers according to law when investigating and handling illegal Internet advertisements:

　　(a) to conduct on-site inspection of places suspected of engaging in illegal advertising activities;

　　(2) Asking the party suspected of violating the law or its legal representative, principal responsible person and other relevant personnel, and investigating the relevant units or individuals;

　　(three) require the parties suspected of violating the law to provide relevant documents within a time limit;

　　(4) consulting and copying contracts, bills, account books, advertising works and Internet advertising-related data related to suspected illegal advertisements, including saving Internet advertising content by means of screen capture, screen recording, webpage retention, photographing, audio recording and video recording;

　　(5) sealing up and detaining advertising articles, business tools, equipment and other property directly related to suspected illegal advertisements;

　　(six) ordered to suspend the publication of suspected illegal advertisements that may cause serious consequences;

　　(seven) other functions and powers as prescribed by laws and administrative regulations.

　　When the market supervision and management department exercises the functions and powers stipulated in the preceding paragraph according to law, the parties concerned shall assist and cooperate, and shall not refuse, obstruct or conceal the real situation.

　　Article 22　The technical monitoring records of Internet advertisements by market supervision and management departments can be used as evidence for administrative punishment or administrative measures against illegal advertisements.

　　Article 23　Violation of the provisions of Article 6 and Article 12 of these Measures shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of Article 57 of the Advertising Law.

　　Article 24　Anyone who, in violation of the provisions of Article 7 of these Measures, publishes an Internet advertisement without review or according to the content approved by the advertisement review shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of Article 58 of the Advertising Law.

　　Article 25　In violation of the provisions of Article 8 and Article 9 of these measures, advertisements for medical treatment, medicines, medical devices, health foods and formula foods for special medical purposes are published in disguised form, or Internet advertisements are not identifiable, and shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the third paragraph of Article 59 of the Advertising Law.

　　Article 26　Whoever, in violation of the provisions of Article 10 of these Measures, publishes Internet advertisements in the form of pop-ups and so on, without clearly indicating the closure sign, ensures one-click closure, shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 62 of the Advertising Law.

　　Advertisers who commit the acts specified in the preceding paragraph shall be ordered by the market supervision and administration department at or above the county level to make corrections, and those who refuse to make corrections shall be fined between 5,000 yuan and 30,000 yuan.

　　Article 27　In violation of the provisions of Article 11 of these Measures, deceiving or misleading users to click and browse advertisements, if there are provisions in laws and administrative regulations, such provisions shall prevail; Where there are no provisions in laws and administrative regulations, the market supervision and management department at or above the county level shall order it to make corrections, and impose a fine of not less than 5,000 yuan but not more than 30,000 yuan on advertisers, advertising agents and publishers.

　　Article 28　In violation of the provisions of the first paragraph of Article 14, Article 15 and Article 18 of these measures, advertising agents and publishers fail to establish and improve the advertising business management system according to the provisions, or fail to check the advertising content, they shall be punished according to the provisions of the first paragraph of Article 60 of the Advertising Law.

　　In violation of the provisions of the fourth paragraph of Article 13, Article 15 and Article 18 of these measures, advertisers fail to establish advertising files according to the provisions, or fail to check the contents of advertisements, the market supervision and management departments at or above the county level shall order them to make corrections and may impose a fine of not more than 50,000 yuan.

　　Advertisers, advertising agents and publishers can prove that they have fulfilled relevant responsibilities, take measures to prevent the linked advertising content from being tampered with, and provide the real name, address and effective contact information of the subject of illegal advertising activities, and can be given a lighter, mitigated or no administrative punishment according to law.

　　In violation of the third paragraph of Article 14 of these measures, advertising agents and publishers refuse to cooperate with the Internet advertising industry survey conducted by the market supervision and administration department, or provide false information, the market supervision and administration department at or above the county level shall order them to make corrections and may impose a fine of not less than 10,000 yuan but not more than 30,000 yuan.

　　Article 29　Internet platform operators violate the provisions of Item 1, Item 3 to Item 5 of Article 16 of these Measures, and if there are provisions in laws and administrative regulations, such provisions shall prevail; Where there are no provisions in laws and administrative regulations, the market supervision and management department at or above the county level shall order it to make corrections and impose a fine of not less than 10,000 yuan but not more than 50,000 yuan.

　　Internet platform operators who violate the second paragraph of Article 16 of these Measures and know or should know that Internet advertising activities are illegal and will not be stopped shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of Article 63 of the Advertising Law.

　　Article 30　In violation of the provisions of the first paragraph of article seventeenth of these measures, if there are provisions in laws and administrative regulations, such provisions shall prevail; Where there are no provisions in laws and administrative regulations, the market supervision and management department at or above the county level shall order it to make corrections, and impose a fine of not less than 5,000 yuan but not more than 30,000 yuan on advertisers, advertising agents and publishers.

　　Whoever, in violation of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 17 of these Measures, sends Internet advertisements to his means of transportation, navigation equipment, smart home appliances, etc. without the user’s consent, request or explicit refusal, shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the first paragraph of Article 62 of the Advertising Law; If an advertisement or an advertisement link is attached to the e-mail or Internet instant messaging information sent by a user, the market supervision and management department at or above the county level shall order it to make corrections and impose a fine of not less than 5,000 yuan but not more than 30,000 yuan.

　　Article 31　The administrative punishment decision made by the market supervision and management department in accordance with the provisions of the Advertising Law and these Measures shall be publicized to the public through the national enterprise credit information publicity system according to law; If the nature is bad, the circumstances are serious, and the social harm is great, it will be included in the list of serious violations of law and dishonesty in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Measures for the Administration of the List of Serious Violations of Law and Trustworthiness in Market Supervision and Management.

　　Article 32　These Measures shall come into force as of May 1, 2023. The Interim Measures for the Administration of Internet Advertising promulgated by Order No.87 of the former State Administration for Industry and Commerce on July 4, 2016 shall be abolished at the same time.

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　　Yang Guangwang Harbin April 25 th news (Reporter Pang Wei)April 25th is the National Child Vaccination Day.,This year’s publicity theme is "vaccination, disease prevention and control, health protection, life protection". Vaccination is the most economical and effective measure to prevent and control infectious diseases.,To this end,Heilongjiang ProvinceProvincial CDCPublish 61 articlesCommon knowledge of vaccinationquestions and answers.

