This article comes from WeChat WeChat official account:Gu San Gu Si (ID: GH _ A68D56C34119), Author: Gu Yuan, the first picture from: vision china.

There are not so many things in this world, but there are always some people who create various theories to create various problems. Medical impossible trinity is such a stupid theory.

There is a Mundell impossible trinity in financial theory. It is said that the financial system can only choose two of the three: free capital flow, exchange rate stability and monetary policy independence, and it is impossible to have all three, otherwise it will lead to financial collapse. In this financial theory, there is actually a premise, and that is legal tender.

Someone made up another theory with this theory, which is called impossible trinity’s theory of medical system. Cheap, efficient and good service. You can’t have both, otherwise it will lead to collapse.

At first glance, does this theory make sense? It seems to make sense.

Let me discuss the common views of this theory first. For example, the United States has chosen high efficiency and good service, which leads to extremely high medical costs. It’s so expensive that ordinary families can go bankrupt by getting a rabies vaccine and calling an ambulance. The United States is efficient and has good service, but it is expensive.

Many people praise American medical care and find it particularly humanized. Doctors and nurses are patient and smiling because they choose high efficiency and good service. Since efficiency and good service are satisfied in impossible trinity, the cost can never be cheap.

American nuclear magnetic resonance imaging costs $1,100, appendicitis surgery costs about $15,000, and hospitalization costs $5,000 a day. A federal survey in 2012 found that the average cost per ambulance ride was $224.(about 1485 yuan)To $2204(about 14610 RMB)Between

For another example, Commonwealth countries and Europe choose cheap and good service, and as a result, it is difficult to see a doctor and queue up to death. Make an appointment with a dentist for one month, an ophthalmologist for seven months, and a B-ultrasound for three months. As long as it’s not a dying disease that needs emergency treatment, you have to queue up slowly. In the case of limited medical resources, low price and good service are required, and the result is extremely low efficiency.

Similarly, the medical systems in impossible trinity, the Commonwealth and Europe chose cheap and good service. The reason is simple. Good service requires doctors to listen patiently to every patient and give them time to talk. It takes at least half an hour to see a patient like this. Every doctor can see 16 patients in an eight-hour working day.

The limited number of doctors leads to the limited number of patients you can see every day, so you need to queue up in advance to make an appointment. As long as it’s not a dying disease, it’s not unusual to wait for three to five months before it’s your turn. The Canadian documentary "You are Dead" is about the problem of long queues in the medical systems of Commonwealth countries.

Choice determines efficiency, which is the case in all Commonwealth and European countries. The inefficiency of medical system is everywhere. In order to prevent patients from waiting too long, there is even a law that 90% of patients should be treated by a specialist within 13 weeks, and the rest must be treated within 26 weeks. The waiting time for surgery should not exceed 18 months.

China, with its large population and tight per capita expenses, chose cheap and efficient.The price is high-intensity work of doctors, high turnover of beds and high turnover of outpatient clinics, so that everyone can see a doctor.

Because of the large population and limited medical resources, and I hope everyone can see a doctor, we can only choose cheap and efficient. Choosing cheap and efficient means that it is normal to see a person for three minutes and ask two sentences to diagnose the disease.

If you register in the public top three, you shouldn’t queue up. Doctors need to serve smiles and have patience to listen. Is it possible? How many patients are there in a big hospital a day? Really want to engage in patient service, every patient has to talk about his illness for half an hour, and the efficiency is simply not allowed.

It is also the best hospital in China and America. The Mayo Clinic has 15 times as many medical staff as Concord, but only half the number of patients. 15 times the number of medical staff and 1/2 of the number of patients, which means that the efficiency of Concord is 30 times that of Mayo Clinic.

The outpatient fee of Mayo Clinic started at $500, but after the outpatient fee increased in Beijing, it was 50 Qian Qi.

Do you think Concord is tired enough? In fact, compared with Beijing Children’s Hospital, Concord is already relaxed. The average daily attendance of Beijing Children’s Hospital in winter is 12,000, with a peak of 16,000. In other words, 360,000 people will be treated every month in winter.

But now the first-and second-level hospitals and community clinics can basically be on call. Except for some top hospitals, most tertiary hospitals can also go to the hospital on the same day, see a doctor on the same day, and get the results within the same day or a few days. If this is all difficult to see a doctor, it is hard to imagine that Canada, where the average waiting time for emergency treatment is six to eight hours, and Britain and the United States, where appointments are made for several months.

It is difficult to see a doctor in people’s mouth now. In fact, it is difficult to find the top three famous experts in the region.It is actually not difficult to find the top three directors in the region to see a doctor, because many hospitals are not limited to the number, and they will finish reading it on the same day. Patients are crowded into the top three, which also causes a structural shortage of hospital bed resources. Judging from the number of inpatients undertaken by hospitals at all levels, the trend is very obvious. Low-level hospitals are getting empty, but high-level hospitals are getting crowded.

The beds in the top three are overcrowded. Let’s take a look at the first-and second-level hospitals and community hospitals below. Except for the old people who prescribe drugs for chronic hypertension for a long time, they are basically empty. Why? Because patients simply don’t believe that they can cure the disease.

Ok, is there a problem with the above discussion? Is it the actual situation?The reality discussed above is true, but the theory is wrong.What’s wrong with that?

The first big mistake: the definition of inefficiency, free and high quality in the Commonwealth system is wrong

If you don’t talk about other countries, say Britain. In Britain, the annual per capita absolute medical cost is 3327 pounds.($4,356). However, in recent years, the average life expectancy in Britain has remained basically unchanged, while in other countries, it has improved significantly. For example, in Singapore, the average life expectancy is 82.7 years, and medical expenditure only accounts for 4.3% of GDP.

Health care in the UK has increased from 21 in 2014.(A total of 56 countries participated in the ranking)It fell to 35 places in 2015, down 14 places, and currently lags behind Chile, Algeria and the Czech Republic. This change means that it has fallen to the bottom half of the Bloomberg list, and it is now behind Mexico, which is equivalent to Slovakia and Peru. The NHS is notorious for frequent accidents, insufficient supply and low efficiency.

It can be seen that the medical system of the Commonwealth system is expensive, poor in quality and inefficient. Medical impossible trinity theory,Mistreating welfare medical care as free medical care and giving him a cheap label is actually just medical care implemented by taxation.The cost is very high,Per capita expenditure is close to half that of the United States.

Secondly, medical impossible trinity theory.Completely ignoring people’s needs, and actually treating queuing for medical treatment as a good service.It takes months to see a doctor. Is this called service? Is there only one dimension of good attitude as the standard of medical service quality?

I won’t see a doctor. I’m not a doctor. If you are sick, you can spend 10 thousand yuan to find me. I will accompany you with a smile all day. Is it called service? Helping patients to solve their pain is the first dimension of medical service quality, and even seeing a doctor in time can’t be done. How can this be called good service?

The second big mistake: the definition of the most special American medical care in the world is wrong.

Impossible trinity Theory defines the United States as expensive, good in service and efficient.

Consumers are pursuing cost performance when they consume any commodity.

If you spend 30 yuan to press a foot in a street foot bath shop, you won’t pursue a luxurious hall and beautiful welcome. As long as you press it comfortably, you will say that the service is really good because of its high cost performance. On the contrary, you spend 500 yuan to press a foot in a high-end club. If a stingy man brings you tea and water, you will turn around and leave, because you will calculate your input-output ratio, and you spend more money in the hope of enjoying better service.

That ambulance will cost 1200 dollars for a trip. Is this called service? Just like if you order a fast food, you get 1000 yuan RMB. Who will say that this is good service? I can’t afford to get sick. You told me that this service is efficient and good? What kind of dog theory is this?

Let’s look at what is efficient.Whether efficiency only refers to speed depends on the result.Barefoot doctors in China used to see a doctor very quickly. Most patients came to prescribe some anti-inflammatory drugs and painkillers and sent them away. There was no inspection equipment, so the speed was certainly fast.

Efficiency depends on what the result is. What is an important criterion for the quality of medical services? It is the index of life expectancy and the calculation of input cost. Americans spend an average of tens of thousands of dollars a year on medical care, but the average life expectancy of Americans is the lowest in developed countries, and it often drops in some years. What kind of efficiency and good service is this?　

The third mistake: take medical service for granted as a pot of rice.

According to impossible trinity’s definition, a good doctor’s service attitude means a good service. Hurry up and see that a doctor is called efficient and a low fee means cheap. He also made a big mistake. He ignored people’s different needs.

Does the catering market exist in impossible trinity? If you have a big dining hall that everyone must go to, there will be impossible trinity:

Ma Yun came to dinner and ate the dishes of migrant workers, which is called poor service.

It is not expensive for middle-class people to eat, but they have to queue up, which is called inefficiency.

When the poor go to eat, they find that the price is more expensive than the roadside stalls. This is called the price is not cheap.

But didn’t the multi-level catering market completely solve this problem? Isn’t it cheap, efficient and good service for everyone to eat in a place that suits them?You mix all the people at all levels of consumption. Isn’t this an artificial contradiction?As a result, no one is satisfied. Is this the inevitable impossible trinity of the medical market?

More market-oriented medical care is that the needs of the poor will also be met, and it will be efficient and cheap.

India, which we despise, will show the world a model of medical marketization in 20 or 30 years. Private hospitals in India have innovated ophthalmic cataract surgery. One doctor performed cataract surgery for five or six patients at the same time. The doctor only did the key parts, while the rest were all operated by nurses. Low cost, low charge, high efficiency and good effect.

There is a private hospital in India that needs only $1,200 for heart surgery, which is a few tenths of the price of such surgery in the United States, but the level of surgery has surpassed that of ordinary hospitals in the United States. Just because other fields in India have not developed and people’s consumption power is insufficient, the results of medical marketization in India are not eye-catching.

The fourth mistake: misjudgment of China medical care.

If we just compare the United States, Commonwealth countries and China, my point is,Compared with medical care in these countries, medical care in China is efficient, good in service and cheap.

The per capita medical expenditure in China is about 10,000 yuan, but the average life expectancy in China is close to that in the United States. That is to say, it is close to that in the United States at one sixth of the medical expenses of Americans. Isn’t this efficient? When Chinese is ill, he can see a doctor at any time. Even if he goes to see an expert, he doesn’t have to wait for months. As long as you go to the queue, even if you buy a number from a scalper, you can always see him.

If you have to wait a month to meet experts in Beijing, how can 700 thousand people go to Beijing every day? In other words, you can quickly see experts who are equal to the severity of the disease, which is good service. Because the first dimension of medical service is not a good attitude, but that the other party can solve your problems.

Then it’s cheaper, the total expenditure is less, and of course it’s cheaper. The total expenditure of Chinese is lower than that of the United States or the United Kingdom. Once again, this is a comparison, and the bar is fine.

Then why? There’s actually only one reason,The degree of marketization of medical care in China is higher than that in Europe and America.

Nani, what are you talking about? It’s acceptable to say that all medical services in Britain are public, while hospitals and insurance companies in the United States are mainly private, while hospitals in China are mainly public. What makes you conclude that medical services in China are more market-oriented?

The world is often so strange, and the name is easy to deceive people. American hospitals are playing a private name, as if they were the product of marketization. Is this true? No, you have to look at the essence through the phenomenon. What is medical marketization? To put it more popularly, it isHospitals and doctors aim at making money, and the process of making money is less interfered.The less intervention, the higher the degree of marketization.

Do you think hospitals and doctors in China aim at making money? Of course it is. Because hospitals in China are not like public hospitals in Britain, which are fully funded, but hospitals in China have very little financial allocation.The main income of the hospital comes from the fees paid by patients.

Zhu Hongbiao, inspector of the Department of Physical Reform of the National Health and Wellness Commission, said that the direct subsidies from all levels of finance to public hospitals nationwide increased from 84.9 billion yuan in 2010 to 270.5 billion yuan in 2018. There are 50,000 public hospitals and health centers, with an average allocation of more than 5 million a year. Even the money for buying equipment is not enough, let alone paying salaries.

Therefore, hospitals in Britain do not aim at making money. They are the same as civil servants, and they are fully funded units. They do not need to cater to the needs of consumers, so they have a fixed source of income.

What is the difference between a fully funded hospital and a hospital that relies on patients to pay for medical treatment? The difference is,If you want to earn money, you must cater to consumers.Otherwise, consumers will not come to see you.

Although public hospitals are subject to various controls,But doctors in China have the motivation to improve their medical skills and to form a good reputation in the local society.Because skills and reputation can be exchanged for money, which can make more consumers come here.

Why can so many doctors operate for more than ten hours from day to night? What are they for? Because medical skills need practice, contact with various cases and repeated operations. Such doctors will become scarce resources, and thus get higher income.

If doctors are managed according to the civil service system, why should doctors improve their medical level? Why are you working so hard? Can’t you see fewer patients? Can’t you do a few less operations? Don’t I get the same salary? Under real public ownership, doctors have no incentive to improve efficiency.

