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　　Vaccination is the key to immunization planning, and it is also a sharp weapon for China to deal with a series of infectious diseases such as COVID-19.

　　According to the "Immunization Agenda 2030" announced by 26 institutions including the World Health Organization (WHO), the goal is to achieve 90% coverage of basic vaccines for children and adolescents by 2030, and to reduce the number of children who have not been vaccinated at all by half. The "Healthy China 2030" Planning Outline clearly stated that "the expanded national immunization program should be continued, and the vaccination rate of school-age children in the national immunization program should be maintained at a high level".

　　At present, 14 kinds of vaccines under China’s immunization program can prevent 15 kinds of infectious diseases, including hepatitis A, meningitis and rubella, and the coverage population is mainly children aged 0 to 6. However, there are still four kinds of vaccines recommended by WHO that are internationally recognized as cost-effective and have not been included in China’s immunization program.

　　What is the urgency and cost-effectiveness of these four vaccines for patients? How to set relevant evaluation standards? On the occasion of "World Immunization Week", CBN interviewed a number of clinical and immunization planning experts and gave their answers.

　　The dilemma of high price of PCV vaccine

　　The vaccines recommended by WHO but not included in China’s immunization program mainly include Hib vaccine (Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine), HPV vaccine (human papillomavirus vaccine), PCV vaccine (streptococcus pneumoniae conjugate vaccine) and RV vaccine (rotavirus vaccine).

　　"Streptococcus pneumoniae (SPN) is the main pathogen of community-acquired pneumonia and invasive infection among children in China." Zeng Mei, chief physician of the Pediatric Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, said that according to multi-center research, nearly 80% of patients with invasive pneumococcal diseases are children under 5 years old. "It is urgent to vaccinate this population with streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine."

　　As a pediatric clinician, Zeng Mei has been concerned about the impact of Streptococcus pneumoniae on children and the related immunization planning process for many years. For example, a multi-center clinical study covering 1138 cases of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in children from 2012 to 2017 showed that the mortality rate of these invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae diseases was as high as 16.2%, and the proportions of meningitis, bacteremia and bacteremia caused by these diseases were 22.9%, 9.1% and 7.8 respectively.

　　In terms of vaccine supply, at present, there are two kinds of PCV13-valent vaccines available in China. Among them, imported vaccines are suitable for infants aged 6 weeks to 15 months, and domestic vaccines are suitable for infants and children aged 6 weeks to 5 years. PPV23(23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine) is used for people over 2 years old who are infected with SPN and have an increased risk of IPD (invasive pneumococcal disease).

　　"In China, there are obvious regional differences in deaths caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, and about 49% of deaths caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae occurred in the western region. In terms of mortality, the mortality rate in the western region is 17 per 100,000, which is about twice as high as that in other regions. " Wang Weibing, director and professor of the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, said that the vaccination rate of PCV13 vaccine in Shanghai has reached almost 50% in recent years, and the risk of pneumonia can be reduced by about 82% after vaccination, but the vaccination rate in the western region is less than 1%.

　　Wang Weibing further said that from the perspective of economic burden, the price of PCV vaccine in most countries covered by Gavi (Global Alliance for Vaccine Immunization) is about US$ 3.3 per dose. The price of imported PCV13 vaccine in China is about 700 yuan per dose, which still has a certain gap. "The current price also leads to the vaccine not being cost-effective in health economics." .

　　It is necessary to comprehensively consider many factors such as disease, vaccine, vaccination ability and so on when vaccines are included in the immunization program. Wang Weibing told reporters that on the one hand, epidemiological evidence such as the disease burden of influenza and pneumococcal diseases in China is still insufficient. Because pneumonia, influenza and other respiratory diseases usually have similar symptoms, there are many kinds of pathogens that can cause the same disease, which makes it difficult to estimate the disease burden of vaccine-preventable diseases, and it is difficult to observe the effect after vaccination.

　　On the other hand, from the point of view of vaccine supply, because PCV vaccine contains many serotypes, the production process is complex and there are certain technical barriers, which leads to the vaccine supply can not meet the needs of being included in the national immunization plan. However, with the joining of Chinese manufacturers who independently research and develop PCV vaccine, it is believed that the current situation of insufficient supply will be expected to be improved.

　　Significance of free HPV vaccination

　　Since the first government-led HPV vaccine free vaccination project was launched in Erdos city three years ago, at present, Guangdong, Hainan, Jiangxi, Fujian, Tibet and Chongqing provinces have also started or announced that they will launch a global HPV vaccine free vaccination program.

　　According to other data, there are six kinds of HPV vaccines listed in the world, including two bivalent HPV vaccines independently developed by China (one from Wan Tai and one from watson biological). As of March 2023, 126 countries and regions have included HPV vaccine in the immunization program.

　　"In terms of HPV vaccination, people’s acceptance and participation enthusiasm are higher than expected. These explorations may provide important reference for the inclusion of HPV vaccine in national immunization planning decisions." Zhang Jun, deputy dean of the School of Public Health of Xiamen University and deputy director of the National Infectious Disease Diagnostic Reagents and Vaccine Engineering Technology Research Center of Xiamen University, said in an interview.

　　In Zhang Jun’s view, there is no doubt about the health damage caused by HPV infection in China. With the large and stable supply of high-quality domestic HPV vaccines and widely recognized by the public, the independent control of vaccine research and development and the long-term sustainability of supply have become a fact. "At present, HPV vaccines have not been included in the national immunization plan, and the main difficulty lies in the high cost and price of vaccines and the uncertainty of public acceptance."

　　Judging from the bidding price of Jiangsu Province’s previous procurement, the bivalent HPV vaccine in watson biological was 246 yuan/piece, and the bivalent HPV vaccine in Wan Tai was 329 yuan/piece, and three shots were inoculated in the whole process. In addition, the average price of HPV tetravalent vaccine ranges from 800 to 900 yuan per dose, and the total price of three doses of HPV nine-valent vaccine is about 4,000 yuan.

　　"Because the research and development cycle of HPV vaccine is generally more than 10 years, it requires high production facilities and quality control. In order to maintain a virtuous circle of market demand-R&D investment, the pricing of products should not be too low within several years of listing; This may put greater pressure on the country’s budget. " Zhang Jun analyzed the reporter.

　　Du Heng, senior project officer of the Beijing Representative Office of Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, believes that enterprises will make production capacity layout and arrangement according to market demand, and naturally leave production capacity to the high-priced vaccine market and people with higher payment capacity. The key population that should be vaccinated with HPV vaccine first, that is, girls aged 9-15, can guide the production behavior of enterprises through strengthening the national immunization program and large-scale procurement.

　　Zhang Jun suggested that, on the one hand, a more flexible medical insurance payment mechanism could be considered. For example, formulate affordable medical insurance payment standards, where the expenses within the standards are reimbursed by medical insurance/finance, and the expenses beyond the standards are paid by individuals.

　　On the other hand, on the basis of bidding and purchasing with quantity, considering increasing the time factor, relatively high prices are allowed in the first few years, so that enterprises can recover their costs as soon as possible and obtain reasonable income, maintain their enthusiasm for innovation, and quickly switch to cost pricing or market competition after a certain number of years and more diversified manufacturers, so as to ensure the sustainability of immunization planning policies.

　　Implement a scientific and accurate evaluation standard path

　　Professor Tang Shenglan, co-director of the Global Health Research Center of Duke University in Kunshan and head of the Innovation Laboratory of Vaccine Delivery Research, told the reporter that there have been many mature research results on the key decision-making research and the selection of vaccine varieties for introducing immunization programs for new vaccines in the world, which generally involve three types of indicators.

　　The first category is indicators related to disease prevalence and burden. "For example, malaria is highly prevalent and has a high disease burden in many African countries, so it is necessary to include malaria vaccines in the immunization programs of these countries. However, malaria has been effectively controlled in China. In 2021, WHO awarded China the certification for eliminating malaria. Obviously, malaria vaccine will not be considered in the expansion of immunization programs in China. " Tang Shenglan said.

　　The second kind of indicators mainly focus on the vaccine itself, including its effectiveness, safety, quality, supply capacity and health and economic benefits.

　　The third category of indicators involves financial resources, manpower and material resources. Tang Shenglan analyzed in detail for the reporter. Financial resources mainly refer to whether China’s health financing mechanism can support the expansion decision. Generally speaking, if the budget is abundant this year, it will vigorously expand vaccination, and if the budget is tight next year, it will reduce vaccination coverage (the baby born next year will not be able to enjoy the plan). This obviously violates the principle of fairness. Manpower, every time a new vaccine is added to the immunization program, it means that the workload of vaccination increases and the number of possible vaccine adverse reactions increases; Correspondingly, the inoculation technology of new vaccines needs training, and the results of disease surveillance also need to be reported. Material resources include whether the vaccine distribution has cold chain conditions, whether the monitoring system can "expand" synchronously, and whether the media and grassroots science popularization have enough resources for public science popularization.