Data Map Source: vision china

　　1 Q: What is a vaccine?

　　A: It refers to the preventive biological products used for human immunization in order to prevent and control the occurrence and epidemic of diseases, including immunization planning vaccines and non-immunization planning vaccines.

　　Q: What is an EPI vaccine?

　　A: It refers to the vaccines that residents should be vaccinated according to government regulations, including those determined by the national immunization program, those added by the people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government when implementing the national immunization program, and those used by the people’s governments at or above the county level or their health authorities for emergency vaccination or mass vaccination.

　　Q: What is a non-EPI vaccine?

　　A: It refers to other vaccines voluntarily vaccinated by residents.

　　Q: What is a vaccine marketing license holder?

　　A: It refers to an enterprise that has obtained the registration certificate of vaccine drugs and the drug production license according to law.

　　Q: What is immunization program?

　　A: Immunization planning refers to the plans, plans and strategies formulated by using effective vaccines to vaccinate susceptible people according to the national infectious disease prevention and control plan, and to vaccinate people in a planned way according to the vaccine varieties, immunization procedures or vaccination programs determined by the state or provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, so as to prevent and control the occurrence and prevalence of specific infectious diseases, and to improve people’s health level and health civilization level through the implementation of national immunization planning.

　　Q: What kind of immunization planning system does the country implement?

　　A: Residents living in China have the right to be vaccinated with EPI according to law and fulfill their obligations to be vaccinated with EPI. The government provides free immunization program vaccines to residents. The people’s governments at or above the county level and their relevant departments shall ensure that school-age children are vaccinated with immunization programs. The guardian shall ensure that school-age children are vaccinated with EPI vaccine on time according to law.

　　7 Q: What are the immunization program vaccines for school-age children in our province?

　　A: At present, the immunization programs for school-age children in our province include hepatitis B vaccine, BCG vaccine, inactivated polio vaccine, live attenuated polio vaccine, DTP vaccine, measles vaccine, live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine, live attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine, group A meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine and group A+C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine.

　　Q: What is routine vaccination?

　　Answer: It refers to the vaccination service provided by the vaccination unit for the vaccinated object within a relatively fixed vaccination service cycle time in accordance with the national immunization program, vaccine use guidelines and vaccine use instructions.

　　Q: What is mass vaccination?

　　A: It refers to the organized and centralized vaccination activities for a specific group of people who may be threatened by an infectious disease within a specific scope and time. Supplementary immunization (formerly called "booster immunization") is a commonly used form of mass vaccination.

　　Q: What is emergency vaccination?

　　Answer: When the epidemic situation of infectious diseases begins or has an epidemic trend, vaccination activities are carried out for the target population in order to control the spread of infectious diseases.

　　Q: Why can vaccination prevent diseases?

　　A: Scientific research shows that when bacteria or viruses invade the human body, the body will produce a substance that resists the bacteria or viruses. This substance is called antibody. Different bacteria or viruses will produce different antibodies, which are called specific antibodies. After recovery, this specific antibody still remains in the body. If the corresponding bacteria or viruses invade the body again, this specific antibody can protect the body from these bacteria or viruses. Vaccination is to artificially inoculate a small amount of bacteria or viruses and their metabolites after being attenuated or inactivated, so that the body can produce specific antibodies or cellular immune responses, thus producing resistance against this pathogen.

　　Q: Why do you have to take vaccination according to the immunization program?

　　A: Different vaccines have different immunization procedures, which are based on clinical trials and years of scientific practice. Such as hepatitis B vaccine, pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus combined vaccine, polio vaccine, etc., at least three doses of vaccination are needed to make children have sufficient immunity. As children grow up, the immunity acquired by vaccination in the body will gradually decline. Therefore, some vaccines need to be strengthened.

　　Q: Can different vaccines be vaccinated at the same time?

　　A: Two or more injectable vaccines should be inoculated in different parts. It is forbidden to mix two or more vaccines and inhale them into the same syringe for inoculation. At present, all the vaccines in the national immunization program can be vaccinated at the same time according to the immunization procedure or the principle of replanting. Immunization planning vaccine and non-immunization planning vaccine can be vaccinated at the same time. If you choose not to vaccinate at the same time, priority should be given to ensuring immunization planning vaccine vaccination.

　　Q: How long does it take for different vaccines not to be vaccinated at the same time?

　　A: If two or more live attenuated vaccines for injection are not vaccinated at the same time, they should be vaccinated at an interval of ≥28 days. Inactivated vaccine and oral attenuated live vaccine, if they are not inoculated at the same time with other kinds of vaccines (including attenuated and inactivated), there is no restriction on the inoculation interval.

　　Q: How do migrant children get vaccinated?

　　A: In China, the vaccination of floating children is managed locally (that is, where they live), and floating children enjoy the same vaccination services as local children. If children under 6 years old move to other cities (regions) and counties (districts), they can directly carry the vaccination certificate issued by the health department of their original place of residence to the vaccination unit where they live now. If the vaccination certificate has not been handled before or is lost, the vaccination certificate can be reissued at the vaccination unit in the current residence.

　　Q: Which is better, imported vaccine or domestic vaccine?

　　A: Both domestic and imported vaccines have strict quality control systems to ensure the safety and effectiveness of vaccines. There is no obvious difference in performance between domestic vaccines and imported vaccines. No matter domestic or imported vaccines, all vaccines will have a certain level of adverse reactions, and there is no obvious difference in the level of adverse reactions between imported vaccines and domestic vaccines. Compared with domestic vaccines, imported vaccines have higher investment in R&D, and there is a certain gap between the prices of imported vaccines and domestic vaccines due to factors such as tariffs, freight and marketing costs. The choice of domestic vaccine or imported vaccine depends on the importance that individuals attach to the performance and price of the vaccine. If economic conditions permit, you can choose to vaccinate imported vaccines at your own expense, but if you consider the cost performance, it is also good to choose domestic vaccines. Don’t fall into the misunderstanding that the higher the price, the better.

　　Q: Why should BCG be vaccinated at birth?