Therefore, for a long time, doctors in public hospitals in China have been working hard, because efforts will have results, and efforts can increase income. At present, the level of treatment and operation of doctors in China is not inferior to that of developed countries, and even leads the world in many fields. The treatment level is high and the fees are not high, which is called good service.

It’s just that Dr. China’s income is limited, so he can’t raise the operation fee, so he can replace it with a red envelope, but he can’t raise the outpatient fee, so he can replace it with drug commission and inspection commission. Of course, these methods are not good, but they still constitute an incentive for doctors, and finally they have not blocked the way for doctors to make money.

Therefore, China hospitals have the motivation to continuously expand their scale, increase equipment and wards, and doctors have the motivation to continuously improve their level. Because they can make money, although they are restricted, they still have access.

At present, the scale of well-known top-three hospitals in various places is often very large, and some of them have operating income as high as several billion yuan. Is this entirely funded by the government? No. It is brought by the rush of consumers. There are always endless queues at the entrance of the top three hospitals, and the bustling crowds come to the door on their own initiative, and they vote with banknotes.

Many people say that private hospitals in China are terrible, and there is nothing wrong. Except ophthalmology and dentistry, other private medical services are really not so good, and they are full of fraud and low quality. Why is this? Because the marketization of public hospitals is not low. If it was a fully funded unit, the doctor would have finished running.

This makes it more difficult for private hospitals and public hospitals to compete. Many doctors don’t want to leave the public to go private for the simple reason.There are many public patients, and consumers have voted with their feet to prove that public hospitals in China can partially satisfy consumers.

Going back to American medical care, American medical care is completely private. Why is it so expensive? American medical care is subject to a lot of government control. Although it is nominally private, it must be handled according to various government regulations, which is called insufficient marketization. Give a few examples and you will understand.

Private hospitals in the United States need to apply to the government to increase beds. Is this called marketization?

Doctors in the United States need to apply to the government for interstate practice. Is this called marketization?

The number of doctors in the United States is controlled by doctors’ unions, and the supply quantity is artificially controlled. Is this called marketization?

The profit rate of medical insurance companies in the United States is set by the government. Is this called marketization?

How many restrictions are there like this? There are hundreds of them, and it takes tens of thousands of words to make them clear, so I won’t expand them here.

Then I’ll tell you again, even if all the medical enterprises in China are private enterprises now, it can’t be called marketization. Because in today’s China, the government-run medical insurance is dominant, and the government becomes the consumer of medical care, and he sets the rules. Even if you are a private medical service, your customers are also the government.

Under the current medical insurance control means, private medical care will also become an inefficient service organization, because it no longer serves consumers, but caters to and obeys the rules of government-run medical insurance.

It doesn’t matter whether the medical institution is public or private. What matters is whether it is market-oriented enough. As long as there are more market-oriented factors, so that consumers can choose with their feet and medical service providers can only make money by satisfying consumers, then medical care can be cheap, good and efficient.

The so-called medical impossible trinity theory is a stupid theory, and it is an argument for the specialization of medical services. In fact, medical care and eating are the same thing, both of which are service industries. How should medical care be done?Would you be satisfied with running a public canteen now?

This article comes from WeChat WeChat official account:Gu San Gu Si (ID: GH _ A68D56C34119), author: Gu Yuan

On March 6th, HarmonyOS Zhixing’s two high-profile models, the 2025 model and the official opening of the pre-sale, set off a boom in the automobile market. Among them, in 2025, the pre-sale price of the M9 for the border is 478,000 yuan, and that of the M8 for the border is 368,000 yuan. It is reported that the 2025 M9 will be listed in shock this month, and the M8 is scheduled to officially meet with consumers in April.

Wenjie M8 is positioned as "flagship SUV of family wisdom", with a wheelbase of 3105mm, which is only 5mm shorter than Wenjie M9, the same as the wheelbase, and the body size is close to it. It is available in two versions, 5-seat version and 6-seat version, to meet the travel needs of different families. Judging from the pre-sale price, the M-8 card in Wenjie fills the gap between the M-9 card and the M-9 card in Wenjie, further improves the product matrix of HarmonyOS Zhixing, and enters the high-end SUV market of new energy together with the M-9 card in 2025. In terms of power, M8 will simultaneously introduce two power forms: extended range and pure electricity. The extended range version is equipped with a range extender with a power of 1.5T and 118kW, and uses a driving motor with the front 165kW and the rear 227kW. The maximum speed is 200km/h, and its strength cannot be underestimated.

The 2025 model M9 was declared in February this year, including plug-in extended range and pure electric power, and equipped with Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited ternary lithium-ion battery. This change has been upgraded in terms of intelligent driving hardware, which further enhances the intelligent driving ability and brings users a more advanced travel experience. It is worth mentioning that HarmonyOS Zhixing also provides optional original hardware upgrade scheme for the owners of the current M9 model, and at the same time, the current model will continue to upgrade the software features of OTA, so that the old car owners can also enjoy the constantly upgraded service. Externally, the 2025 model M9 adds the color of Jinrui red, which is more unique and distinguished. In terms of seats, 5-seat version and 6-seat version are available for consumers to choose freely. In addition, the new car is also equipped with ten black technologies, such as Huawei’s advanced intelligent driving, Xuanwu hard-core body, Huawei Turing platform and intelligent privacy windows, etc., to improve the performance and quality of vehicles in all directions.

After the pre-sale was opened, the market response of the two models was extremely enthusiastic. Wen Jie M9 2025 pre-sale 6 hours small order over 11000 units; The pre-sale price of the M8 started from 368,000 yuan, and the small order exceeded 21,000 units in 6 hours, and the small order exceeded 7,500 units in 1 hour after the opening of the reservation, showing consumers’ high recognition and expectation for these two new cars.

Yu Chengdong, managing director of Huawei, chairman of BG, and chairman of BU, a smart car solution, said that the launch of the M8 and the M9 in 2025 is another important layout of HarmonyOS Zhixing in the field of new energy vehicles. With the advantages of Huawei’s full-stack technology, ever-changing luxury space, all-dimensional safety and more personalized selection, these two models are expected to stand out in the highly competitive new energy vehicle market and bring consumers better and smarter travel choices.

Judging from the market competition pattern, there are relatively few participants in the 400,000-class hybrid SUV market, and the external competing products of M8 are mainly L9. According to the analysis of Ping An Securities Research Report, the expansion trend of the extended-range market is clear, and the customer M8 is expected to replicate the successful experience of the customer M9, accept the sinking market bonus of the customer M9, and become an explosion-proof vehicle of 400,000 yuan. It is estimated that the steady-state monthly sales of the customer M8 will reach about 15,000 vehicles. In the 500,000-class SUV market in 2025, with its continuous product upgrade and technical advantages, it is expected to continue the brilliant achievement of the 500,000-class sales champion for 11 consecutive months.

With the opening of the pre-sale of the 2025 model, the layout of HarmonyOS Zhixing in the new energy vehicle market is more perfect and the product matrix is more abundant. The listing of these two new cars will bring more quality choices to consumers, and their performance in the market in the future is worth looking forward to.

Tiger Sniff Note: Yesterday (April 11th), Netease Cloud Music announced the completion of the A round of financing. As a latecomer in the music industry, Netease Cloud Music became a "dark horse" with a valuation of 8 billion in four years. What did they do right?

This article in Caijing World reviews the growth track of Netease Cloud Music, including the origin and project establishment of the product.Tiger sniffing in the previous articleIt has been involved, so it was deleted when it was reproduced in this article.

This article is transferred from Financial World (ID: cjtxzk) | edited by Lu Hualei in Kong Mingming | Li Ran.

Netease Cloud Music, an App with a deep red background, has become an out-and-out dark horse in the online music market, and it will face more tests in the future with the great integration of the industry.

On April 11th, Netease Cloud Music held a press conference in Shanghai, announcing that the number of users exceeded 300 million. At the same time, it announced that it had completed the Series A financing of 750 million yuan, which was led by Shanghai Radio Station and Shanghai Culture, Radio, Film and Television Group (SMG). The valuation of this financing was as high as 8 billion yuan, and Netease Cloud Music, which was only launched for 4 years, was among the unicorn clubs.

Just after the New Year, the singer Zhao Lei’s name was brushed all over the circle of friends.

　

In the eyes of many people, the 31-year-old Beijing male singer became popular because she won the current runner-up with a folk song "Chengdu" in Hunan Satellite TV program "Singer". But in Netease Cloud Music, the name Zhao Lei has long been as hot as Jay Chou.

　

On October 24th, 2016, Zhao Lei’s "Chengdu" studio version was released exclusively on Netease Cloud Music, with over 30,000 comments a day, and 50,000 comments on Jay Chou’s new songs.

　

On December 21, 2016, Zhao Lei’s digital album "Can’t Grow Up" was exclusively released in Netease Cloud Music. Two months later, that is, two weeks after he won the runner-up, the sales of the album on Netease Cloud Music exceeded 200,000, which is nearly twice the total sales of the album on other music platforms.

　

From the popularity of Zhao Lei, we can see the characteristics of Netease Cloud Music, which is also a music platform. Zhao Lei’s fan growth rate, album sales and comments on Netease Cloud Music far exceed other platforms. Even QQ music with Zhao Lei’s exclusive live singing of "Chengdu" and more users failed to surpass Netease Cloud Music in data.

　

▲ In Netease Cloud Music, the name Zhao Lei has long been as hot as Jay Chou.

　

This is related to the community atmosphere and user types of Netease Cloud Music. Most of its more than 200 million users are young people from first-and second-tier cities, aged between 15 and 35, mostly students and white-collar workers. These people regard Netease Cloud Music as a music version of Weibo and a circle of friends, where they not only listen to songs and write song lists, but also frequently interact with independent musicians such as Zhao Lei, Li Zhi and Chen Li.

　

Compared with users of other platforms, these users contributed more music payment data. In 2016, the number of paid members of Netease Cloud Music increased by more than 9 times compared with 2015, while the number of digital album buyers increased by more than 7 times compared with 2015.

　

"Now QQ music and cool dog music rank in the top two in the industry, and we are tied for third place with Cool Me." Zhu Yiwen, CEO of Netease Cloud Music, told the reporter of Caijing Tianxia Weekly.

　

In the ranking of mobile application apps published by China Unicom in March 2017, QQ Music and Cool Dog Music ranked the top two in terms of monthly active users of 200 million and 150 million, while Netease Cloud Music and Cool Me Music ranked 56 million and 44 million respectively.

　

This App with crimson as the background color has become an out-and-out dark horse in the online music market.

　

According to the 2016 China Mobile Music Market Annual Comprehensive Report released by Analysys think tank, Netease Cloud Music increased by 163.8% in 2016 compared with the same period in 2014. Another data worth mentioning is the "music library utilization rate", that is, the efficiency of songs in the music library being played and listened to by users. The usage rate of Netease Cloud Music reaches 80%, while the industry average is less than 20%. This means that Netease Cloud Music is better at revitalizing the music library, and their users are also better at discovering "unpopular" music.

　

In April 2016, Netease Cloud Music was upgraded from the Music Product Center of Hangzhou Research Institute to the Music Division, becoming an institution on the same level as games, mailboxes, media and other projects. At the same time, it was reported that it started financing of 1 billion yuan, with a valuation of 8 billion yuan.

　

playlist

UGC mode not only increases the number of "song lists", but also improves the quality of song lists. The most important thing is to make the "music playing software" originally defined as a tool have social attributes-after editing and uploading the song list, users will actively push the song list on social media to show their music taste, and users with the same genre hobbies will comment and share under the song list. This makes the originally lonely music play lively.

　

"Most of the previous products told users’ I have a lot of songs here, you can listen to and download songs here’, and we want to tell users that we can help you find good songs, especially those that you may like but you don’t know."

　

In January 2013, Netease Cloud Music logged into the App Store, and Zhu Yiwen brushed Weibo all night that night and found that it "caused a sensation, and many people commented that it was a subversive product".

The first group of users are "musicians from major music forums or platforms". With the help of Chloe Wang’s connections in the music circle, they called "more than 20 best DJs in China" to upload song lists in Netease Cloud Music Production, which quickly caused users to follow suit, and more music lovers entered Cloud Music and made their own song lists.

　

Users have uploaded their own song lists compiled in different environments and emotions to Netease Cloud Music. Just from the name of the song list, they can see their love for this way of creation. Besides the common song lists that express their emotional needs, such as "those songs that accompanied me through the lovelorn period" and "healing songs", there are also songs that are suitable for different environments, such as "essential songs for knitting sweaters in the sun in winter", "most suitable songs for drinking coffee in the afternoon" and "essential songs for the elderly chess room".

　

Some fans enjoy making song lists without any material rewards, just hoping to meet "bosom friends".

　

"In version 1.0, in order to encourage some opinion leaders to create song lists, we will put their song lists on the homepage for recommendation, so that the collection and playback of song lists will increase rapidly, which is a great encouragement for the creators."

　

Of course, in addition to the appreciation from "bosom friends", song list makers will also get accusations from other users, such as "it is really a failure not to put such a song into the song list", and such nitpicking and responses have spawned user interaction, which, in Zhu Yiwen’s view, is "the embryonic form of music socialization".

