Scientific and standardized safe and orderly vaccination

In order to do a good job in the vaccination work in Covid-19 of the whole army, further popularize the vaccination knowledge, and ensure that the vaccination work of the whole army is scientific, rigorous, safe and standardized, and vigorously and orderly and effectively promoted, recently, the reporter interviewed experts related to the joint prevention and control mechanism of the army in response to public health emergencies.

Reporter: What is Covid-19 vaccine and what kinds are there at present?

Expert: Covid-19 vaccine, called novel coronavirus preventive vaccine, is an innovative vaccine to prevent and control diseases caused by Covid-19 infection. Domestic Covid-19 vaccine research and development technologies are mainly divided into five types, namely: inactivated vaccine, adenovirus vector vaccine, attenuated influenza virus vector vaccine, recombinant protein vaccine and nucleic acid vaccine. Up to now, there are four kinds of vaccines in China, such as inactivated vaccines from Sinopharm Group Co., Ltd. "Zhongsheng Wuhan" and "Zhongsheng Beijing", inactivated vaccines from Beijing Kexing Zhongwei Biotechnology Co., Ltd. and adenovirus vector vaccine developed by Academy of Military Sciences and Kangxinuo Company, which have been approved for conditional listing. The recombinant protein vaccine jointly developed by Institute of Microbiology of China Academy of Sciences and Anhui Zhifeilong Kema Company agreed to be used urgently after evaluation and demonstration.

Reporter: Is it necessary for the general population to get novel coronavirus vaccine?

Expert: novel coronavirus is a new virus, and almost everyone is susceptible to novel coronavirus, so it is very necessary to get vaccinated. As a group that needs to perform all kinds of tasks at any time, military personnel should be vaccinated except for contraindications.

Reporter: What are the main features of recombinant novel coronavirus vaccine (adenovirus vector) compared with other COVID-19 vaccines approved by China?

Expert: At present, COVID-19 inactivated vaccine needs to be vaccinated twice in the whole process, and it is recommended that the interval between two doses should not be less than 28 days. Those who need to complete the whole process of COVID-19 inactivated vaccine as soon as possible because of going abroad or working in high-risk areas can be vaccinated twice with COVID-19 inactivated vaccine at the shortest interval specified in the vaccine instructions; The recombinant protein vaccine jointly developed by Institute of Microbiology, China Academy of Sciences and Anhui Zhifeilong Kema Company needs to be inoculated three times. Inoculation is to make the antibody reach a certain level to resist the disease. Generally speaking, inactivated vaccines need to be vaccinated many times, and the immunity should be strengthened regularly to achieve sufficient antibody titer in the body. The first vaccination usually does not provide protection, and the protective immune response usually occurs after the second dose of vaccination.

Recombinant novel coronavirus vaccine (adenovirus vector) only needs to be inoculated with one dose, which can produce cellular immunity and humoral immunity after 14 days of inoculation, providing double protection for human body. It is the only single-dose COVID-19 vaccine approved for use in China.

Reporter: What is the principle of adenovirus vector technology?

Expert: human adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) is a common respiratory virus. After being modified, Ad5 will not replicate in human body. Insert the gene encoding Covid-19 spike protein (S protein) into Ad5 vector, which is equivalent to rocket and S protein gene is equivalent to satellite. The vector carries the S protein gene into human cells to synthesize Covid-19 S protein, and S protein is used as antigen to stimulate the immune response of the body. Only Covid-19’s S protein enters the human body, and there are no other Covid-19 components.

Reporter: What is the protective effect of recombinant novel coronavirus vaccine (adenovirus vector) and its protective effect on Covid-19 mutant?

Expert: At present, the data of global phase III clinical trials show that after 14 days of single injection of recombinant novel coronavirus vaccine (adenovirus vector), the protective effect on severe COVID-19 is 95.5%, and the overall protective effect on all symptoms of COVID-19 is 68.8%. The results of neutralizing antibody cross experiment showed that the vaccine had protective effect on Covid-19 mutant.

Reporter: How safe is the vaccine in Covid-19?

Expert: Covid-19 vaccines, like other vaccines, have a series of safeguards for quality and safety management, and there are clear requirements in the process of vaccine research and development and production. Vaccines must undergo strict animal experiments and clinical research before they are registered, and a strict batch issuance system should be implemented before they are used. Therefore, the vaccines approved by the state for marketing are all safe and effective to meet the qualified standards.

The recombinant novel coronavirus vaccine (adenovirus vector) was approved for conditional marketing in National Medical Products Administration based on the results of Phase III clinical trials conducted by more than 40,000 people in five foreign countries, and the vaccine was safe. Up to now, hundreds of thousands of people have been vaccinated, and no serious adverse reactions related to vaccination have been found.

Reporter: What are the main adverse reactions that may occur after the recombinant novel coronavirus vaccine (adenovirus vector) is inoculated?

Expert: Like any other vaccine, there may be some common adverse reactions after inoculation with recombinant novel coronavirus vaccine (adenovirus vector). After summarizing all the adverse reactions collected in the clinical trials of phase I, II and III vaccines and in emergency use, the common adverse reactions at the inoculation site are pain, swelling, itching, erythema and induration. Common systemic adverse reactions include fever, headache, fatigue, myalgia, lethargy, nausea and diarrhea. The severity of adverse reactions observed in this series of clinical trials is mainly Grade 1 (mild), and the incidence of adverse reactions of Grade 3 and above is 7.40%. For those with fever, antipyretic drugs can be taken, and other common adverse reactions generally do not need special treatment, and usually can be relieved within 48 hours. If the symptoms are serious or you can’t judge the severity by yourself, you should seek medical advice in time.