　　Answer: After inoculation with BCG, the body can have specific immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which can prevent the reproduction and spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the human body, so it has a good effect on preventing tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis. The World Health Organization suggests that newborns should be vaccinated with BCG as soon as possible in areas with high and moderate tuberculosis prevalence. China’s immunization program is to vaccinate newborns with one dose of BCG at birth.

　　Q: Why should newborns be vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine within 24 hours after birth?

　　A: Most carriers of hepatitis B virus surface antigen in China come from vertical transmission from mother to child and early childhood infection. Because newborns have no immunity to hepatitis B virus and their immune function is not perfect, once they are infected with hepatitis B virus, they will easily become carriers of hepatitis B virus surface antigen. After infants less than one year old are infected with hepatitis B virus, more than 90% of them will become chronic hepatitis B virus surface antigen carriers. Thus, it is particularly important for newborns to prevent hepatitis B. All newborns should be vaccinated with the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine as soon as possible within 24 hours after birth, and complete the whole course of three doses of hepatitis B vaccine according to the immunization program of 0, 1 and 6 months old.

　　Q: Is it necessary to strengthen immunization after the whole vaccination of hepatitis B vaccine is completed?

　　A: At present, neither the World Health Organization nor China advocates the complete vaccination of hepatitis B vaccine and the booster immunization after successful immunization. This is because: after the successful initial immunization of hepatitis B vaccine, the immune persistence is good. According to domestic observation, the protection rate is still as high as 88.6% 15 years after vaccination. After natural exposure to hepatitis B virus (HBV), the memory B lymphocytes of successful immunization recipients inoculated with hepatitis B vaccine can rapidly proliferate, differentiate and produce specific antibodies after being attacked by HBV. It has been proved that humoral immune memory reaction still exists even among immunocompetents with low antibody or no antibody after 5 years. There is cellular immunity, and it has been observed that there is also specific cellular immune memory in addition to humoral immune memory response after vaccination with hepatitis B vaccine. Under the protection of hepatitis B vaccine, children can safely pass through the high-risk period of HBV infection (1 ~ 3 years old) without strengthening immunization, and with the function of immune barrier, the chances of infection of immunized children are greatly reduced. However, high-risk groups (such as hemodialysis patients, medical staff, etc.) should be tested for antibodies every 6 ~ 12 months, and when anti-HBS is less than 10 miu/ml, intensive vaccination can be carried out.

　　Q: How long will it take to have antibodies after hepatitis B vaccination? How long can it be protected?

　　A: Vaccination with hepatitis B vaccine is the most effective measure to prevent HBV infection. The effective component of hepatitis B vaccine is HBsAg, which induces human body to produce anti -HBs (hepatitis B surface antibody) and plays a role. After the first vaccination, most anti -HBs were still negative or below the lower limit of detection value; Anti -HBs turned positive about 1 week after the second injection, that is, it was immune to HBV 35-40 days after the start of inoculation; Inoculation with the third dose can significantly increase the level of anti -HBs and prolong the protection period. The positive conversion rate of anti -HBs is as high as 95%-100% after the whole vaccination of newborns, and the protection period can reach more than 22 years. After the human body actively produces anti -HBs, it has immune memory. Even if the anti -HBs turns negative and is exposed to HBV again, the body can produce anti -HBs in a short time. Therefore, it is not necessary for non-high-risk people to strengthen hepatitis B vaccination.

　　Q: What should adults do if they don’t produce antibodies after hepatitis B vaccination?

　　Answer: For those who fail to respond after three doses of hepatitis B vaccine, they can be vaccinated with one dose of 60μg or three doses of 20μg hepatitis B vaccine, and their serum anti -HBs will be detected 1-2 months after the second dose of hepatitis B vaccine. If there is still no response, they can be vaccinated with one dose of 60μg recombinant yeast hepatitis B vaccine.

　　Q: Can newborns of pregnant women infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) breastfeed?

　　A: Although HBsAg and HBV DNA can be detected in the milk of pregnant women infected with hepatitis B virus, and some scholars believe that chapped nipples, excessive sucking of infants and even biting of nipples may transmit the virus to infants, these are theoretical analysis and lack of evidence-based medical evidence. Even without immunization, the infection rate of breast-fed and artificially fed newborns is almost the same. More evidence proves that even if pregnant women are HBeAg positive, breastfeeding does not increase the risk of infection. Therefore, after formal prevention, whether pregnant women are HBsAg positive or negative, their newborns can breastfeed, and there is no need to test whether there is HBV DNA in the milk.

　　Q: What should medical staff and others who accidentally expose hepatitis B virus do?

　　Answer: (1) Squeeze gently around the wound to discharge the blood in the wound, then rinse the wound with 0.9%NaCl solution, and then treat it with disinfectant. (2) HBV DNA and HBsAg should be detected immediately and rechecked after 3-6 months. (3) Those who have been vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine and are known to be positive for anti -HBs (anti -HBs≥10mIU/ml) may not be treated. If you have not been vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine, or if you have been vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine, but the anti -HBs is less than 10 miu/ml or the anti-HBS is unknown, you should immediately inject 200-400 IU of HBIG, and at the same time, inoculate one dose of hepatitis B vaccine (20μg) in different parts, and then inoculate the second and third doses of hepatitis B vaccine (20μg) one month and six months later, respectively.

　　Q: Why should I stay on observation for at least 30 minutes after vaccination?

　　A: After vaccination, due to individual reasons, very few people may have allergic reactions. Monitoring data show that anaphylactic shock mostly occurs within 30 minutes after inoculation. After anaphylactic shock, if it is not under the supervision of medical staff, it is easy to be life-threatening. Therefore, doctors and first-aid drugs must be equipped at the inoculation site, mainly to prevent accidents. If the guardian suspects that his child has an adverse reaction to vaccination, he should consult or report to the vaccinator or the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in time.

　　Q: What is a suspected adverse reaction to vaccination?

　　A: It refers to the reaction or event that is suspected to be related to vaccination after vaccination.

　　Q: What are the classifications of suspected adverse reactions to vaccination?

　　A: It includes adverse reactions (general reactions and abnormal reactions), vaccine quality accidents, vaccination accidents, coupling diseases and psychogenic reactions.