　

Now, cloud music generates an average of 420,000 song lists every day. On the cloud music platform, the number of high-quality song lists (songs collected by more than 100 people) exceeds 200 million, among which the most clicked song list is "epic music that shocked the soul" made by ordinary users, with 1.17 million people collecting it, 28.82 million playing it and more than 17,000 comments. Some users commented under this song list, "Because of this song list,

　

"Now the song list has become a productivity tool." Zhu Yiwen said that with the increase in the number and quality of song lists, these song lists have replaced "music collections" in a wider range to meet the needs of different scenes. Some wedding companies directly use the wedding song list on Netease Cloud Music as the background sound of the wedding scene, while some video production companies choose the appropriate background music from the song list.

　

Today, the homepage of Netease Cloud Music no longer recommends a few songs in a unified way, but makes "personalized recommendations" according to each user’s music habits. Using big data technology, they will recommend songs that they may like according to the characteristics of different users.

　

"For example, if one million people like to listen to Blue Lotus as well as Ice Rain, which proves that the two songs are related, then we will recommend this combination to those who only listen to one of the songs. This is the basic algorithm for our song recommendation." Zhu Yiwen said.

　

This song list combination algorithm has brought higher activity to Netease Cloud Music. Now 50% of users are used to clicking and reading comments when listening to songs, which is a scene that has never appeared on other music platforms.

　

▲ Recently, Netease Cloud Music made the high-quality music reviews of ordinary users into posters and put them on the Hangzhou subway to explode the circle of friends.

　

In Zhu Yiwen’s view, this data proves that they have changed the listening habits of some people.

　

"In the past, everyone turned off the screen and listened to music after turning on the music player, but now they will listen to songs while listening to them, which proves that he is not listening to songs alone, but listening to songs with a group of people, which brings a human touch to Netease Cloud Music."

　

This has become the biggest moat of Netease Cloud Music. These music-loving users have continuously created content for Netease Cloud Music Platform, which extends a better "community atmosphere".

　

"The function may be imitated by others. If we are just a playing tool, others can easily copy our function. But today we are a community and they can’t copy my content. "

　

After Netease Cloud Music launched the "song list", other music playback platforms also launched similar functions. Even Cool Dog Music opened the "song barrage" in June 2016, and user comments appeared on the cover of songs in the form of barrage, further improving user interaction. However, the users of Netease Cloud Music are more active. In the ranking of monthly traffic consumption of music App users in China Unicom’s March Wo Index, Netease Cloud Music users lead other music platforms with 87MB, while QQ music users’ monthly traffic is 43MB and Cool Dog’s is 13MB.

　

change　

　

Last year, changes in Netease Cloud Music attracted the attention of the industry.

　

In April 2016, Chloe Wang left Netease Cloud Music and joined Baidu Music three months later as the general manager. At the same time, the structure of Netease Cloud Music was further adjusted. Zhu Yiwen was promoted from the earlier product director to the CEO of Netease Cloud Music, responsible for the overall management of Netease Cloud Music and reporting directly to Ding Lei. Chloe Wang’s previous operation and management work was taken over by Ding Bo, vice president of Netease Cloud Music, who reported to Zhu Yiwen.

　

▲ Ding Bo, vice president of Netease Cloud Music, took over the operation management and reported to Zhu Yiwen.

　

The upgraded Netease Cloud Music has increased its support for independent musicians.

　

"Music also has a niche market. In the past, everyone was keen to listen to those popular songs, but now different people actually like different songs. Just like in the early years, everyone only watched CCTV, but now with the rise of various media and more people like different content, everyone’s tastes have been divided. " Zhu Yiwen said.

　

In November 2016, Netease Cloud Music released an independent musician support plan called "Stone Plan", which plans to invest 200 million yuan in one year to support independent musicians from seven aspects: promotion resources, album investment, performance opportunities, appreciation opening, music training, musicians’ surroundings and musician index system.

　

"Our definition of independent musicians is very broad. As long as we can record and upload songs, we can be independent musicians. However, we will develop a scoring system for such musicians, which is similar to the Baidu Index, and we will promote and support them according to the status and potential of musicians. " Zhu Yiwen said that these musicians can review and upload songs after filling in their personal identity information in the background. If the data of their songs on the platform is good enough, Netease Cloud Music will focus on exploring and creating new stars.

　

This is how Chen Li, a female folk singer, was discovered.

　

"At the end of 2013, we found that Chen’s data curve on our platform was very beautiful, so we focused on taking out her songs for recommendation. Later, sure enough, she was on fire. Of course, I dare not say that her popularity is all due to Netease Cloud Music, but it can be seen that the sales of her digital album here are record. " Ding Bo said in an interview with the reporter of Caijing Tianxia Weekly.

　

As of March 2017, the number of fans of Chen Li in Netease Cloud Music and QQ Music was 870,000 and 749,000. On July 26th, 2016, she simultaneously released her digital album "Little Dream Most" on Netease Cloud Music, QQ Music and Weibo Music. During the initial sale period-within two weeks, the album sold 50,000 copies in Netease Cloud Music, with sales of 1.01 million yuan. On the QQ music platform, it sold 27,000 copies with a sales volume of 549,000 yuan.

　

▲ The sales volume of Chen Li’s digital album in Netease Cloud Music is record. The activity of independent musicians has made Netease Cloud Music make up for the shortcomings of copyright to some extent.

　

Now there are more than 40,000 independent musicians on Netease Cloud Music Platform. This number may not be the largest among all online music platforms, but it is the highest in terms of activity. These musicians uploaded more than 800,000 original music works. In 2016, the number of settled musicians and uploaded original works doubled year-on-year, and the amount of original music played increased by more than five times.

　

"Independent musicians are more likely to become popular on our platform because our user base is more inclusive of new music. This makes it easier for us to promote some unpopular music, and it is this difference that allows independent musicians to get better development here. " Zhu Yiwen said.

　

The activity of independent musicians has made Netease Cloud Music make up for the shortcomings of copyright to some extent. As a latecomer, although Netease Cloud Music has gathered a popular community through the music+social mode, it still lags behind in terms of song copyright.

　

On July 15th, 2015, QQ Music announced the merger with China Music Group, becoming the largest exclusive copyright giant in China, which brought a lot of pressure to the latecomers.

　

At present, there are more than 10 million songs in Netease Cloud Music Library. Some of these songs are copyrighted by record companies, while others are purchased by Tencent in the form of exclusive copyright, and they need to pay distribution fees or copyright fees to Tencent.

　

Regarding the weakness of copyright, Ding Bo reflected: "Our biggest mistake is that these giants didn’t make timely moves when they went to grab exclusive copyright, which led us to be constrained by others in the future growth rate, but we also took a positive attitude to deal with this situation. We undertook distribution and paid copyright fees, hoping to bring users a better experience."

　

In order to fill the copyright shortcomings, Netease Cloud Music costs a lot.

　

Zhu Yiwen said: "At present, 80% of the total cost of Netease Cloud Music is spent on purchasing copyright." High copyright fees have delayed the profit plan. Since its establishment, Netease Cloud Music has never made a profit.

　

And the emergence of independent musicians let them see another opportunity-from copyright competition to copyright production.

　

On the one hand, they can make profits by selling digital albums. For example, Zhao Lei’s album "Can’t Grow Up" sold more than 200,000 yuan, which brought more than 3.2 million yuan to Netease Cloud Music. This album, which has no physical record and is only sold in digital form, is low in cost, low in price, convenient to buy and sell, and easy to create high sales.

　

On the other hand, they can cooperate with independent musicians and become record companies in the internet age.

　

In an interview with the reporter of Caijing Tianxia Weekly (ID:cjtxzk), Ding Bo said: "Traditional record companies use brokers to help musicians create songs, while the Internet platform can cover all brokers’ businesses. Besides traditional brokers, Internet companies can also help musicians make various data and provide various index reports."

　

Netease’s ambition for "original music" is obvious. Since it can’t surpass its rivals in the copyright of existing songs, why not overtake them in the "original music"?

　

In addition to selling digital rights, they will also open an "appreciation" function for independent musicians. Users can appreciate a favorite song, which may not be much, but it is an encouragement for musicians who have just debuted.

　

Under the situation that competitors monopolize copyright, this way of upstream and downstream development has become the new direction of Netease Cloud Music. In addition to promoting independent musicians, they also invested in music-related hardware manufacturers and undertook ticket sales for some small concerts.

　

At the same time, other music platforms are undergoing a new round of integration.

　

QQ Music and China Music Group merged to become Tencent Music Entertainment Group, with Tencent accounting for 60% of the shares. At present, this huge music group controls 42% of the copyright authorization of music lyrics and 53.1% of the copyright authorization of music recording in China. After the merger, QQ Music, Kugou and Kuwo belong to the same group company, with a market share of more than half.

　

On July 26, 2016, 10 days after the merger was announced, Wu Weilin, general manager of Tencent Digital Music Department, told the media that QQ Music "has achieved profitability", which is the first music streaming service in the world to announce profitability. It is reported that QQ Music will launch a listing plan with a valuation of nearly $10 billion.

　

In December 2015, Baidu Music announced the merger with Taihe Music Group, whose three major music brands, Taihe Wheat Field, Haidie Music and Dashi Copyright, reached various forms of cooperation with hundreds of well-known artists, and also reached in-depth cooperation with more than 100 institutions including the three major record companies in the world, holding music copyrights of more than 12 million through self-production and agency. Baidu Music has officially become a music industry chain company including record companies, copyright agents, live performances, ticketing and other businesses.

　

Netease cloud music, which has reached the front line with a dark horse posture, will face more challenges in the future.

　

But Zhu Yiwen still regards finding good music as the focus of Netease Cloud Music.

　

"I am not a heavy music lover, but I am a music discoverer." Zhu Yiwen said, "In 2013, Boss Ding took me and Chloe Wang to an activity. On the way, Chloe Wang asked us to listen to a song, saying that this song would definitely be popular in the future. At that time, I thought the lyrics were very distinctive, including wild horses and grasslands."

　

After listening to a song, Boss Ding agrees with Chloe Wang’s judgment. Later, this song was really a fire.

　

The singer’s name is Donye.S, and the song title is Miss Dong.

Special feature of 1905 film network In an office building in Dongcheng District, Jan Heinze, executive producer of PIXOMONDO, opened his eyes wide in front of the camera: "China is an exciting market. We have only been here for five years and have witnessed its tremendous changes, which are unbelievable. "

Just last week, Jiang Wen’s highly anticipated new work "One Step Away" was officially released. After a series of twists and turns, such as censorship, dubbing, and the cancellation of the premiere, One Step Away confidently entered the cinema and left the heated discussion to the fans. As of December 23rd, the cumulative box office of One Step Away has reached 380 million yuan. The magnificent colors and dreamy style of the film must still stay in your mind, and it is the German "Oscar-level" special effects company PIXOMONDO that helped Jiang Wen create this "magic realism" masterpiece. Recently, 1905 Film Network visited PIXOMONDO Beijing Branch exclusively to reveal the special effects industry hidden behind the film.

"Boutique-style" operation: resource sharing for 8 branches in the global market.

Maybe you haven’t heard of PIXOMONDO at all, but its works can list a must-see list for fans: Hugo, iron man 2, The Hunger Games, Snow White and the Hunter, Fast and Furious 5, Farewell Atlantis, Star Trek: Dark Boundless … … PIXOMONDO won the Best Visual Effects Award (Hugo) at the 84th Academy Awards in 2012 and the Best Special Effects Award (Game of Thrones) at the 63rd Emmy Awards. How did this mysterious behind-the-scenes team work, and how did they get together with director Jiang Wen?

Ten years ago, many films had almost no special effects, but now it is different. Even a small-budget love movie will have several special effects shots. "If you look at last year’s box office data, you will find that the top ten are special effects blockbusters. For filmmakers, special effects are tools that can shoot things that are impossible in reality, help explain the stories in movies, and create a whole new world. " Jan believes that special effects can actually be divided into two categories. Due to technical reasons, some special effects are easily visible to the audience, while others are more reflected in the imagination, which helps to increase the richness of the story.

Christoph Zollinger (hereinafter referred to as Chris), the visual effects producer of One Step Away, added: "Special effects make the visual elements and story statements of a movie more complete. For sci-fi films, which are particularly dazzling, artistic drive and technical means are indispensable. Fortunately, now is the digital age, and we can easily make many pictures that we can’t shoot in reality. Special effects producers are also storytellers and filmmakers to explore and realize those unknown things. "

Pixomondo was founded in Germany in 2001, with 8 studios in the United States, Canada, Germany and China. Unlike those big companies with 500 or 600 employees, PIXOMONDO’s eight studios are not large in scale, and the most special thing is that they have a clear division of labor and cooperation with each other. "We are more like a boutique. We focus on a variety of markets around the world, and Hollywood is just one of them. " Jan shrugged his shoulders, as if he was helpless about people’s prejudice against special effects. Every studio in PIXOMONDO will share talents, resources, film projects and so on, and sometimes eight studios will start work at the same time for a film. "We started five when we were doing One Step away."