Reporter: Who are the people who are not allowed to vaccinate in Covid-19?

Expert: Vaccination contraindications for vaccines in Covid-19 must be strictly observed in Covid-19’s vaccine instructions. Usually, people who are seriously allergic to vaccines or any ingredients in vaccines are contraindicated. For patients with fever, acute diseases and acute authors of chronic diseases, they generally belong to the object of suspension of vaccination.

Reporter: Can people in allergic period be vaccinated with recombinant novel coronavirus vaccine (adenovirus vector)?

Expert: Allergy is an important factor for doctors to consider when vaccinating. People who are allergic to vaccines or vaccine ingredients and have had allergic reactions to vaccination in the past are not suitable for vaccination; People with other serious allergic history (such as asthma, severe eczema, etc.) are not recommended to be vaccinated; For allergic people with pollen allergy, nasal congestion, runny nose or slight rash, it is recommended to stagger the allergic period, and the mild symptoms can be vaccinated according to the doctor’s advice.

Reporter: Can cancer patients and people with chronic diseases be vaccinated with recombinant novel coronavirus vaccine (adenovirus vector)?

Expert: People with nervous system diseases and immune system diseases are not suitable for vaccination. Basic patients such as diabetes and hypertension that can be controlled by drugs can be vaccinated during the stable period. For cancer patients, it is necessary to consult oncologists and determine whether they can be vaccinated according to the drug use.

Reporter: What are the precautions before and after Covid-19 vaccination?

Expert: Before vaccination, the vaccination doctor will ask about the health status, please tell the relevant information truthfully; After the inoculation is completed, it is necessary to keep on-site observation for 30 minutes, keep the injection site dry on the day of inoculation, pay attention to personal hygiene and arrange rest properly; Avoid contact with previously known allergens and common allergens within one week after inoculation, and try not to drink alcohol, eat spicy food or seafood. It is recommended to have a light diet and drink plenty of water.

Reporter: If there are serious adverse reactions after vaccination with Covid-19 vaccine, how should I report and handle them?

Expert: According to past experience, acute adverse reactions after vaccination usually appear within 30 minutes after vaccination. Please keep under observation as required and inform the doctor at the vaccination site in time. If there are serious adverse reactions after leaving the inoculation site, you should seek medical treatment in time and report to the doctor at the inoculation site.

Reporter: How long is the immune persistence of Covid-19 vaccine? Is it necessary to strengthen immunization?

Expert: At present, the immunization program of recombinant novel coronavirus vaccine (adenovirus vector) is one dose, and the observation of immune persistence after single dose vaccination is still in progress. The current data prove that it is effective within at least 6 months. Previously, the vaccine research and development team observed the immune persistence of Ebola vaccine using the same adenovirus vector technology and found that it still had a high antibody level after two years of inoculation.

Reporter: Can recombinant novel coronavirus vaccine (adenovirus vector) and inactivated COVID-19 vaccine be used together?

Expert: At present, there is no relevant information about alternative vaccination and combined application. Please refer to the national policy guidance and COVID-19 vaccine instructions.

Reporter: Will nasopharyngeal swab test positive for nucleic acid after inoculation with recombinant novel coronavirus vaccine (adenovirus vector)?

Expert: No. The nucleic acid test is Covid-19 gene, and the current vaccine will not cause COVID-19, nor will it make Covid-19 nucleic acid test positive because of vaccination.

Reporter: Can Covid-19 vaccine be inoculated with other vaccines such as HPV vaccine, influenza vaccine and rabies vaccine?

Expert: It is not recommended to vaccinate with other vaccines at the same time. It is recommended to vaccinate with other vaccines at least 2 weeks apart to minimize unexpected interaction, and at the same time, it is necessary to closely observe the reaction after vaccination.

Reporter: Is it necessary to vaccinate people who have had COVID-19 or who have no symptoms?

Expert: The existing research data show that it is rare to get reinfected in Covid-19 within 6 months after infection. Previous COVID-19 virus-infected people (patients or asymptomatic infected people) can receive one dose after 6 months on the basis of full notification.

Reporter: Do I still need to wear a mask after Covid-19 vaccination?

Expert: Before the population immune barrier is established, even if some people are vaccinated, everyone’s awareness of prevention and control and prevention measures cannot be relaxed. On the one hand, the success rate of vaccine immunization is not 100%, and a small number of vaccinated people may get sick during the epidemic period, which is related to the characteristics of the vaccine itself and the personal physique of the recipients; On the other hand, in the absence of an immune barrier, Covid-19 is still easy to spread.

Reporter: Do you need to check the antibody production? How to check the antibody? If it is negative, do you need to replant?

Expert: It is not recommended to check antibodies. The production of specific antibodies in human body is generally obtained by natural infection or vaccination. It is suggested that anyone who meets the vaccination conditions should be vaccinated as long as they are not clearly infected with Covid-19 or have suffered from COVID-19, and there is no need to test antibodies before and after vaccination.

Reporter: Do you still need to do nucleic acid testing after Covid-19 vaccination?

Expert: Vaccination can reduce the risk of infection to a certain extent, but the protective effect of any vaccine can not reach 100%. If necessary, we should still cooperate with relevant departments to carry out nucleic acid testing.