　　Q: What are the conditions that do not belong to the abnormal reaction of vaccination?

　　A: The abnormal reaction of vaccination refers to the adverse drug reaction caused by the qualified vaccine in the process of implementing the standardized vaccination or after implementing the standardized vaccination, and the relevant parties have no fault.

　　The following situations do not belong to the abnormal reaction of vaccination:

　　(a) the general reaction after vaccination caused by the characteristics of the vaccine itself;

　　(2) Damage caused to the recipients due to vaccine quality problems;

　　(three) the damage caused to the recipients by the vaccination unit’s violation of the vaccination work norms, immunization procedures, guiding principles for vaccine use, and vaccination programs;

　　(four) the recipient is in the incubation period or precursor period of a disease at the time of inoculation, and the disease is coupled after inoculation;

　　(5) The recipient has vaccination contraindications specified in the vaccine instructions, and the recipient or his guardian failed to truthfully provide the health status and vaccination contraindications of the recipient before vaccination, and the original disease of the recipient has an acute recurrence or aggravation after vaccination;

　　(6) Psychogenic reactions of individuals or groups due to psychological factors.

　　Q: Why do some recipients have redness and inflammation in the injection area after vaccination?

　　A: Red swelling is a manifestation of inflammation and a common phenomenon in vaccination. It is the body’s responsive response to various damaging stimuli. It is characterized by local tissue deterioration, exudation and proliferation. When vaccinating, injection is often used, which itself can stimulate the human body to cause minor trauma and cause inflammation; At the same time, the vaccine itself is a foreign body and has certain toxicity. The pH, osmotic pressure and preservatives contained in the vaccine can cause inflammatory reactions to varying degrees. In addition, the inoculation of live vaccine is essentially a mild artificial infection, which can not only cause a mild infection process similar to the virulence of the microorganism, but also be accompanied by inflammatory reaction.

　　From the immunological point of view, inflammatory reaction is caused by the interaction between antigen and antibody or sensitized lymphocytes, which leads to the release of various inflammatory mediators by cells or the activation of inflammatory mediators in plasma or tissue fluid. Although the inflammation caused by vaccination may cause damage to the recipients, it is also conducive to the exudation of complement and antibody in the blood and strengthen the defense function.

　　Q: How to deal with the general reaction after vaccination?

　　A: After vaccination, you should stay in the vaccination unit for at least 30 minutes. Some children will have some reactions after vaccination, such as low fever, local redness and swelling, and may be accompanied by general discomfort, such as burnout, loss of appetite and fatigue. The above symptoms usually last for 1 ~ 2 days and disappear without any treatment. Children who have the above reactions after vaccination should take a proper rest, drink plenty of boiled water and keep warm to prevent other diseases from secondary. If there is a serious reaction, you should seek medical advice in time.

　　Q: Can children with neonatal jaundice be vaccinated?

　　A: Jaundice is a common clinical symptom in neonatal period, which can be divided into two types: physiological jaundice and pathological jaundice.

　　Physiological jaundice refers to the newborn’s 2 ~ 3 days after birth, which first appears on the face and neck, and then spreads all over the skin of trunk and limbs, with slight yellow staining and yellow sclera, but the palms and soles are not yellow, and the blood bilirubin is less than 12 mg/L, which reaches its peak on the 4 ~ 6 days after birth. Full-term infants mostly subside within 7 ~ 10 days after birth, and premature infants can delay to the 3 ~ 4 weeks. Children with physiological jaundice, except jaundice, are in good health, without other clinical symptoms, have normal urine and stool color, do not need treatment, have a good prognosis, and can be vaccinated with various vaccines.

　　Pathological jaundice can be divided into infectious jaundice and non-infectious jaundice (hemolytic disease of newborn, biliary atresia, breast-feeding jaundice, genetic diseases and drug-induced jaundice). If neonatal jaundice occurs in one of the following situations, it should be considered whether it is pathological jaundice: jaundice occurs within 24 hours; The degree of jaundice is deep and progresses rapidly, exceeding 6 mg/d L； in one day; Blood bilirubin > 12 mg/l; Jaundice lasts more than 2 weeks or reappears after it subsides. Pathological jaundice is the manifestation of the disease, and it should be treated in time, and vaccination is not allowed.

　　Q: Can allergic constitution be vaccinated?

　　A: The so-called "allergic constitution" is not a contraindication for vaccination. Allergic reactions are mild and severe, and serious allergic reactions caused by vaccines are rare. Compared with the risk of illness without vaccination, the benefit of vaccination is greater. The so-called "allergic constitution" can be observed after vaccination. If there are allergic manifestations, they can be treated in time, which generally will not affect health (nor affect the vaccination effect). If you are seriously allergic to the known vaccine ingredients or have laryngeal edema, anaphylactic shock and other serious systemic allergic reactions due to vaccination in the past, it is forbidden to continue to vaccinate the same vaccine.

　　Q: What common diseases are not taboo for vaccination at present?

　　A: Physiological and breast-feeding jaundice, history of simple febrile convulsion, stable epilepsy control, congenital inherited metabolic diseases (congenital hypothyroidism, phenylketonuria, trisomy 21 syndrome, etc.), stable brain diseases, congenital heart disease, congenital infection (syphilis, cytomegalovirus and rubella virus), etc.

　　Q: Is it necessary to vaccinate Covid-19 vaccine?

　　A: It is necessary. On the one hand, most people in our country have no immunity against Covid-19, and they are susceptible to Covid-19. After the onset of infection, some people will develop into critical illness and even cause death. After vaccination, on the one hand, most people can gain immunity, thus effectively reducing the risk of illness, severe illness and death; On the other hand, through the orderly vaccination of Covid-19 vaccine, we can gradually establish an immune barrier among the population, stop the epidemic of COVID-19, and restore the normal operation of China’s social economy and residents’ life as soon as possible.

　　Q: How does Covid-19 vaccine work in human body?

　　A: After vaccination, the human body will produce protective antibodies, and some vaccines will also make the human body have cellular immunity and form corresponding immune memory. In this way, the human body has immunity against diseases. Once Covid-19 invades the human body, antibodies produced by vaccines and cytokines released by cellular immunity can identify, neutralize or kill the virus, and immune memory can quickly mobilize the immune system to play a role, so that the virus cannot continue to proliferate in the body, thus achieving the purpose of preventing diseases.