To do special effects, you should also be able to "tell stories": "One step away" takes a year and a half to set the picture style.

It is said that Jiang Wencai found PIXOMONDO on the recommendation of martin scorsese. Perhaps it is the dazzling colors of European movies in Hugo that attracted him, or the same retro storyline is more likely to resonate. PIXOMONDO visual artists began to get involved in the film project one and a half years before the filming of One Step Away. Chris stressed: "Compared with previous film projects, this one is very different. PIXOMONDO Beijing Studio played a leading role for the first time. "

In people’s impression, special effects seem to be just a processing link on the film production line, such as ornaments on the Christmas tree, which are responsible for creating a glamorous appearance. Jan corrected in the interview: "Nowadays, special effects companies will not define themselves by what kind of technological means. Post-production is just a means. We should think about how to combine technology with storytelling and become a director or screenwriter ourselves." Hundreds of people participated in the production of One Step Away, and PIXOMONDO was involved in the pre-planning from the beginning to help determine the overall visual style of the film.

This article comes from WeChat WeChat official account:　8-word intersection (id: crosseight), Author: Han Sai, original title: "Participate in the African version of" Win in China ",what did Ma Yun say? 》, the title map comes from: vision china

On November 16, 2019, local time, a TV studio in Accra, the capital of Ghana, an African country.

On the stage stood ten young people, men and women, black and white. Ten smiling and confident faces looked at the camera under the stage.

On the big screen behind them, a row of English is displayed:

Africa’s Business Heroes(African business hero)

Under the stage, four judges, three men and one woman, sat in danger.

Two Africans, respectively, are Zimbabwe’s telecom tycoon Straf Mahiywa.(Strive Masiyiwa)And Ibkun Awosika, a Nigerian female banker.(Ibukun Awosika).

Outstanding African entrepreneurs in these years.

The other two Asian faces are Cai Chongxin, executive vice chairman of Alibaba’s board of directors, and the one who just stepped down as chairman of Alibaba’s board of directors not long ago:

Ma yun

Ten young people are carefully selected from more than 10,000 entrepreneurs in more than 50 countries in Africa.

They need to tell their dreams in front of the camera, introduce their projects, and accept comments from four judges to compete for a total of $1 million in venture capital.

Ten years ago, a similar program in China was all the rage. It was called Win in China.

Ma Yun is also a judge.

01

The first one is a girl from Rwanda, Kevin Kejirimpudu.（Kevine Kagirimpundu）.

Her entrepreneurial project is to make a pair of shoes worn by Rwandans.

The reason that prompted her to start this career was that walking in the streets of Rwanda, she often saw various shoe repair shops, but a large number of people were barefoot.

The reason behind this is that Rwanda’s light industry is very backward, and its shoes and socks are basically imported. Local shoe repairers can only repair shoes, and no one can make shoes.

After a long time, many local people go barefoot all the year round.

Discovering this market, she decided to teach herself and do it herself.

The first step is to search in Google:

How to make a pair of shoes?

According to the steps provided on the internet, Kevin began to practice his hands by using the existing materials at hand-discarded tires that can be seen everywhere on the streets of Rwanda. How to cut the sole, how to polish the leather, how to stick, and how to sew. ……

After several months of trying and consulting the shoe repairer repeatedly, she finally made the first pair of shoes and founded her own footwear brand, employing 70% female employees.

The raw materials she uses basically come from waste tires. This is also a practice of environmental protection.

Are you wearing shoes made by yourself now? Judge Straff asked suddenly.

Kevin standing on the stage directly took off his shoes and sent them to him barefoot.

Sure! You see, there is my company’s LOGO…… in it … I’m so embarrassed!

The audience burst into laughter, and Ma Yun sitting next to him also laughed.

This is far from his first contact with Africa and the young people here.

Two years ago, in 2017, Ma Yun gave a speech to thousands of young people in the university auditorium in Nairobi, Kenya.

In particular, he highlighted his failure to take the college entrance examination three times when he was young, and his failure to apply for a job 30 times to encourage young people to stick to their dreams.

In the cheers of the young people in the audience, Ma Yun said on the spot:

From now on, I will come to Africa every year and visit three African countries. I hope I can visit all 54 African countries in the next 10 to 15 years.

02

Vaccine promotion, agricultural technology, palm oil … One contestant after another came on stage to tell their dreams.

Their dreams are often linked to the suffering of the African continent.

In 1994, the biggest news that shocked the world came from Africa.

This year, a humanitarian disaster broke out in Rwanda, which is destined to be written into human history.

A few years ago, a civil war broke out between Hutu and Tutsi, two major ethnic groups in China, which killed more than 1 million people in just three months and wiped out one seventh of the country’s total population. Many Chinese have seen the film Hotel Rwanda.

Rwandan girl Kristel Quezela（Christelle Kwizera）I was born in this year. Fortunately, her home was far from the front line of the conflict and was not affected.

But for Rwandans, the massacre is only part of the disaster. Even if you get away with it, you need to face many challenges and death traps in your life.

The biggest threat comes from the water that everyone can’t live without every day.

In sub-Saharan African countries, almost all of them face the problem of water shortage because of drought. In fact, except for a few areas, most countries have rivers flowing through them, and water shortage is not serious.

What is really lacking is a safe water source that can be used.

In Africa, many deadly diseases, cholera, dysentery, typhoid fever or polio viruses are hidden in surface water, and a large number of people get sick and die after drinking unclean surface water every year.

Many years after the massacre, people in Rwanda are still dying all the time-just because of water.

Quezela’s childhood was full of experiences of fetching water again and again.

As long as she can remember, she and her mother walked to a water point more than ten miles away every day, carrying nearly 20 kilograms, ranging from five or six hours to more than ten hours.

It can be said that most of the labor force in the whole family only do one thing when they are alive: fetch water.

In Rwanda, only a few big cities have a tap water network, which can provide safe groundwater. The annual use price is about 500 dollars, which is about a quarter of the income of an ordinary person.

During her college years, Quezela studied mechanical engineering. After graduation, she founded Rwanda Water Resources Company.

Since 2014, Rwanda Water Resources Company has drilled wells and installed pipelines in more than 90 residential areas all over the country, and built hundreds of tap water networks.

Their price is one-third to one-fifth of the government water supply network.

Ma Yun comments:

Your biggest competitor should be the Rwandan government, because they have been actively promoting water supply construction in recent years.

Only if you are faster than them, provide better services and make your competitors worry about you, can your company continue to survive and grow in the future.

In March this year, after visiting Africa, Ma Yun established the Ma Yun African Youth Entrepreneurship Fund with a total amount of 10 million US dollars.

This fund will spend 1 million yuan each year to support entrepreneurs in the next ten years.

The "African Business Heroes" to be broadcast on major TV stations is the first.

03

In 2009, Temi Jiwatobson, a Nigerian girl studying in the United States.（Temie Giwa-Tubosun）I signed up for an internship program and returned to Nigeria to participate in medical volunteer activities.

In her hometown, Tammy witnessed a scene that she will never forget in her life. A pregnant woman suffered from dystocia that lasted for three days.

Although the doctors and nurses tried their best to rescue them, they failed to recover them. The mother eventually bled heavily, resulting in the death of the baby.

To save the baby’s life, only an ordinary caesarean section is needed, or timely and sufficient blood supply is needed.

It looks like a common condition, but it is almost impossible in Nigeria.

Nigeria is the largest oil producer in Africa, selling oil to Britain, the United States, China and Japan. However, in the World Health Organization’s ranking of public health conditions, it ranks 187th in the world, ranking fourth from the bottom.

In Nigeria, local couples have an average of 5-8 children, with 814 deaths per 100,000 births. The main cause of death is postpartum hemorrhage.

Five years later, Tammy had her own family, was pregnant with a son, and also suffered from dystocia and bleeding during childbirth.

After a day’s struggle with fate, she has no strength, thinking about whether the fate of that pregnant woman will repeat itself on herself.

Fortunately, she has returned to America. The doctor gave her a blood transfusion easily and performed a caesarean section, saving the lives of mother and son.

After that, Temi, who returned to Nigeria, found:

This country is not short of blood, but information.

Because the information is not interoperable, some hospitals or blood stations store blood that has expired and thrown away, and some places have no blood available. The core issues are information and logistics.

In 2015, she founded a "life bank" based on this idea.（Lifebank）To build the largest virtual blood bank in Nigeria.

On the platform of Life Bank, the real-time reserve information of 60 large hospitals and blood banks in China is collected. Hospitals and patients can timely inquire about the nearest blood bank, the reserves of blood of different blood types and blood products, and make reservations at the first time.

Life bank, which provides information and blood distribution services, charges a service fee ranging from 10 to 50 dollars each time.

At first, motorcycles that can walk freely in the streets and lanes and speedboats that cross urban rivers were used to transport blood, and then drones were used.

Since its establishment four years ago, Life Bank has saved the lives of 5,300 Nigerians with its 7×24-hour service.

Temi said that her dream is not only the $20 million blood supply market in Africa, but also the $30 billion African medical market. In addition to transporting blood, Life Bank can also try to transport oxygen, medical equipment, vaccines and other medical supplies urgently needed in Africa.

Ibkun, a female banker familiar with Nigeria’s predicament, spoke highly of this project:

You can’t expand too fast. The market in Nigeria is huge, and your products are related to people’s lives. This sensitivity is bound to require you to be cautious in your business.

Ma spoke, serious, dry goods:

First, global vision, local success. Blood supply is enough, don’t think about anything else.

Second, it’s useless to take away ppt and show the future figures. It doesn’t matter how big the market is. Most entrepreneurs say how big the market is. The market has 10 thousand yuan, but you only earn five yuan. What’s the use?

I don’t like ppt. Your expected data in the future is very vague. Only the specific figures at present can reflect your achievements.

This is not the first time Ma Yun talked about blood in Africa.

He said something like this:

Africa needs hematopoiesis, not blood transfusion. Countries that give more money and children who give more money can’t make a difference.

What we have to do in the end is to support young people in Africa and make them change.

I hope that in the next 20 years, Africa will have at least 100 Alibaba and 1,000 Ma Yun.

During Ma Yun’s trip to Africa, an official of China’s local embassy also used a similar metaphor in his speech:

What about Africa? Ma Yun brought the answer.

One is environmental protection, and the other is the activities of Ma Yun Africa Venture Fund, which stimulates Africa’s endogenous motivation and cultivates local entrepreneurs.

Money can only be given for blood transfusion, and now it is for Africa to make its own blood.

04

Coming to this final, there are also African entrepreneurial projects created by copying the China model.

Walid Rahman, a young man from Cairo, Egypt, told a beautiful story. His project is to make an African version of Hungry.

According to him, in Egypt, more than 35% of the population and nearly 19 million Egyptians are obese. Among them, 3.6 million children are seriously overweight, but another 900,000 children suffer from anemia.

Therefore, his goal is to provide Egyptians with cheap and nutritious food and stay away from junk food.

In 2015, his online ordering platform "Mom" was launched in Cairo, employing all kinds of housewives and using the family kitchen to make food.

Users only need to pay a monthly membership fee of $9 to become members and enjoy free delivery service.

However, the reality is very skinny. In four years, Walid only attracted 7,000 users to register, and the number of orders per year was about 40,000.

Before the total population of 22.8 million in Cairo, this figure seemed to have little influence.

In contrast, China’s Hungry occupied Shanghai Jiaotong University with more than 20,000 people in the first year, and covered all of Shanghai in the second year, with more than 10,000 cooperative restaurants.

For this project that talks too much about ideas, judge Straff gave severe criticism:

I thought your scale was not good at first, but now I find there is something wrong with your figures.

When you introduce your project, you always emphasize nutrition, but it is often children who need to consider nutrition, and adults don’t have time to take care of so many nutrition problems.

You only cook so-called nutritious meals. How competitive can you be in front of Uber Eat (a takeaway service launched by Uber)?

For this project, Ma Yun pointed to the crux of the problem:

It is not a good idea to start a business, which is packaged with too many ideas and stories and lacks a business model.

Make the enterprise bigger first, and then talk about nutrition.

What an entrepreneur should do is to try to make things simple and not to put lipstick on monkeys.

The last project on stage has two CEOs. One speaks on the stage and the other sits under the stage.

Of the two people, one is good at operation and the other is good at financing strategy, so their work is generally mixed up, and whoever does it will do it. Their employees also report to both sides respectively.

A judge asked him why he didn’t come to the stage, and the CEO who came to the stage replied: His eloquence is not good, so I will speak out.

Ma Yun comments:

I had 18 founders and 20-30 businesses. It is impossible to have 20-30 CEOs. Why are there two CEOs? Four CTOs can do it, but two CEOs can’t.

A person has only one heart, so he can’t report his nose to his brain and his eyes to his heart.

Full house laughing and clapping.

After deliberation, four judges named the top three "African business heroes", and Temi, the founder of Life Bank, won the championship.

She will receive a prize of $250,000. Others share the remaining 750,000 in different amounts.

05

This time I went to Africa, Ma Yun was very busy.