　　In the next step, what specific measures and adjustments should be made in immunization planning in various places?

　　Tang Shenglan suggested that, first of all, from the national level, a scientific and dynamic adjustment mechanism of immunization program catalogue can be gradually established, and based on this mechanism, the adjustment plan of national immunization program in the next 5-10 years can be defined, and the market can be shaped through this plan. At the same time, guided by health and fairness, taking into account the local disease burden, financial level and residents’ ability to pay, we will explore and support the gradual inclusion of more cost-effective vaccines in the national immunization plan in different regions, batches and steps, and include high-risk groups such as teenagers, the elderly, chronically ill patients and medical workers in the vaccination scope, so as to accelerate the realization of life-cycle vaccination.

　　Secondly, it is to improve the sustainable financing mechanism of vaccines, which can establish the clear expectations of relevant enterprises for the market. "Practice in some places shows that medical insurance reimbursement or moderate subsidies can effectively incite individuals to share and improve the vaccination rate without significantly increasing the financial burden." For example, Tang Shenglan, Qinhuai District of Nanjing, for example, paid about 670,000 yuan to buy varicella vaccine through finance in 2019, accounting for only 1.10% of the basic public health service expenses in the district, but it increased the coverage rate of the first vaccination by 10 percentage points.

　　Thirdly, improve the research and development of key vaccines through policy guidance. These policy guidance can include: optimizing vaccine review and approval standards, accelerating industrial transformation and upgrading, supporting joint vaccine research and development and production, and leaving room for optimizing immunization strategies; Support the domestic substitution of key vaccines to ensure a stable and sufficient supply of vaccines included in the immunization program.

　　Finally, Tang Shenglan suggested that we can learn from some innovative international procurement mechanisms to balance the risks and benefits of enterprises while adjusting vaccine prices.

　　"For example, in the bidding process in the UK, manufacturers are allowed to give different quotations according to different purchase quantities (often the larger the purchase quantity, the lower the price), so that economies of scale can be effectively utilized and the risks of manufacturers can be reduced. The Canadian government will require provinces or regions to estimate their demand before awarding the contract to manufacturers, and require provinces or regions to purchase at least 75% of their estimated amount, thus forming a quantitative guarantee for manufacturers. " Tang Shenglan said that China can fully learn from the experience of developed countries, start with regional pilot projects, and explore a better procurement model. While reducing the price of non-immunization vaccines, it also enhances the R&D enthusiasm of enterprises and achieves the goal of multi-win.

Original Bajiuling Wu Xiaobo Channel

It may be difficult for pharmaceutical companies to embark on the road of OEM, but it is not a long-term solution after all.

Text/Ba Jiuling (WeChat WeChat official account: Wu Xiaobo Channel)

01

These things you bought online are probably branded products.

Have you bought scar cream, hair tonic, warm palace stickers, diet pills and other health care products online? If these products come from well-known pharmaceutical companies such as Renhe, Tongrentang and Xiuzheng, will you have more trust, even if its price is higher than similar products, will you pay for them?

But in fact, the products you bought are probably not from the pharmaceutical companies’ own factories, but are OEM products.

For example, Tmall’s "Medicine Capital Renhe Flagship Store" has a monthly sales of 10,000+and more than 7,000 comments. According to the product details page, this product is from Renhe Pharmaceutical, but it does not appear in the product list of Renhe Pharmaceutical official website.

According to the approval number of this product "G20180064", minibus found the registration information of this product in official website of the Food and Drug Administration, which showed that the manufacturer was "Guangzhou Aifuyi Biotechnology Co., Ltd.", and the last remark information also stated that its actual manufacturer was: Guangzhou Tengyu Cosmetics Co., Ltd.

Enterprise investigation shows that Guangzhou Aifuyi and Guangzhou Tengyu have no equity relationship with Renhe Pharmaceutical. This is a typical OEM product.

On the platform of investor interaction, many investors have raised a similar topic to Renhe Pharmaceutical, such as "What is the relationship between anti-alopecia lotion and Renhe Pharmaceutical", and they are concerned about the actual relationship between such branded products and Renhe Pharmaceutical.

02

The OEM model has spread to the medical field.

Today, the OEM model has been very popular in all walks of life. The most typical is the Antarctic people. Open a shopping platform, there will be many shops related to Antarctic people, and the products are countless, from shoes and clothing to bedding, from electric irons to gas stoves.

Antarctic people were originally a company that started from making underwear. Since 2008, Antarctic people have closed all the production lines of their own factories, and since then they have changed from "selling products" to "brand authorization", earning a lot of money. In 2019, Antarctic people earned 1.3 billion yuan through brand authorization. In 2020, the gross profit margin of Antarctic OEM service will reach 93.26%.

In recent years, the OEM model has spread to the medical and health care industries. Renhe, Tongrentang, Xiuzheng, Sunflower and many other well-known pharmaceutical companies increase their income through brand authorization.

Taking Renhe Pharmaceutical as an example, according to its 2020 annual report, the company achieved a total operating income of 4.106 billion yuan. The company’s products are divided into self-owned products and OEM products. From the perspective of income, self-owned products and OEM products basically account for half.

The OEM model supports half of the revenue of an old pharmaceutical company, which is enough to prove the dependence of well-known pharmaceutical companies on the OEM model.

Compared with R&D, OEM is obviously an easier shortcut. Accustomed to taking shortcuts, they are even more reluctant to take the difficult but correct path.

According to the third quarterly report of 2021 disclosed by Renhe Pharmaceutical, in the first three quarters, the company’s R&D expenses were 42.76 million yuan, and its revenue was about 3.659 billion yuan. The proportion of R&D expenses in revenue was only 1.1%. According to the annual report of Renhe Pharmaceutical for nearly 4 years, its annual sales expenses are 14-26 times as much as R&D expenses. Renhe’s characteristics of "emphasizing marketing and neglecting research and development" are often criticized by the outside world.

However, this is not the problem of Renhe. According to the survey report of the consulting industry in China, the R&D expenditure of large international pharmaceutical companies generally accounts for 15%-20% of the total sales, while the R&D investment of domestic pharmaceutical companies accounts for only 2%-3% of the sales revenue on average.

03

Want to win by branding? I’m afraid not.

Although the road to OEM is easy, it is not once and for all.

Just like Antarctic people, they thought they could "win" by brand authorization, but these two years have not been easy.

Since July last year, the share price of Antarctic e-commerce has dropped from the highest point of 24.41 yuan to around 7 yuan today, and its market value has evaporated by nearly 40 billion yuan. According to its 2021 semi-annual report, in the first half of 2021, the net profit of Antarctic e-commerce attributable to shareholders of listed companies was 246 million yuan, down 42.85% year-on-year.

The OEM model is like a double-edged sword, which not only contributes a lot of profit to the enterprise, but also brings various negative problems to the brand, such as product quality, word of mouth and even false propaganda.

There are many complaints about branded products of pharmaceutical companies on the websites of Black Cat Complaint and 315 Consumer Protection Complaint. Most of the complaints revolve around "invalid products", "fake goods", "no refund" and "false propaganda".

Minibus searched Pinduoduo for a wound care ointment. According to the industry details page, this product comes from a national brand-Amendment. Its function is "scar removal without leaving any trace", and it has been put on record by the Drug Administration, with good safety effect.

The actual manufacturer of this ointment is "Jiangxi Bingshuangjiefu Industrial Co., Ltd.", which has no equity relationship with Xiuzheng Pharmaceutical and belongs to OEM products.

According to the record number "Ganzhang Machinery Equipment No.20190083" provided by it, the minibus made an inquiry on the website of National Medical Products Administration, and the record information showed: "This product is ointment. The contained components have no pharmacological effects. The ingredients contained cannot be absorbed by the human body. Non-sterile. "

The "intended use" item is blank.

The minibus inquired about other brands of scar-removing ointment of the same type, and the column of "expected use" said "suitable for inhibiting and relieving hyperplastic scars caused by burns, trauma, surgery and other reasons".

In other words, this ointment probably has no scar removal effect. If so, then this product has the problem of false propaganda.

04

How can you post it? Who is responsible for the problem?

Who should be responsible for the quality problems of OEM products? The minibus consulted Chang Dongyue, the director of Shanghai Law and Craftsman Law Firm, and he thought that once the branded goods had quality problems, the brand supplier was the direct responsible person, and the processor was also liable under normal circumstances. Moreover, this is based on the quality problems of legally produced products, and it is necessary to bear civil liability.

However, more and more enterprises don’t talk about "martial arts", and many enterprises alienate OEM into pure lending brands, which is very problematic without any quality supervision on quality. In this case, if the illegal production leads to extremely bad social consequences, the brand and producer of OEM products not only need to bear civil liability, but also need to bear administrative responsibility and even criminal responsibility.