　　Q: At present, how many kinds of Covid-19 vaccines have been approved for conditional marketing or emergency use in China?

　　A: Covid-19 vaccines from five manufacturers in China have been approved for conditional marketing or emergency use. Among them, there are 3 inactivated vaccines and 1 adenovirus vector vaccine approved for marketing conditionally; In addition, one recombinant Covid-19 vaccine (CHO cells) was approved for emergency use.

　　Q: Who are the approved vaccine manufacturers in Covid-19?

　　A: The three Covid-19 inactivated vaccine products that have been conditionally approved for marketing are produced by Sinopharm China Bio-Beijing Institute of Biological Products (Beijing Institute), Wuhan Institute of Biological Products (Wuhan Institute) and Beijing Kexing Zhongwei Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Kexing Zhongwei).

　　The adenovirus vector vaccine approved for marketing conditionally is produced by Kangxinuo Bio-stock Company (Kangxinuo).

　　The recombinant subunit vaccine approved for emergency use is produced by Anhui Zhifeilong Kema Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Zhifeilong Kema).

　　Q: At this stage, who is the target of Covid-19 vaccine?

　　A: The vaccination target of Covid-19 vaccine in China is people aged 18 and above.

　　Q: At present, how many doses of Covid-19 vaccine are required to be used in China? How long is the interval?

　　A: At present, Covid-19 inactivated vaccine needs to be inoculated with two doses; The interval between the first dose and the second dose should be 3 weeks or more, and the second dose should be completed as soon as possible within 8 weeks after the first dose.

　　Adenovirus vector vaccine needs 1 dose.

　　The recombinant subunit vaccine needs 3 doses; The interval between the first dose and the second dose, and the interval between the second dose and the third dose are suggested to be 4 weeks or more. The second dose should be completed within 8 weeks after the first dose and the third dose should be completed within 6 months after the first dose.

　　Q: Where can I get the Covid-19 vaccine?

　　A: Vaccination in Covid-19 is carried out in vaccination units approved by local health administrative departments. Usually, the inoculation unit is located in the health service center, township health center or general hospital in the jurisdiction. If vaccination involves some departments or enterprises with relatively concentrated key targets, some temporary vaccination units will be set up locally according to the situation.

　　The health administrative department or disease prevention and control institution in the jurisdiction will also announce the vaccination units that can carry out Covid-19 vaccination as required, including the location and service hours. Please pay attention to the relevant information release platform.

　　Q: What are the contraindications for COVID-19 vaccination?

　　A: The taboo of vaccination refers to the situation that vaccination should not be given. According to the Technical Guide for Vaccination in Covid-19 (First Edition), the common taboos for vaccination include: 1. Those who are allergic to the active ingredients, any inactive ingredients and substances used in the production process, or those who have been allergic to similar vaccines before; 2. Those who have had severe allergic reactions to vaccines in the past (such as acute allergic reactions, angioneurotic edema, dyspnea, etc.); 3. People with uncontrolled epilepsy and other serious nervous system diseases (such as transverse myelitis, guillain-barre syndrome, demyelinating diseases, etc.); 4. Those who are suffering from fever, or acute diseases, or acute attacks of chronic diseases, or patients with uncontrolled serious chronic diseases; 5. Pregnant women. Some taboos, such as fever, are temporary. When the situation that caused the taboo no longer exists, you can vaccinate later.

　　Q: How to find and grasp the taboo of vaccination?

　　A: During the operation, if the first dose of vaccine causes severe allergic reaction, and it cannot be ruled out that it is caused by the vaccine, it is not recommended to vaccinate the second dose. To understand the ingredients of the vaccine, people who have been allergic to the ingredients of the vaccine in the past cannot be vaccinated.

　　At the time of vaccination, the recipient should truthfully report the physical health status, disease history and allergy history to the vaccination doctor; The vaccination doctor will ask about the health status and past allergy history of the recipient.

　　Q: Can Covid-19 vaccines from different manufacturers replace vaccination?

　　A: According to the Technical Guide for Vaccination in Covid-19 (First Edition), it is suggested to complete the whole vaccination with inactivated Covid-19 vaccine from the same company at this stage. In case of special circumstances, such as the vaccine can’t continue to be supplied, the recipients are inoculated in different places, and the whole process of vaccination can’t be completed with the inactivated vaccine of Covid-19 from the same enterprise, the inactivated vaccine produced by other enterprises can be used to complete the vaccination.

　　Q: Where and how to vaccinate Covid-19 vaccine?

　　A: At present, the five Covid-19 vaccines have been approved for inoculation in deltoid muscle of upper arm, and the inoculation route is intramuscular injection.

　　Q: What should we pay attention to in the process of vaccination in Covid-19?

　　A: During the vaccination process, the recipients should pay attention to and cooperate with the following matters:

　　Before vaccination, you should know about COVID-19’s disease, Covid-19’s vaccine and vaccination process in advance.

　　When vaccinating, you need to bring relevant certificates (ID card, passport, etc.), do personal protection according to local prevention and control requirements, cooperate with the on-site vaccination staff to ask, and truthfully provide information such as my health status and vaccination contraindications.

　　After inoculation, you need to stay for 30 minutes; Keep the skin of the inoculated area clean and avoid scratching the inoculated area with your hands; If there is any suspected adverse reaction, report it to the inoculation unit and seek medical treatment in time if necessary.

　　Q: Why do you have to stay on observation for half an hour after vaccination?

　　A: After vaccination, very few people may have acute allergic reactions and syncope. Acute allergic reactions that seriously endanger life safety often occur within 30 minutes after vaccination. In case of acute allergic reaction, you can take timely treatment measures at the scene. Syncope also occurs mostly within half an hour after inoculation. If you leave the observation site immediately after inoculation, you may cause accidental injury to the recipient due to syncope. Therefore, the recipients need to stay in the designated area of the vaccination unit for half an hour after vaccination.

　　Q: Why do you need a certain interval between doses of inactivated vaccine in Covid-19?