In addition to participating in the "African Business Heroes", he also awarded prizes to the rangers who protected nature and animals, and visited many countries, running up to three times a day.

In every country, he was warmly received by the head of state of that country and was asked a question at the same time:

How can Africa learn from China better?

Ma Yun said to the young African people at the scene:

Seeing you is like seeing myself 20 years ago.

I tried to go to Silicon Valley for financing, and I hit a wall again and again. Because no one believes that the Internet in China will develop, and no one believes in China, because we have no credit cards and no logistics.

But because of this, there are opportunities for us entrepreneurs.

If China has everything, what else do we need?

In the past two months, Ma Yun has not been idle, even busier than before.

His schedule is full of public welfare, education, environmental protection, encouraging entrepreneurship and cultivating female leadership …

Africa is also a very important part of it.

He said:

People often ask me why China’s institutions want to protect African animals, and I want to say, why not China?

China and Africa, we live on the same earth, and we only have this earth. If the earth is sick, no one will be healthy.

Africa is a land of hope. Seeing African entrepreneurs, I feel like I saw myself 20 years ago.

This article comes from WeChat WeChat official account:　8-word intersection (id: crosseight), author: Hansel

　　Xinhua News Agency, Washington, June 13 th, financial observation: Trade policy is "fiercer than tiger" and American enterprises are miserable and embarrassed

　　Xinhua News Agency reporter Xu Yuan

　　The destructive trade policy of the American government is becoming the biggest threat to the development of American enterprises. In recent days, from enterprises to trade associations, from large companies to small and medium-sized enterprises, business people have criticized the US government’s protectionist measures.

　　On behalf of 661 American enterprises and trade associations, the American lobbying organization "Tariffs Hurt the Hinterland of the United States" sent a letter to US President Trump on 13th, urging the US government not to impose tariffs on goods imported from China, and to return to the negotiating table to reach a solution with China.

　　The open letter warns that American enterprises and trade associations are worried about the situation of tariff escalation. The increase in tariffs and the uncertainty surrounding Sino-US trade negotiations have caused market turmoil and posed a threat to the US economy.

　　According to the survey released by the Business Roundtable composed of executives of large American enterprises on the 12th, the "Economic Outlook Index" fell by 5.7 points to 89.5 points in the second quarter. This index reflects the sales expectations, capital expenditures and recruitment plans of American business executives for the next six months, and shows that American business circles are increasingly uneasy about the direction of US trade policy.

　　"(The US government’s trade policy) is increasing the risk of bad economic results," said Jamie Dimon, CEO of JPMorgan Chase and chairman of the Business Roundtable at the press conference that day. "The uncertainty of trade policy, the weak global economic growth and the inaction of the US government on other urgent public policy issues are worrying."

　　Tom Linebarger, chairman and CEO of Cummins, an American engine manufacturer, said that "trade (policy) is the most terrible threat to enterprise growth". He said that imposing tariffs on China’s goods exported to the United States would increase consumers’ costs and reduce the competitiveness of American enterprises.

　　American financial data software company predicts that due to the uncertain tariff policy and global economic prospects, for those multinational companies whose sales are more than half from outside the United States, their profits in the second quarter may drop by 9.3%. The company expects that Apple’s profit may drop by 14.6% in the second quarter, and Boeing’s profit may drop by as much as 43.7%.

　　The U.S. government previously announced that the tariff rate on the $200 billion list goods imported from China will be increased from 10% to 25% from May 10, 2019. The U.S. government also threatened to impose a 25% tariff on the remaining about $300 billion of goods exported from China to the United States, involving many end consumer goods.

　　Lorraine Hutchinson, an analyst at Bank of America Merrill Lynch, predicts that tariff escalation will lead to growth risks for American retail enterprises such as clothing. According to the semi-annual survey recently released by institute for supply management, about 59% of American enterprises indicated that increasing tariffs would lead to higher product prices. Wal-Mart, an American retail giant, also said that tariffs will force it to raise the retail price of goods.

　　Tariffs not only hit large enterprises, but also make life more difficult for small enterprises. USA Today reported a few days ago that the negative impact of tariffs has exhausted the energy of many small American enterprises because their cost digestion ability is worse than that of large enterprises. Adjusting the supply chain will cost hundreds of thousands or even millions of dollars, which is unbearable for many small enterprises.

　　In September 2013, the Shanghai Pilot Free Trade Zone was formally established and set sail. In September 2023, the construction of China’s Pilot Free Trade Zone ushered in its 10th anniversary. Starting from Shanghai’s 28.78 square kilometers, it has been continuously expanded to about 38,000 square kilometers. In the past ten years, after six expansions, there have been 21 free trade zones and Hainan Free Trade Ports across the country, forming an innovative pattern of reform and opening up covering the east, west, north and south, and coordinating the coastal, inland and border areas, which has effectively explored and accumulated valuable experience for comprehensively deepening reform and opening up.

　　Ten years of hard work has yielded fruitful results, and it has accumulated a lot of brilliance. In the past ten years, the Pilot Free Trade Zone has launched a large number of basic and pioneering reform and opening-up measures in line with international common rules, formed many landmark and leading institutional innovations, cultivated a number of internationally competitive industrial clusters, stood at the forefront of China’s high-level opening-up, actively served major regional strategies, coordinated regional development strategies and jointly built the "Belt and Road", and achieved remarkable results.

　　In the past ten years, a total of 302 institutional innovations have gone from the China Pilot Free Trade Zone to the whole country, and more than 2,800 have been promoted and copied by various provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, giving full play to the demonstration, leading and driving role of the Pilot Free Trade Zone, forming a good situation of sharing reform dividends and opening up the fruits to all. In 2022, the actual use of foreign capital in 21 pilot free trade zones was 222.52 billion yuan, accounting for 18.1% of the country. Among them, the actual use of foreign capital in high-tech industries was 86.34 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 53.2%. The total import and export volume of 21 pilot free trade zones reached 7.5 trillion yuan, up 14.5% year-on-year, accounting for 17.8% of the country; In the first half of this year, 21 pilot free trade zones accounted for 18.4% of the country’s foreign investment with a land area of less than four thousandths, and the actually used foreign capital reached 129.66 billion yuan, an increase of 8.2% year-on-year.

　　Since its establishment, China Pilot Free Trade Zone has been guided by high-level opening, and has made great efforts to explore an institutional system linked with international economic and trade rules. It has also made important breakthroughs in trade, investment, finance, and transformation of government functions, including taking the lead in implementing the national treatment plus negative list management model before foreign investment access, taking the lead in establishing a trade facilitation model centered on the "single window" of international trade, taking the lead in promoting the comprehensive opening of the service industry represented by the negative list management model of cross-border service trade, and taking the lead in implementing the "license separation". … In the past ten years, a number of firsts have been practiced and explored in the Pilot Free Trade Zone and copied to the whole country, creating a vivid model of China’s opening up and development, becoming the "vanguard" leading the country’s deepening reform in the new era, injecting stabilizers and providing new impetus for China’s economic stability and prosperity.

　　Bold trials, bold ventures and independent reforms, the fruitful results achieved in the Pilot Free Trade Zone in the past ten years come from innovation and opening up. Through a series of pioneering practices, the Pilot Free Trade Zone has continuously promoted the liberalization and facilitation of trade and investment and continued to lead the opening up. Since 2013, the negative list of foreign investment access in the Pilot Free Trade Zone has been reduced seven times, from 190 to 27 today, realizing the clearing of manufacturing items and the continuous expansion of service industry opening. Hainan Free Trade Port launched the first negative list of cross-border service trade, which realized the fundamental change of service trade management mode.

　　In addition, 21 pilot free trade zones across the country actively strengthened collaborative innovation, explored and promoted coordinated development, amplified the comprehensive effect of reform, and achieved positive results. For example, Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei Pilot Free Trade Zone established the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei joint conference system, launched 153 items of "colleagues with the same standard" in government services, and implemented regional general office to serve the coordinated development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei. Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui Pilot Free Trade Zones have established the Yangtze River Delta Pilot Free Trade Zone Alliance to create a mechanism for seeking common development, promoting innovation and sharing results, and achieved institutional innovation results in building a "single window" for international trade in the Yangtze River Delta and building an integrated oil and gas trading market. The Yellow River Basin Pilot Free Trade Zone Alliance will be established along the nine provinces of the Yellow River, and four cooperation mechanisms will be established, including "integrated construction" of social credit system, "integrated management of administrative examination and approval services", "integrated cooperation" of intellectual property protection and "integrated and smooth logistics and transportation services". Guangxi Pilot Free Trade Zone actively builds the most convenient seaport in the western region, effectively strengthens the connection with the backbone channels in southwest, northwest and central south, and serves the western development. Yunnan, Guangxi, Heilongjiang and other pilot free trade zones along the border plan to jointly promote the development and opening up along the border. The joint development of these pilot free trade zones has expanded the breadth and depth of institutional innovation, enriched the application scenarios of free trade policies, and expanded the dividend effect of free trade.It is of great significance for improving the efficiency of reform and innovation, serving to build a new development pattern, and effectively supporting the high-quality development of the free trade pilot zone.

　　Standing at a new starting point in ten years, the Pilot Free Trade Zone has ushered in new tasks. At the end of June this year, the State Council issued a document, taking the lead in conducting pilot projects in five qualified free trade pilot zones and Hainan Free Trade Port, such as Shanghai, Guangdong, Tianjin, Fujian and Beijing, connecting with international high-standard economic and trade rules, promoting institutional opening, and exploring ways for comprehensively deepening reform and opening up. The Ministry of Commerce will also work with relevant localities and departments to formulate a list of key tasks in the Pilot Free Trade Zone, clarify 164 key tasks to be independently promoted by the relevant pilot free trade zones in the next three years, further strengthen classified guidance, and promote the deepening of reform, practice and innovation in each pilot free trade zone according to local conditions.

　　Sharpen a sword for ten years and stride forward again. This year marks the tenth anniversary of the construction of China Pilot Free Trade Zone, and it is also the first year to implement the "strategy of upgrading the Pilot Free Trade Zone". On the new journey, on the basis of comprehensively summing up ten years’ construction experience, we should thoroughly implement the promotion strategy of the Pilot Free Trade Zone, carry out exploration in a wider field and at a deeper level, and strive to build a higher level pilot free trade zone. For example, we should speed up the pilot work of comprehensively docking international high-standard economic and trade rules, and further promote the institutional opening of rules, regulations, management and standards; Promote a reasonable reduction of the negative list of foreign investment in the Pilot Free Trade Zone, promote the introduction of a negative list of cross-border service trade, and lead the country to continue to expand and open up; Strengthen the overall planning and system integration of reform, thoroughly implement the upgrading strategy of the Pilot Free Trade Zone, and focus on launching a number of leading and integrated reform measures in key areas; Support their respective trade pilot zones to further deepen differentiated exploration and promote the innovative development of the whole industrial chain around key areas … … Let the seeds of institutional innovation in the Pilot Free Trade Zone take root and bear fruit nationwide, promote economic growth to rely more on innovation, and lead China’s high-quality economic development! (Yang Guangwang commentator Yu Qi)

Cctv newsVirus is a word that makes people turn pale and avoid it. However, there is such a scientist who, despite difficulties, has played a key role in successfully stopping the avian influenza epidemics such as H5N1 and H7N9 in China. She is Chen Hualan, director of the National Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory and academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

The National Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory of Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, which she led, built a safety "epidemic prevention wall" by relying on a number of international leading achievements independently developed, and contributed China’s wisdom and strength to the prevention of avian influenza in many countries around the world.

Where is the initial heart?

In 1999, as a postdoctoral fellow, Chen Hualan went to the Influenza Sub-center of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in the United States to conduct cooperative research on avian influenza. After the exchange, the other party kindly retained him, but Chen Hualan resolutely embarked on the road of returning home.

"It doesn’t matter if the conditions are backward, we can build it slowly." Chen Hualan said that China is a big country for raising poultry. Once bird flu breaks out, it will inevitably suffer great losses if it lacks effective means. "Since the knowledge and technology I have mastered are urgently needed by the country, why don’t I come back?"

Highly pathogenic avian influenza is a class A infectious disease. Once the bird flu epidemic is found all over the world, the common way is to cull all the poultry in a certain range. Doing so not only consumes huge human and financial resources, but also brings disaster to the aquaculture industry.

"Why not seek a better solution?" Chen Hualan, who has just returned to China, boldly proposed, "It is ‘ to develop a new and efficient vaccine for prevention and control; Four or two thousand catties ’ The best choice. " The laboratory she led was designated as the "National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza" by the Ministry of Agriculture, responsible for the epidemic diagnosis, epidemiological monitoring and prevention and control technology research of highly pathogenic avian influenza.

At the beginning of 2004, H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza raided 14 provinces in China. The National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza receives samples from all over the country for final identification every day. In a short time, more than 50 cases of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza were diagnosed, which played a key role in controlling the epidemic in time.　