Chang Dongyue also said that the safety of food and drugs is related to people’s right to health and even life. Quality problems may cause irreversible damage to the body, and no matter how strict the quality supervision of food and drugs is. Regrettably, although China’s Food Safety Law, Drug Administration Law and Product Quality Law all stipulate product quality responsibility, the sanctions for violating food and drug safety are still too light, so that the food and drug field in China is still not safe enough. In this regard, the United States and Japan’s practice of using heavy codes to control food and drug safety is quite good and worth learning.

Relying on legal sanctions is the last step. As an enterprise, it should be its duty to abide by the rules. How can have no martial ethics, a post it?

According to Shi Lichen, the founder and strategic marketing expert of Beijing Dingchen Management Consulting Co., Ltd., OEM is not illegal, and the key is how to continue to control quality while authorizing. Whether you are OEM or OEM, consumers only know that they are buying your brand. Pharmaceutical companies should pay special attention to quality, otherwise, as the authorized products become more and more miscellaneous, the quality can not be controlled, and finally the reputation of the main business will be affected, which will not be worth the candle.

05

Difficulties and new ways for pharmaceutical companies

The advantages and disadvantages of OEM mode are very clear, and it can easily make money, but it is difficult to control the quality and the brand is easily damaged. The reason is very simple. The question is, those old pharmaceutical companies that have spent a hundred years settling down should have cherished their feathers. Why are they addicted to OEM?

Shi Lichen explained the reasons behind it: in recent years, the competition in the pharmaceutical industry has been fierce, and the operating pressure of pharmaceutical companies has increased. The old pharmaceutical companies have to find a way out. First, solve the fundamental problems and increase investment in research and development; Second, based on its own cost advantage, to achieve economies of scale. But these two roads are not easy to walk.

"In contrast, the OEM business has almost no cost and high net profit, so those pharmaceutical companies with brand awareness and strong premium ability naturally embarked on this road."

From this point of view, it is difficult for the old pharmaceutical companies to embark on the road of OEM, but this is not a long-term solution after all. Is it possible to open up a new road?

There is indeed a new road that has emerged-the field of cross-border beauty cosmetics and daily chemicals for pharmaceutical companies.

With the strong growth of functional skin care products, pharmaceutical companies such as Renhe, Pien Tze Huang, Tongrentang, Ma Yinglong, Yunnan Baiyao, Panlong Yunhai, Dong ‘e Ejiao and Xiuzheng Pharmaceutical have all set foot in the cosmetic and daily chemical industry.

Pien Tze Huang disclosed the 2020 financial report, and the company achieved operating income of 6.511 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 13.78%; The net profit was 1.672 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 21.62%. Behind the growth, the cosmetics sector contributed a bit. Its holding subsidiary Fujian Pien Tze Huang Cosmetics Co., Ltd. achieved revenue of 611 million yuan, up 42.01% year-on-year, and net profit of 114 million yuan, up 41.23% year-on-year.

In July this year, Renhe Pharmaceutical announced that it planned to acquire 80% equity of seven cosmetics companies for 719 million yuan. One of them, Shenzhen Miura Natural Cosmetics, has been independently producing Renhe brand cosmetics, and some of the products distributed by the other six target companies come from this company.

In this regard, Shi Lichen analyzed that there is a huge Japanese industry called cosmeceuticals, which is not available in China, but we can make some functional cosmetics. Well-known pharmaceutical companies have natural advantages in making cosmetics across borders. For example, if brands can support the premium of products, they can get higher profit points. In addition, pharmaceutical companies themselves already have strong management teams, marketing teams and capital levels, which are not available to ordinary enterprises.

"The difference is nothing more than that some pharmaceutical companies, such as Renhe, have cultivated Renhe brand cosmetics related products through OEM before, and some products already have a certain market share, brand awareness and user base. At this time, it is logical to conduct mergers and acquisitions. Some pharmaceutical companies have had less involvement in this area before, so they may have to do it from scratch. "

In this way, pharmaceutical companies cross-border to make beauty cosmetics and daily chemical products. Originally, they just wanted to be a sideline through brand authorization. In the future, they may become one of their main businesses and gain new profit growth points by creating explosive IP products.

Author | Li Mengqing | Duty Editor | Zhang Wenlong

Editor | He Mengfei | Editor | Zheng Yuanmei | Tuyuan | vision china

Original title: "Old pharmaceutical companies learn from online celebrity brand. Have you ever bought such branded products? 》

Read the original text

　　The General Administration of Customs announced today (6th) that in the first half of this year, the national customs suspended the export to China of 144 food enterprises that suffered from the COVID-19 outbreak, and at the same time, returned or destroyed the risky imported food to prevent unqualified food from entering the country.

　　According to customs statistics, this year 1-mdash; In June, the national customs conducted a total of 1,098,700 samples of imported cold-chain food, animal and plant products for COVID-19 virus detection; A total of 27,114,400 imported cold-chain foods were supervised for preventive disinfection at ports.

　　Kong Xiaobang, Director of General Department of Import and Export Food Safety Bureau of General Administration of Customs:Since the outbreak of the epidemic, as of July 1st this year, we have randomly selected 296 overseas food enterprises in 60 countries and regions through remote video, and suspended the export of 144 overseas food enterprises with COVID-19 outbreak employees to China, effectively ensuring the safety of imported food in China.

　　At the same time, the customs strictly returns or destroys the imported food with risks to prevent unqualified food from entering the country. 1-mdash this year; In June, the national customs detected 1,070 batches of food that were not allowed to enter the country due to unqualified safety and hygiene items in port supervision, and all of them were returned or destroyed.

　　In addition, the customs has also enhanced the understanding of the safety of imported and exported food in various ways. Today, in addition to Hangzhou, other customs across the country have also launched the "National Food Safety Publicity Week" in 2021, with a variety of publicity, display and Q&A activities to publicize and interpret imported food safety and port food hygiene and safety laws and regulations to import and export enterprises and consumers, and strictly supervise imported food.

　　Zang Juan, Inspection Section of Qianjiang Customs Office in Yuhang, Hangzhou Customs:Consumers can first check whether the food is labeled or labeled in Chinese, and whether the product name, country of origin (region), ingredient list, production date and other information are marked on the label.

　　If there is no such Chinese label on imported food sold in the market, it can be regarded as an informal channel. Secondly, you can also ask the sellers for the Inspection and Quarantine Certificate of Entry Goods issued by the Customs or log on to the website of the General Administration of Customs to check whether the imported food meets the access requirements, so as to ensure that the imported food you buy is imported in compliance.

　　CCTV News:During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the maritime industry flourished, and colored gems and jade from various countries entered China with merchant ships. In the jewelry category exhibition being exhibited in Changsha Museum, about 300 pieces of collected treasures show the beauty of the blending of Chinese and Western cultures.

　　With the continuous development of navigation and trade, China is rich in precious stones and stored in by going up one flight of stairs. Jewelry inlay technology developed rapidly in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. This Ming Dynasty’s "gold inlaid with precious silk and five phoenix crowns" is very rich in decorative elements, including the flower shape of peony, dragons, phoenixes, butterflies and other forms of decoration, using a variety of complex techniques such as tired silk and hammering.

　　The continuous export of China’s artworks has also made westerners know and understand China culture. These two French cosmetic boxes, dating from about 1920, are rich in China elements in design.

　　Bronze decoration embodies the cultural characteristics of Shang and Zhou Dynasties.

　　At the special exhibition of Shang and Zhou cultural relics on display in Tianjin Museum, more than 150 pieces (sets) of Oracle bones, bronzes and other cultural relics provide important clues for studying the origin of Chinese civilization.

　　The typical animal face pattern in Shang bronzes is the reorganization and deformation of many animals based on people’s imagination. All kinds of animal-faced tripod in the exhibition reflect the reverence and worship of nature by the ancestors of Shang and Zhou Dynasties.

　　Cicada pattern is also a common animal pattern decoration on bronzes, which means it is high in food and dew, clean and valuable. This cicada-patterned tripod in the late Shang Dynasty has a complicated craft, which embodies the exquisite skills of ancient craftsmen.

　　Zhaoji civilization sees the origin of Chinese characters from cultural relics

　　Through this special exhibition, we can learn about the history and culture of that period from the Oracle bones and bronzes with inscriptions.

　　The word "China" combined together first appeared on the bronze ware "He Zun" more than 3,000 years ago. In fact, the earliest Chinese characters "Zhong" and "Guo" can also be found in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty.

　　Oracle Bone Inscriptions can not only reflect the political and military situation at that time, but also reflect the ecological environment at that time. From the Oracle inscriptions carved on this piece of Oracle bones, we can see that the Central Plains at that time had traces of elephant survival and reproduction.

　　In Shang dynasty, people not only carved words on Oracle bones, but also wrote on wooden slips and silks with brush. Although it is no longer possible to see the Shang dynasty classics written with a brush, the inscriptions on bronzes basically retain the form of brush writing. In the inscription of Xin Ding, the father of the Shang Dynasty, we can intuitively see the trace of the writing of the word "father" with a brush.