　　A: Usually, inactivated vaccines need to be vaccinated several times to achieve better immune effect. According to the clinical trial data, the first dose of inactivated vaccine in COVID-19 can stimulate the body to produce partial immune response, and the second dose can produce better immune effect. The interval between doses generally needs to be determined according to the results of clinical trials. If two doses of inoculation are not completed within the time required by the program interval, replanting should be done as soon as possible.

　　Q: How to replant those who have not completed the whole immunization program? Do you need to start over?

　　Answer: For vaccines with two or three doses of immunization, those who have not been vaccinated in the whole process are advised to replant the unfinished doses as soon as possible, and there is no need to restart vaccination according to the immunization program.

　　Q: Do people whose interval between two doses of inactivated Covid-19 vaccine is less than 3 weeks need replanting?

　　Answer: For those who have completed two doses of inactivated vaccine in Covid-19 within 14 days, one dose of inactivated vaccine should be replanted as soon as possible three weeks after the second dose. For those who complete 2 doses of inactivated Covid-19 vaccine in 14-21 days, there is no need to replant.

　　Q: Is it necessary to strengthen immunization after the whole vaccination of inactivated vaccine in Covid-19 at this stage?

　　A: Strengthening immunization is not recommended at this stage.

　　Q: It was suggested that HPV vaccine and Covid-19 vaccine should not be vaccinated at the same time. How long should the interval be?

　　A: Covid-19 vaccine is a new vaccine. In order to identify or distinguish possible suspected adverse reactions of vaccine, it is not recommended to vaccinate Covid-19 vaccine together with other vaccines (including HPV vaccine) at present. However, it doesn’t mean that you can’t vaccinate other vaccines after Covid-19 vaccination, but it is suggested that Covid-19 vaccine and other vaccines should be vaccinated more than two weeks apart. It must be noted that when rabies vaccine, tetanus vaccine and immunoglobulin need to be vaccinated urgently due to animal injury, trauma and other reasons, the vaccination interval with Covid-19 vaccine may not be considered.

　　Q: Can women of childbearing age and lactation be vaccinated with Covid-19 vaccine?

　　A: If you are pregnant after vaccination or have been vaccinated in the case of unknown pregnancy, based on the understanding of vaccine safety, it is not recommended to take special medical measures (such as termination of pregnancy) just because you have been vaccinated with Covid-19 vaccine. It is recommended to do a good job in pregnancy examination and follow-up. For women who have a pregnancy plan, it is not necessary to delay the pregnancy plan just because of Covid-19 vaccination.

　　Although there is no clinical research data on the effect of Covid-19 vaccine on lactating infants, based on the understanding of vaccine safety, it is suggested to vaccinate lactating women (such as medical staff) who are at high risk of Covid-19 infection. Considering the importance of breast-feeding for infants’ nutrition and health, and referring to the international practice, it is suggested that breast-feeding should be continued after breast-feeding women are vaccinated with Covid-19 vaccine.

　　Q: Can people aged 60 and above be vaccinated with Covid-19 vaccine?

　　A: People aged 60 and above are at high risk of severe illness and death after being infected with Covid-19. At present, the number of four phase III clinical trials of Covid-19 vaccine approved for marketing is limited, and the phase III trial of recombinant subunit vaccine is still in progress, and there is no data on the protective efficacy of the vaccine for this population. However, the data of the above-mentioned phase I/II clinical study of the vaccine show that the vaccination safety of this population is good. Compared with the population aged 18-59, the titer of neutralizing antibody after vaccination is slightly lower, but the positive conversion rate of neutralizing antibody is similar, suggesting that the vaccine will also have a certain protective effect on people over 60 years old, so vaccination is recommended.

　　Q: Can people with chronic diseases be vaccinated with Covid-19 vaccine?

　　A: People with chronic diseases are people with high risk of severe illness and death after being infected with Covid-19. People with chronic diseases with stable health and good drug control should not be considered as the taboo population for vaccination in Covid-19, so vaccination is recommended.

　　Q: Can people with impaired immune function be vaccinated with Covid-19 vaccine?

　　A: People with impaired immune function are people with high risk of severe illness and death after Covid-19 infection. At present, there is no data on the safety and effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccine for this population (such as malignant tumor, nephrotic syndrome, AIDS patients) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected people. The immune response and protective effect of this group of people may be reduced after vaccination. For inactivated vaccine and recombinant subunit vaccine, according to the safety characteristics of the same type of vaccine in the past, vaccination is recommended; For adenovirus vector vaccine, although the vector virus used is replication-deficient, there is no safety data of the same type of vaccine in the past. It is recommended to vaccinate after being fully informed that the benefits outweigh the risks.

　　Q: Do I need to get Covid-19 vaccine if I have been infected with Covid-19?

　　A: The existing research data show that it is rare to get reinfected in Covid-19 within 6 months after infection. Previous COVID-19 virus-infected people (patients or asymptomatic infected people) can receive one dose after 6 months on the basis of full notification.

　　Q: How long will it take to produce antibodies against Covid-19 after Covid-19 inactivated vaccine is inoculated?

　　A: According to the previous clinical trial of inactivated vaccine in Covid-19, the vaccinated population can have a good immune effect about two weeks after the second dose of inactivated vaccine is inoculated.

　　Q: Is it necessary to test antibodies before and after vaccination?

　　A: There is no need to carry out Covid-19 nucleic acid and antibody testing before vaccination; Routine antibody detection after vaccination is not recommended as the basis for successful immunization.

　　Q: Do I still need to do nucleic acid testing after Covid-19 vaccination? Can vaccination certificate replace nucleic acid test report?

　　Answer: After vaccination with Covid-19 vaccine, a very small number of the recipients still have positive nucleic acid test or illness due to protection failure: 1. After the whole vaccination, some people failed to get effective protection due to immune failure. After exposure to Covid-19, this group of people may be infected with Covid-19 and have positive nucleic acid test or illness. 2. It takes some time to produce protective effect after vaccination. If you are infected with Covid-19 during this period, you may detect nucleic acid positive or get sick. 3. Patients who are in the incubation period of the disease or asymptomatic infected people may still detect nucleic acid positive or get sick because they have been infected even after vaccination.