Chen Hualan led the team to speed up the pace of vaccine research and development. In more than a year, they completed the research on the new avian influenza vaccine in the laboratory. The successful development of H5N1 and H5N1 avian influenza vaccines has greatly improved China’s ability to prevent and control avian influenza and saved tens of billions of yuan for the country.

Re-war virus

In March 2013, there were cases of human infection with H7N9 avian influenza in China. The rapid spread of the virus caused a lot of panic in the country and attracted great attention from the international community.

The epidemic situation is like military intelligence, and Chen Hualan has once again started a race against the virus. She and her colleagues sent a number of teams to take samples at the first time, and then immediately conducted research and analysis.

Less than 48 hours after the first infected case was announced, Chen Hualan’s team isolated a similar virus from the samples collected in the live poultry market. According to the research results, Chen Hualan suggested that the live poultry market in infected areas should be closed immediately. After her suggestion was adopted, the number of new infections decreased rapidly.

"Although the H7N9 virus that appeared in 2013 can infect people, it is not pathogenic to poultry, and chickens do not show any clinical symptoms after infection, which makes it difficult to find the virus in time." Chen Hualan later said.

The H7N9 avian influenza virus caused a total of 5 waves of human infections, resulting in 1,567 infections, of which more than 600 people were killed. From October every year to March the following year, it is a high incidence period of human infection with H7N9 avian influenza.

Chen Hualan said: "At the thought that H7N9 avian influenza virus is threatening the lives of thousands of people, we dare not relax for a moment."

In the four Spring Festival after the emergence of H7N9 virus, Chenhualan was spent in the laboratory. But the virus is a tough opponent.

"In January 2017, we found in the monitoring that the H7N9 avian influenza virus had a key mutation, and poultry began to get sick and died in large numbers after infection." The situation that Chen Hualan is most worried about has emerged. "The mutated virus is more harmful to people, and the mortality rate can reach more than 50%."

From January to September, 2017, the "race" between team Chen Hualan and the virus entered a sprint stage: intensify on-site sample collection and pathogen monitoring nationwide, speed up virus analysis and research, formulate prevention and control measures, put forward prevention and control suggestions, speed up the process of creating efficient vaccines, and accept evaluation and testing & HELIP; … Miracle happened like this. Before the arrival of the virus epidemic season in autumn and winter of 2017, Chen Hualan team successfully launched the bivalent inactivated vaccine of recombinant avian influenza virus (H5/H7).

The popularization of the vaccine has effectively controlled the spread of H7N9 avian influenza virus in poultry and successfully blocked the infection of H7N9 avian influenza virus in people.

be as usual

Behind the first-class scientific research is the unimaginable contribution of ordinary people. Team Chen Hualan conducts large-scale avian influenza virus monitoring twice a year, and members go to farms and live poultry markets across the country to take samples from live poultry and bring them back for analysis. When sampling, researchers should use swabs to take samples from the deep throat and cloaca of chickens respectively. In 2017 alone, the team members sampled 53,000 copies. After returning to the laboratory, they must isolate the virus as soon as possible and do further analysis and research.

In addition to epidemic diagnosis and vaccine research, Chen Hualan also led the team to strengthen the active surveillance of avian influenza epidemiology in China and explore the biological characteristics of the virus. By giving full play to the individual strengths of team members, a full chain and systematic influenza research layout has been formed. At the same time, it shoulders the responsibility of providing scientific reference for the prevention and control of bird flu epidemic and early warning of human influenza.

In 2013, Chen Hualan was selected as one of the top ten scientific figures in Nature, and Nature called her "the one fighting in the front line ‘ Influenza detective ’ " . In 2016, Chen Hualan won the "World Outstanding Female Scientist Achievement Award" awarded by UNESCO.

Even though Chen Hualan has stood in the leading position in the world, he and his team are always in a state of "preparing for war". Chen Hualan said: "Avian influenza virus can infect not only poultry, but also migratory birds. Migratory birds who migrate across borders are very free, and they don’t need to fly to any country ‘ Passport ’ . If they carry the virus, an epidemic may occur as soon as they come into contact with local poultry. We must always be vigilant and respond to emerging epidemics at any time. "

Now, the word "avian influenza" has quietly faded out of the sight of ordinary people, while Chen Hualan remains vigilant. "The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus has evolved rapidly, and we can’t relax at all". Some people ask, is it worthwhile to give up many pleasures in life for work? Chen Hualan replied slowly: "Is it more fun and worthwhile for researchers engaged in the prevention and control of infectious diseases to nip the highly dangerous bird flu epidemic in the bud?" (Text/Kan Chunyu)

　　[Global Network Reporter Li Dongyu] "Although I don’t drink, I always prefer American wine to French wine." On July 26, local time, when Trump once again issued a tariff threat to French-made wines, he used this sentence to express his support for domestic wines.

　　As a response to France’s recent announcement to levy a digital service tax on global technology giants, according to The New York Times, Trump first said on Twitter on the 26th, "France has just imposed a digital tax on our great American technology companies. If someone wants to tax them, it should also be their motherland — — America. "

　　Then, he added, "We will soon announce substantive reciprocal action against Macron’s foolish behavior."

　　Interestingly, Trump did not explicitly say what to do, but then meaningfully threw out a sentence, "I have always said that American wine is better than French wine!"

　　The New York Times said that shortly afterwards, Trump made another speech at the White House that day, further expounding the threat to France, saying that the French tax was "wrong" and his government was studying a possible wine tax. Trump told reporters, "Although I don’t drink, I always prefer American wine to French wine."

　　The New York Times said that this week, French President Macron signed a bill to impose a new digital tax on technology giants, and global Internet giants such as Facebook, Google and Amazon became potential targets. The tax rate is as high as 3%. The US Consumer News and Business Channel (CNBC) said that the Trump administration subsequently launched the 301 investigation under the Trade Act of 1974.

　　CNBC said that if after the investigation, the United States determines that this new tax is discriminatory or unreasonably targeted at American companies, Trump may respond with tariffs. Trade experts believe that Trump’s most likely response is to the French iconic product — — There is a 100% (import) tariff on wine.

　　"The Trump administration has always stated that it will not stand by and tolerate discrimination against American companies." This is what White House spokesman Judd Deere said in a statement on the 26th local time. The statement criticized France’s tax policy, but did not give any new details about what retaliatory measures the United States might take. Deere said that the government is "closely watching all other policy tools" except the investigation, so as to decide how to respond to France.

　　In the face of the tough stance of the United States, according to Agence France-Presse reported on 26th, French Economy Minister lemerre once said that Paris was not scared. "A universal tax on digital activities is a challenge for all of us. We hope to reach an agreement within the G7 and the OECD. At the same time, France will implement its own national decisions. "

　　Yang Guangwang Harbin April 25 th news (Reporter Pang Wei)April 25th is the National Child Vaccination Day.,This year’s publicity theme is "vaccination, disease prevention and control, health protection, life protection". Vaccination is the most economical and effective measure to prevent and control infectious diseases.,To this end,Heilongjiang ProvinceProvincial CDCPublish 61 articlesCommon knowledge of vaccinationquestions and answers.

Data Map Source: vision china

　　1 Q: What is a vaccine?

　　A: It refers to the preventive biological products used for human immunization in order to prevent and control the occurrence and epidemic of diseases, including immunization planning vaccines and non-immunization planning vaccines.

　　Q: What is an EPI vaccine?

　　A: It refers to the vaccines that residents should be vaccinated according to government regulations, including those determined by the national immunization program, those added by the people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government when implementing the national immunization program, and those used by the people’s governments at or above the county level or their health authorities for emergency vaccination or mass vaccination.

　　Q: What is a non-EPI vaccine?

　　A: It refers to other vaccines voluntarily vaccinated by residents.

　　Q: What is a vaccine marketing license holder?

　　A: It refers to an enterprise that has obtained the registration certificate of vaccine drugs and the drug production license according to law.

　　Q: What is immunization program?

　　A: Immunization planning refers to the plans, plans and strategies formulated by using effective vaccines to vaccinate susceptible people according to the national infectious disease prevention and control plan, and to vaccinate people in a planned way according to the vaccine varieties, immunization procedures or vaccination programs determined by the state or provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, so as to prevent and control the occurrence and prevalence of specific infectious diseases, and to improve people’s health level and health civilization level through the implementation of national immunization planning.

　　Q: What kind of immunization planning system does the country implement?

　　A: Residents living in China have the right to be vaccinated with EPI according to law and fulfill their obligations to be vaccinated with EPI. The government provides free immunization program vaccines to residents. The people’s governments at or above the county level and their relevant departments shall ensure that school-age children are vaccinated with immunization programs. The guardian shall ensure that school-age children are vaccinated with EPI vaccine on time according to law.

　　7 Q: What are the immunization program vaccines for school-age children in our province?

　　A: At present, the immunization programs for school-age children in our province include hepatitis B vaccine, BCG vaccine, inactivated polio vaccine, live attenuated polio vaccine, DTP vaccine, measles vaccine, live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine, live attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine, group A meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine and group A+C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine.

　　Q: What is routine vaccination?

　　Answer: It refers to the vaccination service provided by the vaccination unit for the vaccinated object within a relatively fixed vaccination service cycle time in accordance with the national immunization program, vaccine use guidelines and vaccine use instructions.

　　Q: What is mass vaccination?

　　A: It refers to the organized and centralized vaccination activities for a specific group of people who may be threatened by an infectious disease within a specific scope and time. Supplementary immunization (formerly called "booster immunization") is a commonly used form of mass vaccination.

　　Q: What is emergency vaccination?

　　Answer: When the epidemic situation of infectious diseases begins or has an epidemic trend, vaccination activities are carried out for the target population in order to control the spread of infectious diseases.

　　Q: Why can vaccination prevent diseases?

　　A: Scientific research shows that when bacteria or viruses invade the human body, the body will produce a substance that resists the bacteria or viruses. This substance is called antibody. Different bacteria or viruses will produce different antibodies, which are called specific antibodies. After recovery, this specific antibody still remains in the body. If the corresponding bacteria or viruses invade the body again, this specific antibody can protect the body from these bacteria or viruses. Vaccination is to artificially inoculate a small amount of bacteria or viruses and their metabolites after being attenuated or inactivated, so that the body can produce specific antibodies or cellular immune responses, thus producing resistance against this pathogen.

　　Q: Why do you have to take vaccination according to the immunization program?

　　A: Different vaccines have different immunization procedures, which are based on clinical trials and years of scientific practice. Such as hepatitis B vaccine, pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus combined vaccine, polio vaccine, etc., at least three doses of vaccination are needed to make children have sufficient immunity. As children grow up, the immunity acquired by vaccination in the body will gradually decline. Therefore, some vaccines need to be strengthened.

　　Q: Can different vaccines be vaccinated at the same time?

　　A: Two or more injectable vaccines should be inoculated in different parts. It is forbidden to mix two or more vaccines and inhale them into the same syringe for inoculation. At present, all the vaccines in the national immunization program can be vaccinated at the same time according to the immunization procedure or the principle of replanting. Immunization planning vaccine and non-immunization planning vaccine can be vaccinated at the same time. If you choose not to vaccinate at the same time, priority should be given to ensuring immunization planning vaccine vaccination.

　　Q: How long does it take for different vaccines not to be vaccinated at the same time?

　　A: If two or more live attenuated vaccines for injection are not vaccinated at the same time, they should be vaccinated at an interval of ≥28 days. Inactivated vaccine and oral attenuated live vaccine, if they are not inoculated at the same time with other kinds of vaccines (including attenuated and inactivated), there is no restriction on the inoculation interval.

　　Q: How do migrant children get vaccinated?

　　A: In China, the vaccination of floating children is managed locally (that is, where they live), and floating children enjoy the same vaccination services as local children. If children under 6 years old move to other cities (regions) and counties (districts), they can directly carry the vaccination certificate issued by the health department of their original place of residence to the vaccination unit where they live now. If the vaccination certificate has not been handled before or is lost, the vaccination certificate can be reissued at the vaccination unit in the current residence.

　　Q: Which is better, imported vaccine or domestic vaccine?

　　A: Both domestic and imported vaccines have strict quality control systems to ensure the safety and effectiveness of vaccines. There is no obvious difference in performance between domestic vaccines and imported vaccines. No matter domestic or imported vaccines, all vaccines will have a certain level of adverse reactions, and there is no obvious difference in the level of adverse reactions between imported vaccines and domestic vaccines. Compared with domestic vaccines, imported vaccines have higher investment in R&D, and there is a certain gap between the prices of imported vaccines and domestic vaccines due to factors such as tariffs, freight and marketing costs. The choice of domestic vaccine or imported vaccine depends on the importance that individuals attach to the performance and price of the vaccine. If economic conditions permit, you can choose to vaccinate imported vaccines at your own expense, but if you consider the cost performance, it is also good to choose domestic vaccines. Don’t fall into the misunderstanding that the higher the price, the better.

　　Q: Why should BCG be vaccinated at birth?

　　Answer: After inoculation with BCG, the body can have specific immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which can prevent the reproduction and spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the human body, so it has a good effect on preventing tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis. The World Health Organization suggests that newborns should be vaccinated with BCG as soon as possible in areas with high and moderate tuberculosis prevalence. China’s immunization program is to vaccinate newborns with one dose of BCG at birth.