　　Catalogue

　　Foreword

　　First, take the road of high-quality energy development in the new era

　　(A) the new strategy of energy security

　　(B) the new era of energy policy ideas

　　II. Historic achievements have been made in energy development

　　(A) the ability to ensure energy supply has been continuously enhanced.

　　(B) Energy conservation and consumption structure optimization have achieved remarkable results.

　　(3) The level of energy science and technology has improved rapidly.

　　(4) The friendliness between energy and ecological environment has been significantly improved.

　　(V) The energy governance mechanism has been continuously improved.

　　(VI) Energy benefits the people with fruitful results.

　　Third, comprehensively promote the transformation of energy consumption patterns

　　(A) the implementation of dual control of energy consumption.

　　(2) Improve the energy-saving laws, regulations and standards system.

　　(C) Improve energy-saving and low-carbon incentive policies

　　(4) Improve the energy efficiency level in key areas.

　　(5) Promote the cleanness of terminal energy consumption.

　　Fourth, building a diversified and clean energy supply system

　　(A) giving priority to the development of non-fossil energy.

　　(2) Clean and efficient development and utilization of fossil energy.

　　(3) Strengthen the construction of energy storage, transportation and peak shaving system.

　　(D) Support energy development in rural and poverty-stricken areas.

　　Fifth, give play to the role of scientific and technological innovation as the first driving force

　　(A) improve the top-level design of energy science and technology innovation policy

　　(2) Building a diversified and multi-level energy science and technology innovation platform

　　(3) Carry out collaborative scientific and technological innovation in major energy fields.

　　(D) relying on major energy projects to improve the level of energy technology and equipment.

　　(V) Support the development of new technologies, new models and new formats.

　　Sixth, comprehensively deepen the reform of the energy system

　　(A) to build an effective competitive energy market

　　(2) Improve the mechanism that energy prices are mainly determined by the market.

　　(3) Innovative scientific energy management and optimized services

　　(4) Improve the energy legal system.

　　Vii. strengthening international cooperation in energy in all directions

　　(1) Continue to deepen the opening up of the energy sector.

　　(2) Efforts will be made to promote the joint construction of the "Belt and Road" energy cooperation

　　(3) Actively participate in global energy governance.

　　(D) Work together to address global climate change

　　(E) China’s proposition of jointly promoting the sustainable development of global energy.

　　Concluding remarks

　　Foreword

　　Energy is the foundation and motive force of human civilization and progress, which is related to the national economy, people’s livelihood and national security, human survival and development, and is of vital importance to promoting economic and social development and enhancing people’s well-being.

　　Since the founding of New China, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, China has gradually built a relatively complete energy industry system through self-reliance and hard work. Since the reform and opening up, China has adapted to the needs of rapid economic and social development, promoted comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable energy development, and become the largest energy producer and consumer in the world and the country with the fastest improvement in energy utilization efficiency.

　　Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the development of China has entered a new era, and the energy development of China has also entered a new era. The new energy security strategy of "four revolutions and one cooperation" put forward by the Chairman of the Supreme Leader has pointed out the direction for China’s energy development in the new era and opened up a new road for China’s characteristic energy development. China adheres to the new development concept of innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing, with the theme of promoting high-quality development and the main line of deepening supply-side structural reform, comprehensively promotes the reform of energy consumption mode, builds a diversified and clean energy supply system, implements the innovation-driven development strategy, continuously deepens the reform of energy system, and continuously promotes international cooperation in the energy field, so that China’s energy has entered a new stage of high-quality development.

　　Ecological prosperity leads to civilized prosperity. Facing the increasingly serious global problems such as climate change, environmental risk challenges and energy resource constraints, China has established the concept of a community of human destiny, promoted the overall green transformation of economic and social development, actively participated in global energy governance while striving to promote the clean and low-carbon development of its own energy, and worked with other countries to seek a new way to accelerate the sustainable development of global energy. At the general debate of the 75th United Nations General Assembly, the Chairman of the Supreme Leader announced that China will enhance its national independent contribution, adopt more effective policies and measures, and strive to reach the peak of carbon dioxide emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. China’s energy development in the new era provides strong support for China’s sustained and healthy economic and social development, and also makes positive contributions to safeguarding world energy security, coping with global climate change and promoting world economic growth.

　　In order to introduce China’s achievements in energy development in the new era and comprehensively expound China’s major policies and major measures to promote energy revolution, this white paper is issued.

　　First, take the road of high-quality energy development in the new era

　　China’s energy development in the new era actively adapts to the new development and new requirements of the domestic and international situation, unswervingly follows a new path of quality development, better serves economic and social development, better serves the construction of beautiful China and healthy China, and better promotes the construction of a clean and beautiful world.

　　(A) the new strategy of energy security

　　China’s energy development in the new era will implement the new energy security strategy of "four revolutions and one cooperation".

　　— — Promote the energy consumption revolution and curb unreasonable energy consumption. Adhere to the principle of giving priority to energy conservation, improve the management of total energy consumption, strengthen the control of energy consumption intensity, and make energy conservation run through the whole process of economic and social development and all fields. Firmly adjust the industrial structure, attach great importance to urbanization and energy conservation, and promote the formation of a green and low-carbon transportation system. Advocate the concept of thrift in the whole society, cultivate a production and lifestyle that saves energy and uses green energy, and accelerate the formation of an energy-saving society.

　　— — Promote the energy supply revolution and establish a diversified supply system. Adhere to the green development orientation, vigorously promote the clean and efficient utilization of fossil energy, give priority to the development of renewable energy, develop nuclear power in a safe and orderly manner, and accelerate the increase of the proportion of non-fossil energy in energy supply. Vigorously promote oil and gas exploration and development, and promote oil and gas storage and production. We will promote the construction of coal, electricity, oil and gas production, supply, storage and marketing systems, improve energy transmission networks and storage facilities, improve the emergency system for energy storage, transportation and peak shaving, and continuously improve the quality and security of energy supply.

　　— — Promote the energy technology revolution and promote industrial upgrading. We will further implement the innovation-driven development strategy, build a green energy technology innovation system, and comprehensively improve the level of energy technology and equipment. Strengthen basic research in the energy field, as well as common and subversive technological innovations, and strengthen original and integrated innovations. Efforts will be made to promote the integration and innovation of digitalization, big data, artificial intelligence technology and clean and efficient energy development and utilization technology, vigorously develop smart energy technology, and cultivate energy technology and its related industries into new growth points that drive industrial upgrading.

　　— — Promote the energy system revolution and open up the fast lane of energy development. Unswervingly promote the market-oriented reform in the energy field, restore the attributes of energy commodities, and form a unified, open and competitive energy market. Promote the reform of energy prices and form a mechanism in which energy prices are mainly determined by the market. Improve the energy legal system, innovate the scientific management mode of energy, promote the "streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services" reform, strengthen planning and policy guidance, and improve the industry supervision system.

　　— — Strengthen international cooperation in all directions to achieve energy security under open conditions. Adhere to the principles of mutual benefit, equality and reciprocity, expand opening up in an all-round way and actively integrate into the world. Promote the green and sustainable development of the "Belt and Road" energy and promote the interconnection of energy infrastructure. Actively participate in global energy governance, strengthen international exchanges and cooperation in the energy field, smooth international trade in energy, promote the facilitation of energy investment, jointly build a new pattern of international cooperation in energy, and safeguard the stability and common security of the global energy market.

　　(B) the new era of energy policy ideas

　　— — Adhere to the people as the center. Firmly establish the concept of energy development for the people, relying on the people and serving the people, take ensuring and improving the energy consumption of people’s livelihood and the energy consumption of poor people as the priority goal of energy development, strengthen the construction of energy and people’s livelihood infrastructure and public service capacity, and improve the universal service level of energy. Combine the promotion of energy development with tackling poverty, implement energy poverty alleviation projects, and give play to the basic role of energy infrastructure and energy supply services in poverty alleviation.

　　— — Adhere to the clean and low-carbon orientation. Establish the concept of harmonious coexistence between man and nature, take clean and low carbon as the leading direction of energy development, promote green energy production and consumption, optimize energy production layout and consumption structure, accelerate the increase of the proportion of clean energy and non-fossil energy consumption, greatly reduce the intensity of carbon dioxide emission and pollutant emission level, accelerate the transformation of green and low carbon energy, and build a beautiful China.

　　— — Adhere to the core position of innovation. Take improving the level of energy science and technology as the breakthrough of energy transformation and development, accelerate the pace of independent innovation of energy science and technology, strengthen the national energy strategic scientific and technological strength, give full play to the main role of enterprise technological innovation, promote the deep integration of Industry-University-Research, and promote the transformation of energy technology from introduction to independent innovation, so as to form an integrated innovation with upstream and downstream linkage of energy science and technology innovation and a collaborative technology development model of the whole industry chain.

　　— — Insist on promoting development through reform. Give full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, better play the role of the government, further promote the market-oriented reform of competitive links in the energy industry, give play to the role of the market mechanism, and build a high-standard energy market system. Strengthen the guiding role of energy development strategy and planning, improve the energy legal system and industry-wide supervision system, further improve the fiscal and taxation financial system that supports the green and low-carbon transformation of energy, release the vitality of energy development, and provide support for high-quality energy development.