　　These people may become infected persons. When the prevention and control of epidemic situation in COVID-19 needs to be screened for nucleic acid, Covid-19 vaccination certificate cannot replace the nucleic acid test report, and it is necessary to cooperate with relevant departments to carry out nucleic acid test.

　　Q: After the mutation in Covid-19, is Covid-19 vaccine still effective?

　　A: According to the global monitoring of Covid-19 mutation, there is no evidence that virus mutation will invalidate the existing Covid-19 vaccine. Virus is one of the simplest organisms, and its proliferation depends on living cells. In the process of proliferation, the virus will mutate. The World Health Organization, research institutions in various countries, vaccine manufacturers, etc. are paying close attention to the mutation situation in Covid-19, and are also carrying out related research, which will provide early warning and scientific analysis basis for the follow-up vaccine development and application.

　　Q: What are the common adverse reactions of vaccination in Covid-19?

　　A: According to the results of the previous clinical trial of Covid-19 vaccine and the information collected during emergency use, the common adverse reactions of Covid-19 vaccine in China are basically similar to those of other vaccines that have been widely used. Common adverse reactions are mainly manifested as redness, induration and pain at the inoculation site, as well as clinical manifestations such as fever, fatigue, nausea, headache and muscle soreness. Relevant departments will continue to strengthen the real-time monitoring and evaluation of adverse reactions.

　　Q: Will our prevention and control measures be adjusted after vaccination in COVID-19?

　　A: For individuals, the protective effect of vaccination is not 100%, and it takes some time to produce protective antibodies. For the population, Covid-19 is still easy to spread without forming an immune barrier. Therefore, in order to prevent the COVID-19 epidemic from rebounding, some prevention and control measures should still be adhered to at this stage, including wearing masks, keeping social distance, washing hands frequently, ventilation and other protective measures. The prevention and control measures for COVID-19 epidemic will be adjusted in time with the improvement of vaccine coverage rate in COVID-19 and the change of epidemic situation at home and abroad.

　　Graduates enter the Chiudaba Gymnasium on a department-by-department basis, while Ernest & Young Rui is only one person. During his four years as an undergraduate, he has become accustomed to such a scene.

　　The college leaders plucked the ears for Ernest & Young Rui, and the end of this session meant that he had officially graduated from Peking University with a happy expression on his face.

　　While waiting in line to take graduation photos, students from the school joked with him: "For a graduation ceremony alone, you are popular, and this bouquet of flowers is for you."

　　He was preparing to leave the school around July 10, and was going to pack his things in the dormitory into cardboard boxes. Because he was about to stay on campus for graduate school, his luggage could also be stored in the dormitory during the holidays.

　　After the graduation ceremony, Ernest & Young Rui went to meet their graduate advisor and left a selfie while passing by Peking University Library. He said that in the next five years, it will be his most frequent place.

　　Holding up his phone, looking up, looking up, smiling, this summer, on the banks of Weiming Lake, under the Boya Tower, in front of the library, and at the entrance of Yuanpei College, Ernest & Young Rui, a paleontology major at Peking University, completed one "graduation photo after another" in a standard selfie pose.

　　Like his senior sister Xue Yifan, who graduated two years ago, these photos also made Ernest & Young angry. Four years ago, when he was admitted to Yanyuan with the top 20 results in Guizhou Province, he did not expect that the future experience would be so special.

　　During high school, this boy from Guiyang was interested in physics, biology, Chinese, and history. After the college entrance examination, it was difficult to choose a professional direction, so he chose Yuanpei College as an experimental field for thorough training.

　　In the first two years of college, like other students in the college, he took a large number of general education courses. After studying courses such as "Paleontology", his interest in this direction gradually became stronger, so he chose to major in paleontology in his junior year and became the "only seedling" of this major. Since Peking University established this direction in 2008, only six graduates have graduated in total, which is known as "six generations of single biography".

　　一个人的专业，并非一个人的课堂。因为古生物学主要以化石为研究材料，小安选修了多门生物学、地质地层方面的课程，他经常同地球与空间科学学院和生命科学学院的学生同堂听课，讨论专业问题。他的跨学科导师团队也不简单，城市与环境学院的周力平和地球与空间科学学院的黄宝琦两位老师都曾指导他写论文。

　　生活中，与元培学院的同学为伍，学习上，则跟外院同学结伴，在别人看来似乎有些孤单割裂之感，小安却习以为常，“这让我在两边都能找到一定的归属感。”

　　在贵阳郊区长大的安永睿，从小就对山川、河流、大地等地质地貌感兴趣。对于世界的探索之心，在十几岁时便已萌发。初中时，小安经常独自出游，选择假期的一天，一早出发，晚上归家。踏遍农田，探访山林，走走城区，他总在寻找不一样的风景，几年下来，他的足迹已遍及贵阳周边十几个县市的200多个乡镇。

　　小安是个典型的南方男孩儿，外表斯文安静，说话语速较慢，笑起来还有些害羞。或许是为了弥补在专业上的孤单，他在社团活动中寻找自己的精彩。大二，他参与创建北大徒步爱好者协会，经常和大家一起去香山、妙峰山等地徒步，用双脚走上二三十公里，对他而言小菜一碟，他的最高纪录是在贵阳老家花一天时间走了80多公里。大四，他还加入北大最出名的社团山鹰社，去过雾灵山、百花山、海坨山等地拉练。小安也在提升自己的文艺细胞，他会唱京剧、昆曲、越剧和泉州南音。不过，大学四年，没能找到属于自己的坐在自行车后座的女孩，让他直呼“相当遗憾”。

　　如今，小安已保送北大城市与环境学院攻读直博学位，研究神秘的第四纪地质学方向，继续探寻古生物界的奥秘。他期待着，如自己喜欢的《原乡人》所唱的那般，“我走过丛林山岗，也走过白雪茫茫，看到了山川的风貌，也听到了大地在成长。”

　 　 　 　Directed by Yachun Dong, starring Tang Guoqiang and Ding Yongdai, and starring Sun Weimin, WangZhifei, Liu Zhibing, Yao Gang, Wang Ting, Wang Tonghui, Liu Tao and Chen Kaixin, the film "Crossing the Yalu River", which shows the great war to resist US aggression and aid Korea, has recently been shown in national cinemas. Many viewers have entered the cinema, recalling the epic history and remembering the revolutionary martyrs.