　　Q: Why should newborns be vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine within 24 hours after birth?

　　A: Most carriers of hepatitis B virus surface antigen in China come from vertical transmission from mother to child and early childhood infection. Because newborns have no immunity to hepatitis B virus and their immune function is not perfect, once they are infected with hepatitis B virus, they will easily become carriers of hepatitis B virus surface antigen. After infants less than one year old are infected with hepatitis B virus, more than 90% of them will become chronic hepatitis B virus surface antigen carriers. Thus, it is particularly important for newborns to prevent hepatitis B. All newborns should be vaccinated with the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine as soon as possible within 24 hours after birth, and complete the whole course of three doses of hepatitis B vaccine according to the immunization program of 0, 1 and 6 months old.

　　Q: Is it necessary to strengthen immunization after the whole vaccination of hepatitis B vaccine is completed?

　　A: At present, neither the World Health Organization nor China advocates the complete vaccination of hepatitis B vaccine and the booster immunization after successful immunization. This is because: after the successful initial immunization of hepatitis B vaccine, the immune persistence is good. According to domestic observation, the protection rate is still as high as 88.6% 15 years after vaccination. After natural exposure to hepatitis B virus (HBV), the memory B lymphocytes of successful immunization recipients inoculated with hepatitis B vaccine can rapidly proliferate, differentiate and produce specific antibodies after being attacked by HBV. It has been proved that humoral immune memory reaction still exists even among immunocompetents with low antibody or no antibody after 5 years. There is cellular immunity, and it has been observed that there is also specific cellular immune memory in addition to humoral immune memory response after vaccination with hepatitis B vaccine. Under the protection of hepatitis B vaccine, children can safely pass through the high-risk period of HBV infection (1 ~ 3 years old) without strengthening immunization, and with the function of immune barrier, the chances of infection of immunized children are greatly reduced. However, high-risk groups (such as hemodialysis patients, medical staff, etc.) should be tested for antibodies every 6 ~ 12 months, and when anti-HBS is less than 10 miu/ml, intensive vaccination can be carried out.

　　Q: How long will it take to have antibodies after hepatitis B vaccination? How long can it be protected?

　　A: Vaccination with hepatitis B vaccine is the most effective measure to prevent HBV infection. The effective component of hepatitis B vaccine is HBsAg, which induces human body to produce anti -HBs (hepatitis B surface antibody) and plays a role. After the first vaccination, most anti -HBs were still negative or below the lower limit of detection value; Anti -HBs turned positive about 1 week after the second injection, that is, it was immune to HBV 35-40 days after the start of inoculation; Inoculation with the third dose can significantly increase the level of anti -HBs and prolong the protection period. The positive conversion rate of anti -HBs is as high as 95%-100% after the whole vaccination of newborns, and the protection period can reach more than 22 years. After the human body actively produces anti -HBs, it has immune memory. Even if the anti -HBs turns negative and is exposed to HBV again, the body can produce anti -HBs in a short time. Therefore, it is not necessary for non-high-risk people to strengthen hepatitis B vaccination.

　　Q: What should adults do if they don’t produce antibodies after hepatitis B vaccination?

　　Answer: For those who fail to respond after three doses of hepatitis B vaccine, they can be vaccinated with one dose of 60μg or three doses of 20μg hepatitis B vaccine, and their serum anti -HBs will be detected 1-2 months after the second dose of hepatitis B vaccine. If there is still no response, they can be vaccinated with one dose of 60μg recombinant yeast hepatitis B vaccine.

　　Q: Can newborns of pregnant women infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) breastfeed?

　　A: Although HBsAg and HBV DNA can be detected in the milk of pregnant women infected with hepatitis B virus, and some scholars believe that chapped nipples, excessive sucking of infants and even biting of nipples may transmit the virus to infants, these are theoretical analysis and lack of evidence-based medical evidence. Even without immunization, the infection rate of breast-fed and artificially fed newborns is almost the same. More evidence proves that even if pregnant women are HBeAg positive, breastfeeding does not increase the risk of infection. Therefore, after formal prevention, whether pregnant women are HBsAg positive or negative, their newborns can breastfeed, and there is no need to test whether there is HBV DNA in the milk.

　　Q: What should medical staff and others who accidentally expose hepatitis B virus do?

　　Answer: (1) Squeeze gently around the wound to discharge the blood in the wound, then rinse the wound with 0.9%NaCl solution, and then treat it with disinfectant. (2) HBV DNA and HBsAg should be detected immediately and rechecked after 3-6 months. (3) Those who have been vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine and are known to be positive for anti -HBs (anti -HBs≥10mIU/ml) may not be treated. If you have not been vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine, or if you have been vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine, but the anti -HBs is less than 10 miu/ml or the anti-HBS is unknown, you should immediately inject 200-400 IU of HBIG, and at the same time, inoculate one dose of hepatitis B vaccine (20μg) in different parts, and then inoculate the second and third doses of hepatitis B vaccine (20μg) one month and six months later, respectively.

　　Q: Why should I stay on observation for at least 30 minutes after vaccination?

　　A: After vaccination, due to individual reasons, very few people may have allergic reactions. Monitoring data show that anaphylactic shock mostly occurs within 30 minutes after inoculation. After anaphylactic shock, if it is not under the supervision of medical staff, it is easy to be life-threatening. Therefore, doctors and first-aid drugs must be equipped at the inoculation site, mainly to prevent accidents. If the guardian suspects that his child has an adverse reaction to vaccination, he should consult or report to the vaccinator or the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in time.

　　Q: What is a suspected adverse reaction to vaccination?

　　A: It refers to the reaction or event that is suspected to be related to vaccination after vaccination.

　　Q: What are the classifications of suspected adverse reactions to vaccination?

　　A: It includes adverse reactions (general reactions and abnormal reactions), vaccine quality accidents, vaccination accidents, coupling diseases and psychogenic reactions.

　　Q: What are the conditions that do not belong to the abnormal reaction of vaccination?

　　A: The abnormal reaction of vaccination refers to the adverse drug reaction caused by the qualified vaccine in the process of implementing the standardized vaccination or after implementing the standardized vaccination, and the relevant parties have no fault.

　　The following situations do not belong to the abnormal reaction of vaccination:

　　(a) the general reaction after vaccination caused by the characteristics of the vaccine itself;

　　(2) Damage caused to the recipients due to vaccine quality problems;

　　(three) the damage caused to the recipients by the vaccination unit’s violation of the vaccination work norms, immunization procedures, guiding principles for vaccine use, and vaccination programs;

　　(four) the recipient is in the incubation period or precursor period of a disease at the time of inoculation, and the disease is coupled after inoculation;

　　(5) The recipient has vaccination contraindications specified in the vaccine instructions, and the recipient or his guardian failed to truthfully provide the health status and vaccination contraindications of the recipient before vaccination, and the original disease of the recipient has an acute recurrence or aggravation after vaccination;

　　(6) Psychogenic reactions of individuals or groups due to psychological factors.

　　Q: Why do some recipients have redness and inflammation in the injection area after vaccination?

　　A: Red swelling is a manifestation of inflammation and a common phenomenon in vaccination. It is the body’s responsive response to various damaging stimuli. It is characterized by local tissue deterioration, exudation and proliferation. When vaccinating, injection is often used, which itself can stimulate the human body to cause minor trauma and cause inflammation; At the same time, the vaccine itself is a foreign body and has certain toxicity. The pH, osmotic pressure and preservatives contained in the vaccine can cause inflammatory reactions to varying degrees. In addition, the inoculation of live vaccine is essentially a mild artificial infection, which can not only cause a mild infection process similar to the virulence of the microorganism, but also be accompanied by inflammatory reaction.

　　From the immunological point of view, inflammatory reaction is caused by the interaction between antigen and antibody or sensitized lymphocytes, which leads to the release of various inflammatory mediators by cells or the activation of inflammatory mediators in plasma or tissue fluid. Although the inflammation caused by vaccination may cause damage to the recipients, it is also conducive to the exudation of complement and antibody in the blood and strengthen the defense function.

　　Q: How to deal with the general reaction after vaccination?

　　A: After vaccination, you should stay in the vaccination unit for at least 30 minutes. Some children will have some reactions after vaccination, such as low fever, local redness and swelling, and may be accompanied by general discomfort, such as burnout, loss of appetite and fatigue. The above symptoms usually last for 1 ~ 2 days and disappear without any treatment. Children who have the above reactions after vaccination should take a proper rest, drink plenty of boiled water and keep warm to prevent other diseases from secondary. If there is a serious reaction, you should seek medical advice in time.

　　Q: Can children with neonatal jaundice be vaccinated?

　　A: Jaundice is a common clinical symptom in neonatal period, which can be divided into two types: physiological jaundice and pathological jaundice.

　　Physiological jaundice refers to the newborn’s 2 ~ 3 days after birth, which first appears on the face and neck, and then spreads all over the skin of trunk and limbs, with slight yellow staining and yellow sclera, but the palms and soles are not yellow, and the blood bilirubin is less than 12 mg/L, which reaches its peak on the 4 ~ 6 days after birth. Full-term infants mostly subside within 7 ~ 10 days after birth, and premature infants can delay to the 3 ~ 4 weeks. Children with physiological jaundice, except jaundice, are in good health, without other clinical symptoms, have normal urine and stool color, do not need treatment, have a good prognosis, and can be vaccinated with various vaccines.

　　Pathological jaundice can be divided into infectious jaundice and non-infectious jaundice (hemolytic disease of newborn, biliary atresia, breast-feeding jaundice, genetic diseases and drug-induced jaundice). If neonatal jaundice occurs in one of the following situations, it should be considered whether it is pathological jaundice: jaundice occurs within 24 hours; The degree of jaundice is deep and progresses rapidly, exceeding 6 mg/d L； in one day; Blood bilirubin > 12 mg/l; Jaundice lasts more than 2 weeks or reappears after it subsides. Pathological jaundice is the manifestation of the disease, and it should be treated in time, and vaccination is not allowed.

　　Q: Can allergic constitution be vaccinated?

　　A: The so-called "allergic constitution" is not a contraindication for vaccination. Allergic reactions are mild and severe, and serious allergic reactions caused by vaccines are rare. Compared with the risk of illness without vaccination, the benefit of vaccination is greater. The so-called "allergic constitution" can be observed after vaccination. If there are allergic manifestations, they can be treated in time, which generally will not affect health (nor affect the vaccination effect). If you are seriously allergic to the known vaccine ingredients or have laryngeal edema, anaphylactic shock and other serious systemic allergic reactions due to vaccination in the past, it is forbidden to continue to vaccinate the same vaccine.

　　Q: What common diseases are not taboo for vaccination at present?

　　A: Physiological and breast-feeding jaundice, history of simple febrile convulsion, stable epilepsy control, congenital inherited metabolic diseases (congenital hypothyroidism, phenylketonuria, trisomy 21 syndrome, etc.), stable brain diseases, congenital heart disease, congenital infection (syphilis, cytomegalovirus and rubella virus), etc.

　　Q: Is it necessary to vaccinate Covid-19 vaccine?

　　A: It is necessary. On the one hand, most people in our country have no immunity against Covid-19, and they are susceptible to Covid-19. After the onset of infection, some people will develop into critical illness and even cause death. After vaccination, on the one hand, most people can gain immunity, thus effectively reducing the risk of illness, severe illness and death; On the other hand, through the orderly vaccination of Covid-19 vaccine, we can gradually establish an immune barrier among the population, stop the epidemic of COVID-19, and restore the normal operation of China’s social economy and residents’ life as soon as possible.

　　Q: How does Covid-19 vaccine work in human body?

　　A: After vaccination, the human body will produce protective antibodies, and some vaccines will also make the human body have cellular immunity and form corresponding immune memory. In this way, the human body has immunity against diseases. Once Covid-19 invades the human body, antibodies produced by vaccines and cytokines released by cellular immunity can identify, neutralize or kill the virus, and immune memory can quickly mobilize the immune system to play a role, so that the virus cannot continue to proliferate in the body, thus achieving the purpose of preventing diseases.

　　Q: At present, how many kinds of Covid-19 vaccines have been approved for conditional marketing or emergency use in China?

　　A: Covid-19 vaccines from five manufacturers in China have been approved for conditional marketing or emergency use. Among them, there are 3 inactivated vaccines and 1 adenovirus vector vaccine approved for marketing conditionally; In addition, one recombinant Covid-19 vaccine (CHO cells) was approved for emergency use.

　　Q: Who are the approved vaccine manufacturers in Covid-19?

　　A: The three Covid-19 inactivated vaccine products that have been conditionally approved for marketing are produced by Sinopharm China Bio-Beijing Institute of Biological Products (Beijing Institute), Wuhan Institute of Biological Products (Wuhan Institute) and Beijing Kexing Zhongwei Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Kexing Zhongwei).

　　The adenovirus vector vaccine approved for marketing conditionally is produced by Kangxinuo Bio-stock Company (Kangxinuo).