　　— — Persist in promoting the building of a community of human destiny. In the face of the increasingly severe global climate change situation, we should establish a sense of community of human destiny, deepen global energy governance cooperation, accelerate a new round of energy reform oriented to clean and low carbon, jointly promote the sustainable development of global energy and build a clean and beautiful world.

　　II. Historic achievements have been made in energy development

　　China unswervingly pushes forward the energy revolution, with major changes in energy production and utilization, and historic achievements in energy development. The structure of energy production and consumption has been continuously optimized, the efficiency of energy utilization has been significantly improved, the conditions for energy use in production and life have been significantly improved, and the ability of energy security has been continuously enhanced, which has provided important support for the high-quality development of the service economy, winning the battle against poverty and building a well-off society in an all-round way.

　　(A) the ability to ensure energy supply has been continuously enhanced.

　　An energy production system driven by coal, oil, gas, electricity, nuclear energy, new energy and renewable energy has basically been formed. According to preliminary calculation, the total primary energy production in China in 2019 reached 3.97 billion tons of standard coal, making it the largest energy producer in the world. Coal is still the basic energy to ensure energy supply, and the annual output of raw coal has remained at 3.41 billion-&mdash since 2012; 3.97 billion tons. Strive to maintain the stability of crude oil production, and the annual output of crude oil has remained at 190 million-&mdash since 2012; 210 million tons. Natural gas production has increased significantly, from 110.6 billion cubic meters in 2012 to 176.2 billion cubic meters in 2019. The power supply capacity has been continuously enhanced, with a cumulative installed power generation capacity of 2.01 billion kilowatts. In 2019, the power generation capacity was 7.5 trillion kWh, up 75% and 50% respectively compared with 2012. The scale of development and utilization of renewable energy has expanded rapidly, and the cumulative installed capacity of hydropower, wind power and photovoltaic power generation ranks first in the world. By the end of 2019, the installed capacity of nuclear power under construction was 65.93 million kilowatts, ranking second in the world, and the installed capacity of nuclear power under construction ranked first in the world.

　　The energy transmission capacity has been significantly improved. More than 87,000 kilometers of natural gas trunk pipelines, 55,000 kilometers of oil trunk pipelines and 302,000 kilometers of transmission lines of 3.30 kV and above have been built. (See Figure 1)

　　The energy reserve system has been continuously improved. Nine national oil reserve bases have been built, the construction of natural gas production, supply, storage and marketing system has achieved initial results, the coordinated support system for coal production and transportation has been gradually improved, the safe and stable operation of electric power has reached the world advanced level, and the comprehensive emergency support capability of energy has been significantly enhanced. (See Box 1)

　　(B) Energy conservation and consumption structure optimization have achieved remarkable results.

　　The efficiency of energy utilization has been significantly improved. Since 2012, energy consumption per unit of GDP has decreased by 24.4%, which is equivalent to reducing energy consumption by 1.27 billion tons of standard coal. From 2012 to 2019, an average annual growth of 2.8% in energy consumption supported an average annual growth of 7% in the national economy.

　　The energy consumption structure is changing to clean and low carbon. According to preliminary accounting, coal consumption accounted for 57.7% of the total energy consumption in 2019, 10.8 percentage points lower than that in 2012; The consumption of clean energy such as natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power and wind power accounted for 23.4% of the total energy consumption, an increase of 8.9 percentage points over 2012; Non-fossil energy accounts for 15.3% of the total energy consumption, 5.6 percentage points higher than that in 2012, and the goal of non-fossil energy consumption reaching about 15% by 2020 has been achieved ahead of schedule. New energy vehicles have developed rapidly. In 2019, the number of new vehicles and the number of new vehicles reached 1.2 million and 3.8 million respectively, accounting for more than half of the global total; By the end of 2019, there were 1.2 million electric vehicle charging infrastructures in China, and the world’s largest charging network was built, which effectively promoted the improvement of energy efficiency in the transportation field and the optimization of energy consumption structure. (See Figure 2)

　　(3) The level of energy science and technology has improved rapidly.

　　We will continue to promote energy science and technology innovation, and the level of energy technology will continue to improve. Technological progress has become the basic force to promote the dynamic change of energy development. Establish a complete manufacturing industrial chain of clean energy equipment such as hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and solar power generation, successfully develop and manufacture the world’s largest hydropower unit with a single unit capacity of 1 million kilowatts, and have the manufacturing capacity of a full range of wind turbines with a maximum single unit capacity of 10 MW, constantly refreshing the world record of photovoltaic cell conversion efficiency. A number of nuclear power plants with advanced third-generation technologies have been built, and many nuclear energy utilization technologies such as new-generation nuclear power and small reactors have made significant breakthroughs. The technical ability of oil and gas exploration and development has been continuously improved, and technologies such as efficient development of low-permeability crude oil and heavy oil and new-generation compound chemical flooding are leading the world. The technology and equipment level of shale oil and gas exploration and development have been greatly improved, and the natural gas hydrate test has been successfully adopted. Develop green, efficient and intelligent coal mining technology, the mechanization degree of coal mining in large coal mines reaches 98%, and master the industrialization technology of coal-to-oil gas. Build the largest, safe and reliable power grid in the world, and the reliability of power supply ranks among the top in the world. A large number of new energy technologies, models and formats such as "internet plus" smart energy, energy storage, blockchain and comprehensive energy services are booming.

　　(4) The friendliness between energy and ecological environment has been significantly improved.

　　China regards promoting the green development of energy as an important measure to promote the construction of ecological civilization, and resolutely fights the tough battle of pollution prevention and control and wins the battle of defending the blue sky. The level of clean coal mining and utilization has been greatly improved, and remarkable achievements have been made in the treatment of coal mining subsidence areas and the construction of green mines. Implement the revised Law on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution, and intensify the prevention and control of coal-burning and other energy pollution. Promote the implementation of coal equivalent or reduced substitution in new construction, reconstruction and expansion projects in key areas of national air pollution prevention and control. The green development of energy has significantly promoted the improvement of air quality, and the emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and soot have dropped significantly. The green development of energy plays an important role in the reduction of carbon emission intensity. In 2019, the carbon emission intensity decreased by 48.1% compared with 2005, which was 40% lower than that in 2020 & mdash; The goal of 45% has reversed the rapid growth of carbon dioxide emissions. (See Box 2)

　　(V) The energy governance mechanism has been continuously improved.

　　Comprehensively improve the level of marketization in the energy sector, continuously optimize the business environment, significantly enhance market vitality, and make it more convenient for market players and people to do business. Further relax the market access of foreign capital in the energy sector, private investment continues to grow, and investment entities are more diversified. The power generation and consumption plan was released in an orderly manner, trading institutions operated independently and standardized, and the power market construction was further promoted. We will accelerate the liberalization of oil and gas exploration and exploitation market, the transfer of mining rights, the reform of pipeline network operation mechanism, and the dynamic management of crude oil imports, and improve the construction of oil and gas trading centers. Promote the marketization of energy prices, further liberalize the price of competitive links, and initially establish a scientific pricing system for power and oil and gas network links. Work together to promote energy reform and the rule of law, and constantly improve the energy legal system. An energy governance mechanism covering strategy, planning, policies, standards, supervision and services has basically taken shape.

　　(VI) Energy benefits the people with fruitful results.

　　Taking safeguarding and improving people’s livelihood as the fundamental starting point of energy development, ensuring urban and rural residents to obtain basic energy supply and services, and playing the role of basic guarantee of energy supply in building a well-off society in an all-round way and revitalizing rural areas. From 2016 to 2019, the total investment in the renovation and upgrading of rural power grids reached 830 billion yuan, the average power outage time in rural areas was reduced to about 15 hours, and the electricity consumption conditions of rural residents were significantly improved. From 2013 to 2015, we will implement the action plan to solve the problem of electricity consumption for the population without electricity, and complete the historic task of providing electricity for all the population by the end of 2015. The implementation of photovoltaic poverty alleviation projects and other energy poverty alleviation projects, giving priority to the layout of energy development projects in poverty-stricken areas, and the implementation of energy benefit projects have promoted the economic development of poverty-stricken areas and increased the income of poor people. Improve the infrastructure construction of natural gas utilization, expand the supply area of natural gas, and improve the gas security capacity of people’s livelihood. Significant progress has been made in clean heating in the northern region, which has improved the energy consumption conditions and living environment of urban and rural residents. By the end of 2019, the clean heating area in the northern region reached 11.6 billion square meters, an increase of 5.1 billion square meters over 2016. (See Figure 3)

　　Third, comprehensively promote the transformation of energy consumption patterns

　　Adhere to the basic national policy of saving resources and protecting the environment, adhere to the principle of giving priority to energy conservation, establish the concept that energy conservation means increasing resources, reducing pollution and benefiting mankind, and put energy conservation throughout the whole process of economic and social development and in all fields.