　 　 　 　The film Crossing the Yalu River is a "panoramic, epic" major revolutionary historical work that shows the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea. The film material is basically taken from a TV series of the same name "Crossing the Yalu River" which premiered in the central government at the end of last year. Forty episodes of TV series were condensed into two and a half hours of movies, which were told for the first time from the perspective of Peng Dehuai, commander and political commissar of Chinese people’s Volunteer Army. From the strategic thinking of the central leadership, the battlefield strategy of the volunteers generals, the bloody battles of the frontline volunteers and other dimensions, the epic battles in the East-West Line and five battles were reproduced, and the magnificent history was fully restored.

　 　 　 　?

　 　 　 　"When the volunteer soldiers fought in the front, the dangers we encountered were unimaginable. I am very grateful to have such a work to restore this history, so that we can feel the ruthlessness of the war through movies, feel the selflessness and greatness of the revolutionary ancestors, and be immortal. China Volunteers, the most lovely person!" Walking out of the cinema, Ms. Li, an audience in Haikou, said emotionally.

　 　 　 　It is reported that since the film "Crossing the Yalu River" was released, many viewers have expressed "want to see it", and enterprises and institutions plan to organize employees to watch the movie in a centralized way. "At present, our studio has received booking orders from several units, which will be available tomorrow and the day after tomorrow." The person in charge of Xingyu IMAX Studios Haikou Wuyue Plaza Store said.

　 　 　 The film Crossing the Yalu River was produced by the Central Radio and Television General Station, produced by the TV Drama Documentary Center of the General Station, produced by the China TV Drama Production Center of the General Station, and jointly produced by Huaxia Film Distribution Co., Ltd.

The modern idol drama "Love in Spring", co-starred by Li Xian and Zhou Yutong, has officially ended. This drama was broadcast during the prime time of CCTV 8, and the ratings have been poor. Whenever there is no high-rated drama milk in front, it drops to 0.9 on average, and the lowest peak is about 0.7. Under the chassis of CCTV eight sets, it is a very low achievement to start with 1 casually and break 2 easily.

However, after it opened in Douban, everyone found that its score was not low, and 7.7 was a qualified modern idol drama. Therefore, Zhou Yutong, the heroine, is also said by everyone that no matter how popular she is, even after a circle of hot male artists cooperate, she is still cold.

The continuous ratings of Shangxing are all countdown.

If anyone’s brother and sister can have works to meet with you on CCTV, fans will inevitably take them out and brag about them. Especially under the background of the times when everyone shouts that broadcasting is victory, it is not easy to go to the stars, let alone be able to go to CCTV.

For example, even for top-class users like Andy and Dilraba, their TV series can be broadcast on Shangxing Channel, and it will take a long time for fans to set off firecrackers. Not to mention that if other idol artists can participate in the drama released by CCTV, they can’t walk sideways, because it shows that the drama is recognized from the production company to the content.

From last year to now, Zhou Yutong is an artist who has exported a lot. A modern idol drama "It’s just love", a costume drama "Young Tales of the Great Song Dynasty II", and then the just-concluded "Lover in Spring". Without kicking, there are new dramas, and all three of them met with you in front of the TV. However, the result of meeting is not so happy.

She and Leo starred in "Just Love", the hit period was Yunhe in 1875, and CVB was released in the eighth year. Well, let’s just say that the drama of falling in love is not in line with the audience of CCTV 8, and it is not to their appetite.

Then, a minority drama with a very good reputation, called the original team, was the same screenwriter as Joy of Life, and met with you at Hunan Satellite TV, the place with the largest young audience. In the end, CVB ratings are in the top five in the history of Hunan Satellite TV.

The just-concluded "Spring Lovers", eight sets of CVB of CCTV fell below 0.8, and the webcasting was not too bad, and it should be able to break 20 million. Although less than half a year has passed in 2024, it is obviously a countdown of CCTV eight sets. For two years, it’s the countdown of CCTV’s eight sets. I don’t know what Zhou Yutong thinks in his heart. Satellite TV itself is probably a sweat.

Acting skills pass CP is not enough.

Practically speaking, Zhou Yutong’s acting skills are not too bad. She even has the title of "chosen migrant worker" on a small book platform. Because most of the performances are modern dramas, the smell of social animals on my face makes everyone feel very real. She doesn’t have the grounding gas of a female star, and she has a badge around her neck, as if she really is an urban white-collar worker in the cubicle of an office building. In other words, people think that Zhou Yutong’s acting skills are up to standard, and people don’t play in the process of chasing plays. Zhou Yutong’s mouth spit out opinions and experiences about the workplace, which is not very contrary. However, we don’t think that the CP between Zhou Yutong and others is very impressive.

Far away, let’s take a recent play with Li Xian. There are a lot of kissing scenes between them, which is definitely a mutual pull between adults. Do what you have to do, it’s unambiguous. When the two actors went to sweep the building together during the TV series, Zhou Yutong and innocent girl, who had slightly curly hair and slim and beautiful figure, stood beside Li Xian, and the two men were beautiful. Do you feel CP? Absolutely, but it is far from the level of letting everyone go to the top, and it lacks the feeling of indescribable chemistry.

It is no wonder that people often say that CP sense is a kind of metaphysics, which is mysterious and wonderful. No matter what the audience does between two actors, a little subtle spark can make everyone intoxicated. Zhou Yutong, there is no such feeling, she is beautiful, she looks very tasty, and she stands with Li Xian very tasteful. However, this smell is not enough to make everyone feel infatuated and unable to stop.

The resources are ok, and sooner or later, the fire will come out.

Fortunately, Zhou Yutong’s resources are quite good. The reason for such a dense broadcast is that there has always been a drama at hand, and the cooperation is all popular actors, and the popular traffic of Leo, Li Xian and Song Weilong has swept past one by one.

The problem is that at this stage, everyone may be persistent actors, and they have to rely on CP to get angry. In fact, slowly, everyone will find that some people are not angry, which is also a way of fire. Everyone insists that they can’t spit out the fire, which is another kind of fire.