　　The recombinant subunit vaccine approved for emergency use is produced by Anhui Zhifeilong Kema Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Zhifeilong Kema).

　　Q: At this stage, who is the target of Covid-19 vaccine?

　　A: The vaccination target of Covid-19 vaccine in China is people aged 18 and above.

　　Q: At present, how many doses of Covid-19 vaccine are required to be used in China? How long is the interval?

　　A: At present, Covid-19 inactivated vaccine needs to be inoculated with two doses; The interval between the first dose and the second dose should be 3 weeks or more, and the second dose should be completed as soon as possible within 8 weeks after the first dose.

　　Adenovirus vector vaccine needs 1 dose.

　　The recombinant subunit vaccine needs 3 doses; The interval between the first dose and the second dose, and the interval between the second dose and the third dose are suggested to be 4 weeks or more. The second dose should be completed within 8 weeks after the first dose and the third dose should be completed within 6 months after the first dose.

　　Q: Where can I get the Covid-19 vaccine?

　　A: Vaccination in Covid-19 is carried out in vaccination units approved by local health administrative departments. Usually, the inoculation unit is located in the health service center, township health center or general hospital in the jurisdiction. If vaccination involves some departments or enterprises with relatively concentrated key targets, some temporary vaccination units will be set up locally according to the situation.

　　The health administrative department or disease prevention and control institution in the jurisdiction will also announce the vaccination units that can carry out Covid-19 vaccination as required, including the location and service hours. Please pay attention to the relevant information release platform.

　　Q: What are the contraindications for COVID-19 vaccination?

　　A: The taboo of vaccination refers to the situation that vaccination should not be given. According to the Technical Guide for Vaccination in Covid-19 (First Edition), the common taboos for vaccination include: 1. Those who are allergic to the active ingredients, any inactive ingredients and substances used in the production process, or those who have been allergic to similar vaccines before; 2. Those who have had severe allergic reactions to vaccines in the past (such as acute allergic reactions, angioneurotic edema, dyspnea, etc.); 3. People with uncontrolled epilepsy and other serious nervous system diseases (such as transverse myelitis, guillain-barre syndrome, demyelinating diseases, etc.); 4. Those who are suffering from fever, or acute diseases, or acute attacks of chronic diseases, or patients with uncontrolled serious chronic diseases; 5. Pregnant women. Some taboos, such as fever, are temporary. When the situation that caused the taboo no longer exists, you can vaccinate later.

　　Q: How to find and grasp the taboo of vaccination?

　　A: During the operation, if the first dose of vaccine causes severe allergic reaction, and it cannot be ruled out that it is caused by the vaccine, it is not recommended to vaccinate the second dose. To understand the ingredients of the vaccine, people who have been allergic to the ingredients of the vaccine in the past cannot be vaccinated.

　　At the time of vaccination, the recipient should truthfully report the physical health status, disease history and allergy history to the vaccination doctor; The vaccination doctor will ask about the health status and past allergy history of the recipient.

　　Q: Can Covid-19 vaccines from different manufacturers replace vaccination?

　　A: According to the Technical Guide for Vaccination in Covid-19 (First Edition), it is suggested to complete the whole vaccination with inactivated Covid-19 vaccine from the same company at this stage. In case of special circumstances, such as the vaccine can’t continue to be supplied, the recipients are inoculated in different places, and the whole process of vaccination can’t be completed with the inactivated vaccine of Covid-19 from the same enterprise, the inactivated vaccine produced by other enterprises can be used to complete the vaccination.

　　Q: Where and how to vaccinate Covid-19 vaccine?

　　A: At present, the five Covid-19 vaccines have been approved for inoculation in deltoid muscle of upper arm, and the inoculation route is intramuscular injection.

　　Q: What should we pay attention to in the process of vaccination in Covid-19?

　　A: During the vaccination process, the recipients should pay attention to and cooperate with the following matters:

　　Before vaccination, you should know about COVID-19’s disease, Covid-19’s vaccine and vaccination process in advance.

　　When vaccinating, you need to bring relevant certificates (ID card, passport, etc.), do personal protection according to local prevention and control requirements, cooperate with the on-site vaccination staff to ask, and truthfully provide information such as my health status and vaccination contraindications.

　　After inoculation, you need to stay for 30 minutes; Keep the skin of the inoculated area clean and avoid scratching the inoculated area with your hands; If there is any suspected adverse reaction, report it to the inoculation unit and seek medical treatment in time if necessary.

　　Q: Why do you have to stay on observation for half an hour after vaccination?

　　A: After vaccination, very few people may have acute allergic reactions and syncope. Acute allergic reactions that seriously endanger life safety often occur within 30 minutes after vaccination. In case of acute allergic reaction, you can take timely treatment measures at the scene. Syncope also occurs mostly within half an hour after inoculation. If you leave the observation site immediately after inoculation, you may cause accidental injury to the recipient due to syncope. Therefore, the recipients need to stay in the designated area of the vaccination unit for half an hour after vaccination.

　　Q: Why do you need a certain interval between doses of inactivated vaccine in Covid-19?

　　A: Usually, inactivated vaccines need to be vaccinated several times to achieve better immune effect. According to the clinical trial data, the first dose of inactivated vaccine in COVID-19 can stimulate the body to produce partial immune response, and the second dose can produce better immune effect. The interval between doses generally needs to be determined according to the results of clinical trials. If two doses of inoculation are not completed within the time required by the program interval, replanting should be done as soon as possible.

　　Q: How to replant those who have not completed the whole immunization program? Do you need to start over?

　　Answer: For vaccines with two or three doses of immunization, those who have not been vaccinated in the whole process are advised to replant the unfinished doses as soon as possible, and there is no need to restart vaccination according to the immunization program.

　　Q: Do people whose interval between two doses of inactivated Covid-19 vaccine is less than 3 weeks need replanting?

　　Answer: For those who have completed two doses of inactivated vaccine in Covid-19 within 14 days, one dose of inactivated vaccine should be replanted as soon as possible three weeks after the second dose. For those who complete 2 doses of inactivated Covid-19 vaccine in 14-21 days, there is no need to replant.

　　Q: Is it necessary to strengthen immunization after the whole vaccination of inactivated vaccine in Covid-19 at this stage?

　　A: Strengthening immunization is not recommended at this stage.

　　Q: It was suggested that HPV vaccine and Covid-19 vaccine should not be vaccinated at the same time. How long should the interval be?

　　A: Covid-19 vaccine is a new vaccine. In order to identify or distinguish possible suspected adverse reactions of vaccine, it is not recommended to vaccinate Covid-19 vaccine together with other vaccines (including HPV vaccine) at present. However, it doesn’t mean that you can’t vaccinate other vaccines after Covid-19 vaccination, but it is suggested that Covid-19 vaccine and other vaccines should be vaccinated more than two weeks apart. It must be noted that when rabies vaccine, tetanus vaccine and immunoglobulin need to be vaccinated urgently due to animal injury, trauma and other reasons, the vaccination interval with Covid-19 vaccine may not be considered.

　　Q: Can women of childbearing age and lactation be vaccinated with Covid-19 vaccine?

　　A: If you are pregnant after vaccination or have been vaccinated in the case of unknown pregnancy, based on the understanding of vaccine safety, it is not recommended to take special medical measures (such as termination of pregnancy) just because you have been vaccinated with Covid-19 vaccine. It is recommended to do a good job in pregnancy examination and follow-up. For women who have a pregnancy plan, it is not necessary to delay the pregnancy plan just because of Covid-19 vaccination.

　　Although there is no clinical research data on the effect of Covid-19 vaccine on lactating infants, based on the understanding of vaccine safety, it is suggested to vaccinate lactating women (such as medical staff) who are at high risk of Covid-19 infection. Considering the importance of breast-feeding for infants’ nutrition and health, and referring to the international practice, it is suggested that breast-feeding should be continued after breast-feeding women are vaccinated with Covid-19 vaccine.

　　Q: Can people aged 60 and above be vaccinated with Covid-19 vaccine?

　　A: People aged 60 and above are at high risk of severe illness and death after being infected with Covid-19. At present, the number of four phase III clinical trials of Covid-19 vaccine approved for marketing is limited, and the phase III trial of recombinant subunit vaccine is still in progress, and there is no data on the protective efficacy of the vaccine for this population. However, the data of the above-mentioned phase I/II clinical study of the vaccine show that the vaccination safety of this population is good. Compared with the population aged 18-59, the titer of neutralizing antibody after vaccination is slightly lower, but the positive conversion rate of neutralizing antibody is similar, suggesting that the vaccine will also have a certain protective effect on people over 60 years old, so vaccination is recommended.

　　Q: Can people with chronic diseases be vaccinated with Covid-19 vaccine?

　　A: People with chronic diseases are people with high risk of severe illness and death after being infected with Covid-19. People with chronic diseases with stable health and good drug control should not be considered as the taboo population for vaccination in Covid-19, so vaccination is recommended.

　　Q: Can people with impaired immune function be vaccinated with Covid-19 vaccine?

　　A: People with impaired immune function are people with high risk of severe illness and death after Covid-19 infection. At present, there is no data on the safety and effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccine for this population (such as malignant tumor, nephrotic syndrome, AIDS patients) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected people. The immune response and protective effect of this group of people may be reduced after vaccination. For inactivated vaccine and recombinant subunit vaccine, according to the safety characteristics of the same type of vaccine in the past, vaccination is recommended; For adenovirus vector vaccine, although the vector virus used is replication-deficient, there is no safety data of the same type of vaccine in the past. It is recommended to vaccinate after being fully informed that the benefits outweigh the risks.

　　Q: Do I need to get Covid-19 vaccine if I have been infected with Covid-19?

　　A: The existing research data show that it is rare to get reinfected in Covid-19 within 6 months after infection. Previous COVID-19 virus-infected people (patients or asymptomatic infected people) can receive one dose after 6 months on the basis of full notification.

　　Q: How long will it take to produce antibodies against Covid-19 after Covid-19 inactivated vaccine is inoculated?

　　A: According to the previous clinical trial of inactivated vaccine in Covid-19, the vaccinated population can have a good immune effect about two weeks after the second dose of inactivated vaccine is inoculated.

　　Q: Is it necessary to test antibodies before and after vaccination?

　　A: There is no need to carry out Covid-19 nucleic acid and antibody testing before vaccination; Routine antibody detection after vaccination is not recommended as the basis for successful immunization.

　　Q: Do I still need to do nucleic acid testing after Covid-19 vaccination? Can vaccination certificate replace nucleic acid test report?

　　Answer: After vaccination with Covid-19 vaccine, a very small number of the recipients still have positive nucleic acid test or illness due to protection failure: 1. After the whole vaccination, some people failed to get effective protection due to immune failure. After exposure to Covid-19, this group of people may be infected with Covid-19 and have positive nucleic acid test or illness. 2. It takes some time to produce protective effect after vaccination. If you are infected with Covid-19 during this period, you may detect nucleic acid positive or get sick. 3. Patients who are in the incubation period of the disease or asymptomatic infected people may still detect nucleic acid positive or get sick because they have been infected even after vaccination.

　　These people may become infected persons. When the prevention and control of epidemic situation in COVID-19 needs to be screened for nucleic acid, Covid-19 vaccination certificate cannot replace the nucleic acid test report, and it is necessary to cooperate with relevant departments to carry out nucleic acid test.

　　Q: After the mutation in Covid-19, is Covid-19 vaccine still effective?

　　A: According to the global monitoring of Covid-19 mutation, there is no evidence that virus mutation will invalidate the existing Covid-19 vaccine. Virus is one of the simplest organisms, and its proliferation depends on living cells. In the process of proliferation, the virus will mutate. The World Health Organization, research institutions in various countries, vaccine manufacturers, etc. are paying close attention to the mutation situation in Covid-19, and are also carrying out related research, which will provide early warning and scientific analysis basis for the follow-up vaccine development and application.

　　Q: What are the common adverse reactions of vaccination in Covid-19?

　　A: According to the results of the previous clinical trial of Covid-19 vaccine and the information collected during emergency use, the common adverse reactions of Covid-19 vaccine in China are basically similar to those of other vaccines that have been widely used. Common adverse reactions are mainly manifested as redness, induration and pain at the inoculation site, as well as clinical manifestations such as fever, fatigue, nausea, headache and muscle soreness. Relevant departments will continue to strengthen the real-time monitoring and evaluation of adverse reactions.

　　Q: Will our prevention and control measures be adjusted after vaccination in COVID-19?

　　A: For individuals, the protective effect of vaccination is not 100%, and it takes some time to produce protective antibodies. For the population, Covid-19 is still easy to spread without forming an immune barrier. Therefore, in order to prevent the COVID-19 epidemic from rebounding, some prevention and control measures should still be adhered to at this stage, including wearing masks, keeping social distance, washing hands frequently, ventilation and other protective measures. The prevention and control measures for COVID-19 epidemic will be adjusted in time with the improvement of vaccine coverage rate in COVID-19 and the change of epidemic situation at home and abroad.