　　(A) the implementation of dual control of energy consumption.

　　The total energy consumption and intensity of dual control, according to the administrative regions of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government, set the total energy consumption and intensity control targets, and supervise and evaluate local governments at all levels. Incorporate energy-saving indicators into performance evaluation index systems such as ecological civilization and green development, and guide the transformation of development concepts. Decompose energy consumption dual control targets for key energy-using units, carry out target responsibility evaluation and assessment, and promote key energy-using units to strengthen energy-saving management.

　　(2) Improve the energy-saving laws, regulations and standards system.

　　Revise and implement the Energy Conservation Law, establish and improve energy conservation systems in key areas such as industry, construction and transportation, and public institutions, and improve supporting legal systems such as energy conservation supervision, energy efficiency labeling, energy conservation review of fixed assets investment projects, and energy conservation management of key energy-using units. Strengthen the leading role of standards, improve the energy-saving standard system, implement 100 energy efficiency standards promotion projects, issue and implement more than 340 national energy-saving standards, including nearly 200 mandatory standards, and achieve full coverage of major energy-intensive industries and end-use products. Strengthen the supervision of energy-saving law enforcement, strengthen the supervision after the event, strictly enforce the accountability, and ensure the effective implementation of energy-saving laws, regulations and mandatory standards.

　　(C) Improve energy-saving and low-carbon incentive policies

　　We will implement preferential policies of enterprise income tax and value-added tax to promote energy conservation. Encourage the import of advanced energy-saving technologies and equipment, and control the export of products with high energy consumption and heavy pollution. Improve the green financial system and support energy-saving projects by using energy-efficient credit and green bonds. Innovate and improve the price mechanism to promote green development, implement differential electricity price, peak-valley time-of-use electricity price, ladder electricity price, ladder gas price, etc., improve the environmental protection electricity price policy, and mobilize the enthusiasm of market participants and residents for energy conservation. Pilot projects for paid use and trading of energy rights will be carried out in four provinces and cities such as Zhejiang, and pilot projects for trading of carbon emission rights will be carried out in seven provinces and cities such as Beijing. Vigorously promote contract energy management, encourage innovation in energy-saving technologies and business models, and develop comprehensive energy services. Strengthen the power demand side management, implement the market-oriented mechanism of power demand side response, and guide the economical, orderly and rational use of electricity. Establish an energy efficiency "leader" system, and promote end-use products, high-energy-consuming industries and public institutions to improve energy efficiency.

　　(4) Improve the energy efficiency level in key areas.

　　Actively optimize the industrial structure, vigorously develop advanced manufacturing, high-tech industries and modern service industries with low energy consumption, and promote the intelligent and clean transformation of traditional industries. Promote industrial green recycling and low-carbon transformation and upgrading, fully implement green manufacturing, establish and improve energy-saving supervision and law enforcement and energy-saving diagnostic service mechanisms, and carry out energy efficiency benchmarking. Improve the energy efficiency standards of new buildings, deepen the energy efficiency transformation of existing buildings, and optimize the energy consumption structure of buildings. Build an energy-saving and efficient comprehensive transportation system, promote the cleanliness of transportation energy, and improve the energy efficiency of transportation tools. We will build a conservation-oriented public institution in an all-round way and promote public institutions to set an example for the energy-saving work of the whole society. Build a market-oriented green technology innovation system and promote the research, development, transformation and popularization of green technology. Promote national key energy-saving and low-carbon technologies, industrial energy-saving technologies and equipment, and key energy-saving and low-carbon technologies in the transportation industry. Promote energy conservation for all, guide the establishment of a frugal consumption concept, advocate a simple and moderate, green and low-carbon lifestyle, and oppose extravagance and waste and unreasonable consumption. (See Box 3)

　　(5) Promote the cleanness of terminal energy consumption.

　　Focusing on Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surrounding areas, the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta and the Fenwei Plain, we will implement coal consumption reduction substitution and comprehensive management of loose coal, promote clean and efficient coal-fired boilers, and promote the use of natural gas, electricity and renewable energy to replace inefficient and highly polluting coal. Formulate financial and price support policies, actively promote clean heating in winter in the northern region, and promote the improvement of atmospheric environmental quality. We will promote the substitution of electricity for coal and oil in the field of terminal energy use, and promote new energy consumption methods such as new energy vehicles, heat pumps and electric kilns. Strengthen the construction and interconnection of natural gas infrastructure and promote the efficient use of natural gas in urban gas, industrial fuel, gas-fired power generation, transportation and other fields. Vigorously promote the energy supply mode of natural gas cogeneration, promote the development of distributed renewable energy, and promote multi-energy coordination and comprehensive cascade utilization of energy in the field of terminal energy use. (See Box 4)

　　Fourth, building a diversified and clean energy supply system

　　Based on the basic national conditions and development stages, we should establish the orientation of ecological priority and green development, adhere to development in protection and protection in development, deepen the structural reform of energy supply side, give priority to the development of non-fossil energy, promote the clean and efficient development and utilization of fossil energy, improve the peak-shaving system of energy storage and transportation, and promote the coordinated development of regional multi-energy.

　　(A) giving priority to the development of non-fossil energy.

　　The development and utilization of non-fossil energy is the main way to promote the green and low-carbon transformation of energy. China gives priority to non-fossil energy, and vigorously promotes low-carbon energy to replace high-carbon energy and renewable energy to replace fossil energy.

　　Promote the diversified use of solar energy. In accordance with the principles of technological progress, cost reduction, market expansion and system improvement, we will comprehensively promote the multi-mode and diversified utilization of solar energy. Coordinate the layout and market consumption of photovoltaic power generation, carry out photovoltaic power generation construction in a centralized and distributed way, implement the "leader" plan of photovoltaic power generation, allocate projects by market competition, and accelerate the technological progress and cost reduction of photovoltaic power generation. Photovoltaic industry has become an advantageous industry with international competitiveness. Improve the service mechanism such as grid access for distributed application of photovoltaic power generation, promote the comprehensive development of photovoltaic, agriculture, aquaculture and sand control, and form a diversified photovoltaic power generation development model. Promote the industrialization development of solar thermal power generation through the construction of demonstration projects, and provide market support for the development of related industrial chains. We will promote the continuous expansion of market fields and utilization modes of solar thermal utilization, promote centralized hot water engineering in the fields of industry, commerce and public services, and carry out pilot projects in solar energy heating.

　　Comprehensively coordinate and promote wind power development. In accordance with the principles of overall planning, simultaneous distribution, land and sea development and effective utilization, the development and utilization of wind power and the construction of large-scale wind power bases will be promoted in an orderly manner on the premise of connecting wind power development with power transmission and market consumption. Actively develop scattered wind energy resources in the central and eastern regions. Actively and steadily develop offshore wind power. Give priority to the development of affordable wind power projects and implement market-oriented competition to allocate wind power projects. The large-scale development and utilization of wind power will promote the development of wind power manufacturing industry, the innovation ability and international competitiveness of wind power manufacturing industry will be continuously improved, and the industrial service system will be gradually improved.

　　Promote the green development of hydropower. Adhere to ecological priority and green development, promote hydropower development in a scientific and orderly manner on the premise of ecological environment protection and resettlement, and pay equal attention to development and protection, construction and management. Focusing on major rivers in southwest China, we will promote the construction of large-scale hydropower bases in the basin in an orderly manner and reasonably control the development of small and medium-sized hydropower. Promote the green development of small hydropower, increase financial investment in the implementation of river ecological restoration, and promote the ecological health of rivers. We will improve the benefit-sharing policy for migrants in hydropower development, persist in hydropower development to promote local economic and social development and help migrants get rid of poverty and become rich, and strive to "develop one side’s resources, develop one side’s economy, improve one side’s environment and benefit one side’s people".

　　Safe and orderly development of nuclear power. China regards nuclear safety as the lifeline of nuclear power development, insists on paying equal attention to development and safety, implements the policy of safe and orderly development of nuclear power, strengthens the management and supervision of nuclear power planning, site selection, design, construction, operation and decommissioning, and insists on adopting the most advanced technology and the most stringent standards to develop nuclear power. We will improve the multi-level nuclear energy and nuclear safety regulations and standards system, strengthen the construction of nuclear emergency plans and legal systems, systems and mechanisms, and form a national nuclear emergency response capability system that effectively responds to nuclear accidents. Strengthen nuclear security and control of nuclear materials, strictly fulfill international obligations of nuclear security and nuclear non-proliferation, and always maintain a good nuclear security record. Up to now, the overall safety status of nuclear power units in operation is good, and there have been no incidents or accidents with international nuclear event classification level 2 or above.

　　Develop biomass energy, geothermal energy and ocean energy according to local conditions. Adopt advanced technologies that meet environmental protection standards to develop municipal solid waste incineration power generation, and promote the transformation and upgrading of biomass power generation to cogeneration. Actively promote the development of biogas industrialization and the transformation and upgrading of rural biogas. Adhere to the principle of not competing with people for grain and land, strictly control the expansion of fuel ethanol processing capacity, focus on improving the quality of biodiesel products, and promote the industrial development of non-grain bio-liquid fuel technology. Innovate the development and utilization mode of geothermal energy, carry out central heating in geothermal energy towns, build a demonstration zone for efficient development and utilization of geothermal energy, and carry out geothermal power generation in an orderly manner. Actively promote the research and development and demonstration application of ocean energy technologies such as tidal current energy and wave energy.

　　Comprehensively improve the utilization rate of renewable energy. We will improve the full-guaranteed acquisition system for renewable energy power generation. Implement the clean energy consumption action plan and take measures to promote the use of clean energy. Improve the overall coordination of power planning, optimize the power supply structure and layout, give full play to the market regulation function, form an institutional mechanism conducive to the utilization of renewable energy, and comprehensively improve the flexibility and regulation ability of the power system. The implementation of renewable energy power consumption guarantee mechanism, the administrative regions of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government shall determine the minimum proportion of renewable energy in power consumption on an annual basis, and require power sales enterprises and power users to jointly fulfill the responsibility of renewable energy power consumption. Give play to the role of power grid as a platform for optimizing resource allocation, promote the interaction and coordination between source, grid and storage, and improve the assessment and supervision mechanism for renewable energy consumption. The utilization rate of renewable energy power has improved significantly. In 2019, the national average utilization rate of wind power reached 96%, the utilization rate of photovoltaic power generation reached 98%, and the utilization rate of hydropower in major river basins reached 96%. (See Box 5)

　　(2) Clean and efficient development and utilization of fossil energy.

　　According to the domestic resource endowment, based on the carrying capacity of resources and environment, we will coordinate the development and utilization of fossil energy and ecological environment protection, develop advanced production capacity in an orderly manner, accelerate the elimination of backward production capacity, promote the clean and efficient utilization of coal, enhance the exploration and development of oil and gas, promote the increase of reserves and production, and improve the self-sufficiency of oil and gas.

　　Promote the safe, intelligent and green development and utilization of coal. Strive to build an intensive, safe, efficient and clean coal industry system. We will promote the structural reform of the coal supply side, improve the coal production capacity replacement policy, accelerate the elimination of backward production capacity, release high-quality production capacity in an orderly manner, greatly optimize the coal development layout and production capacity structure, and make large modern coal mines the main body of coal production. From 2016 to 2019, the backward coal production capacity has been withdrawn by more than 900 million tons/year. Increase investment in safety production, improve the long-term mechanism of safety production, speed up the construction of mechanization, automation, informationization and intelligence in coal mines, and comprehensively improve the safety production efficiency and safety guarantee level of coal mines. Promote the green mining and transformation of large coal bases, develop coal washing and processing, develop circular economy in mining areas, strengthen ecological environment management in mining areas, build a number of green mines, and comprehensively improve the level of comprehensive utilization of resources. The implementation of clean and efficient utilization of coal has further increased the proportion of power generation in coal consumption. Positive progress has been made in the industrialization demonstration of coal deep processing, such as coal-to-oil gas and low-rank coal utilization.

　　Clean and efficient development of thermal power. Adhere to the principle of cleanliness and high efficiency and develop thermal power. Promote the optimization of coal-fired power distribution and technical upgrading, and actively and steadily resolve the excess capacity of coal-fired power. Establish and improve the risk early warning mechanism of coal-fired power planning and construction, strictly control coal-fired power planning and construction, and accelerate the elimination of backward production capacity. By the end of 2019, the backward production capacity of coal-fired power has been eliminated by more than 100 million kilowatts, and the proportion of coal-fired power installed capacity in total power generation has dropped from 65.7% in 2012 to 52% in 2019. We will upgrade and transform coal-fired power plants to save energy and reduce emissions, and implement stricter energy efficiency and environmental protection standards. The power generation efficiency and pollutant emission control of coal-fired generating units have reached the world advanced level. Reasonable layout and moderate development of natural gas power generation, encourage the construction of natural gas peak-shaving power stations in power load centers, and improve the level of power system security.

　　Improve natural gas production capacity. Strengthen basic geological survey and resource evaluation, strengthen scientific and technological innovation and industrial support, promote the increase of conventional natural gas production, focus on breaking through the exploration and development of unconventional natural gas such as shale gas and coalbed methane, promote the large-scale development of shale gas, and increase domestic natural gas supply. Improve the policy system of unconventional natural gas industry and promote the development and utilization of shale gas and coalbed methane. Focusing on Sichuan Basin, Ordos Basin and Tarim Basin, several natural gas production bases of 10 billion cubic meters will be built. Since 2017, the annual natural gas production has exceeded 10 billion cubic meters. (See Box 6)

　　Improve the level of petroleum exploration, development and processing. Strengthen domestic exploration and development, deepen the reform of system and mechanism, promote scientific research and development and the application of new technologies, intensify the exploration and development of low-grade resources, and promote the increase of crude oil reserves and production. Develop advanced oil recovery technology, improve crude oil recovery, and stabilize the output of old oil fields in the east, such as Songliao Basin and Bohai Bay Basin. Focusing on Xinjiang and Ordos basin, we will promote new oil fields in the west to increase reserves and increase production. Strengthen offshore oil and gas exploration and development in Bohai Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea, and promote deep-sea foreign cooperation. In 2019, the output of offshore oil fields will be about 40 million tons. Promote the transformation and upgrading of the refining industry. Implement the upgrading of refined oil quality, improve fuel quality, and promote the reduction of vehicle exhaust pollutant emissions.

　　(3) Strengthen the construction of energy storage, transportation and peak shaving system.

　　Coordinate the development of various energy transportation modes of coal, electricity, oil and gas, build an interconnected transmission and distribution network, build a stable and reliable peak-shaving system for storage and transportation, and enhance emergency support capabilities.

　　Strengthen the construction of energy transmission and distribution network. We will continue to strengthen the construction of trans-provincial and trans-regional backbone energy transmission channels, enhance the accessibility between major energy producing areas and major consumption areas, and promote the complementary and coordinated development of regional advantages. Improve the transportation capacity of the existing railway coal transportation special line, and continuously improve the railway transportation ratio and coal transportation efficiency. Promote the interconnection of natural gas trunk pipelines with provincial pipeline networks, lng terminal and gas storage, speed up the construction of "one national network", and initially form a flexible, safe and reliable natural gas transportation system. We will steadily promote the construction of trans-provincial and trans-regional transmission channels and expand the scope of clean energy allocation in northwest, north, northeast and southwest regions. Improve the main grid of regional power grid and strengthen the construction of provincial internal power grid. Carry out the construction of flexible DC transmission demonstration projects, actively build energy internet, and promote the construction of a safe and reliable power system with reasonable scale, stratification and zoning.

　　Improve the emergency system of energy reserves. Establish an energy reserve system that combines national reserves with enterprise reserves, strategic reserves with commercial reserves, and improve the reserve capacity of oil, natural gas and coal. Improve the national oil reserve system and speed up the construction of oil reserve bases. Establish and improve the multi-level natural gas storage and peak regulation system of local governments, gas supply enterprises, pipeline transportation enterprises and urban gas enterprises. Improve the coal reserve system with corporate social responsibility reserve as the main body and local government reserve as the supplement. Improve the national emergency mechanism for large-scale power outages, and comprehensively improve the reliability of power supply and emergency support capabilities. Establish and improve the transmission and distribution guarantee system that matches the energy reserve capacity, build a standardized system of purchasing, storage, rotation and utilization, and improve the supervision mechanism for decision-making.

　　Improve the energy peaking system. Adhere to both the supply side and the demand side, improve the market mechanism, strengthen technical support, enhance the peak shaving ability, and improve the comprehensive utilization efficiency of the energy system. Accelerate the construction of pumped storage power stations, rationally arrange natural gas peak-shaving power stations, implement the flexible transformation of existing coal-fired cogeneration units and coal-fired power units, improve the peak-shaving performance of power systems, and promote the consumption of clean energy. Promote the coordinated and optimized operation of energy storage, new energy power generation and power system, and carry out peak-shaving pilot projects such as electrochemical energy storage. Promote the construction of natural gas storage and peak-shaving facilities, improve the market-oriented mechanism of natural gas storage and peak-shaving auxiliary services, and enhance the peak-shaving capacity of natural gas. Improve electricity and gas price policies, guide power and natural gas users to participate in peak shaving and peak shifting independently, and improve demand-side response. Improve the interruptible and adjustable management system of power and natural gas load, and tap the demand side potential.

　　(D) Support energy development in rural and poverty-stricken areas.

　　Implement the rural revitalization strategy, improve the level of rural life energy security, and let rural residents have more real sense of acquisition, happiness and security.

　　Accelerate the improvement of rural energy infrastructure. Making electricity available to all is the basic condition for building a well-off society in an all-round way. We implemented a three-year action plan to comprehensively solve the problem of people without electricity, and by the end of 2015, the problem of electricity consumption for people without electricity was completely solved. China attaches great importance to the transformation and upgrading of rural power grid, and strives to fill the shortcomings of rural power grid development. We will implement special projects to upgrade the rural power grid in central villages of small towns, electrify wells in plain rural areas and connect poor villages with power and electricity. Since 2018, we will focus on promoting the transformation and upgrading of rural power grids in deep poverty-stricken areas and border villages. Accelerate the construction of natural gas branch pipeline network and infrastructure, and expand the coverage of pipeline network. Promote the construction of liquefied natural gas, compressed natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas supply outlets in areas not covered by natural gas pipeline network, develop and utilize renewable energy according to local conditions, and improve rural energy supply conditions.

　　Accurately implement energy poverty alleviation projects. Energy is not only the driving force of economic development, but also an important support for poverty alleviation. China rationally develops and utilizes energy resources in poverty-stricken areas, actively promotes the construction of major energy projects in poverty-stricken areas, enhances their own hematopoietic capacity, and adds new momentum to economic development in poverty-stricken areas. Priority will be given to energy development projects in old revolutionary base areas, ethnic minority areas, border areas and poverty-stricken areas, and clean power delivery bases will be built, making important contributions to the economic growth of the region. In the development and construction of hydropower, a sustainable development model of "moving out, staying steady and getting rich" has been formed for reservoir immigrants, so that the poor people can share the benefits of resource development more. Strengthen financial input and policy support to support the development of clean energy such as biomass energy, wind energy, solar energy and small hydropower in poor areas. We have carried out various forms of photovoltaic and agricultural integration development models, implemented photovoltaic poverty alleviation projects, and built thousands of "sunshine banks" all over poor rural areas.

　　Promote clean heating in northern rural areas in winter. Winter cleaning and heating in the northern region is related to the lives of the broad masses of people, and it is a major livelihood project and popular project. Taking the protection of the broad masses in the northern region to warm the winter and reduce air pollution as a foothold, clean heating should be carried out in rural areas in the north according to local conditions. In accordance with the principle of giving priority to enterprises, promoting by the government and being affordable to residents, we will steadily promote "coal to gas" and "coal to electricity" and support the use of clean biomass fuel, geothermal energy, solar energy heating and the application of heat pump technology. By the end of 2019, the clean heating rate in northern rural areas was about 31%, an increase of 21.6 percentage points over 2016; In northern rural areas, about 23 million households have completed the replacement of loose coal, of which about 18 million households have completed the clean replacement of loose coal in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, surrounding areas and Fenwei Plain. (See Box 7)

　　Fifth, give play to the role of scientific and technological innovation as the first driving force

　　Seize the opportunity of the new round of global scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, vigorously implement the innovation-driven development strategy in the energy field, enhance the ability of energy science and technology innovation, and solve major problems and challenges such as energy resource constraints, ecological environment protection and climate change through technological progress.

　　(A) improve the top-level design of energy science and technology innovation policy

　　China regards energy as an important part of the national innovation-driven development strategy, and puts energy science and technology innovation in a more prominent position. The Outline of National Innovation-Driven Development Strategy takes safe, clean and efficient modern energy technology as an important strategic direction and key field. We formulated the energy and resources science and technology innovation plan and the strategic plan for the development of energy and resources science and technology in 2035, deployed major measures and tasks for energy science and technology innovation, and strived to enhance the leading and supporting role of science and technology innovation. Formulate the energy technology innovation plan and the energy technology revolution innovation action plan (2016— 2030), put forward the key direction and technical roadmap of energy technology innovation. Deepen the reform of energy science and technology system, and form an energy technology innovation system with government guidance, market leading, enterprises as the main body, social participation and multi-party cooperation. Increase investment in scientific and technological innovation in important energy fields and emerging energy industries, strengthen the construction of talent teams, and enhance the innovation capabilities of various subjects.

　　(2) Building a diversified and multi-level energy science and technology innovation platform

　　Relying on key enterprises, research institutes and universities, a number of high-level energy technology innovation platforms have been built, which effectively stimulated the innovation vitality of various subjects. More than 40 national key laboratories and a number of national engineering research centers will be laid out, and relevant research will be carried out focusing on technologies such as safe, green and intelligent coal mining, efficient utilization of renewable energy, energy storage and distributed energy, so as to promote the progress of energy science and technology. More than 80 national energy R&D centers and national energy key laboratories will be laid out to carry out research around key areas and key links of coal, oil, natural gas, thermal power, nuclear power, renewable energy and energy equipment, covering the key areas and frontier directions of current energy technology innovation. Large-scale energy enterprises adapt to their own development and industry needs, constantly strengthen the construction of scientific and technological capabilities, and form influential research institutions in several professional fields. Local governments combine the advantages of local industries and adopt various ways to strengthen the construction of scientific research capabilities. With the support of the policy of "mass entrepreneurship and innovation", various social subjects actively carry out scientific and technological innovation, forming many innovative enterprises in energy science and technology.

　　(3) Carry out collaborative scientific and technological innovation in major energy fields.

　　Implement major scientific and technological projects and projects to realize the leap-forward development of key technologies in the energy field. Focus on major national strategic industrialization goals, implement major projects of oil and gas science and technology, focus on breaking through new theories of oil and gas geology and key technologies for efficient exploration and development, and carry out technical research on economic and efficient development of unconventional resources such as shale oil, shale gas and natural gas hydrate. We will implement major nuclear power science and technology projects, focus on the technologies of third-generation pressurized water reactors and fourth-generation high-temperature gas-cooled reactors, tackle key core technologies, and continue to promote independent innovation in nuclear power. Facing major common key technologies, we will deploy and carry out research on new energy vehicles, smart grid technology and equipment, intelligent mining technology and equipment in coal mines, clean and efficient utilization of coal and new energy-saving technologies, renewable energy and hydrogen energy technologies. Facing the major strategic tasks of the country, we will focus on the deployment of basic physical and chemical research on efficient and clean utilization and transformation of energy, and promote the breakthrough of applied technology with basic research. (See Box 8)

　　(D) relying on major energy projects to improve the level of energy technology and equipment.

　　Under the development trend of global energy green and low-carbon transformation, we will accelerate the upgrading of traditional energy technologies and equipment, strengthen the independent innovation of emerging energy technologies and equipment, and significantly improve the technical level of clean and low-carbon energy. Relying on major equipment manufacturing and major demonstration projects, we will promote key energy equipment technology research, test demonstration and popularization and application. Improve the measurement, standard, testing and certification system of energy equipment, and improve the research and development, design, manufacturing and complete sets of major energy equipment. Focusing on the three major directions of energy security supply, clean energy development and clean and efficient utilization of fossil energy, efforts will be made to break through the bottlenecks of key technologies, materials and parts in energy equipment manufacturing and promote technological innovation in the whole industry chain. Carry out the construction of major energy demonstration projects with advanced energy technology and equipment, and improve the technical level of equipment in the fields of clean and intelligent coal mining and washing, deep-water and unconventional oil and gas exploration and development, oil and gas storage and transportation, clean and efficient coal-fired power generation, advanced nuclear power, renewable energy power generation, gas turbines, energy storage, advanced power grid and coal deep processing.

　　(V) Support the development of new technologies, new models and new formats.

　　At present, the world is at the intersection of the new scientific and technological revolution and the industrial revolution. The breakthrough of new technology accelerates the industrial transformation and promotes the emergence of new energy models and new formats. Vigorously promote the deep integration of energy technology with modern information, materials and advanced manufacturing technologies, and explore new modes of energy production and consumption relying on the construction of "internet plus" smart energy. Accelerate the innovation and upgrading of smart photovoltaic, promote the integrated development of photovoltaic power generation with agriculture, fishery, animal husbandry and construction, expand the new space for complementary application of photovoltaic power generation, and form a new model for extensive development and utilization of new energy. Accelerate the development of hydrogen energy industrial chain technology and equipment such as green hydrogen production, storage and transportation and application, and promote the development of hydrogen energy fuel cell technology chain and hydrogen fuel cell automobile industrial chain. Support the application of energy storage in all aspects and scenarios of energy, and strive to promote the complementary development of energy storage and renewable energy. Support the construction of new energy microgrid and form an integrated local clean energy supply system for power generation, storage and use. Promote a new mode of comprehensive energy services, and realize multi-energy complementarity, synergy and high efficiency of terminal energy. Guided and driven by pilot demonstration projects, various new energy technologies, new models and new formats continue to emerge, forming a "fusion effect" of energy innovation and development.

　　Sixth, comprehensively deepen the reform of the energy system

　　Give full play to the decisive role of the market in the allocation of energy resources, give better play to the role of the government, deepen market-oriented reforms in key areas and key links, remove institutional and institutional obstacles that hinder development, focus on solving problems such as imperfect market system, and provide institutional guarantee for safeguarding national energy security and promoting high-quality energy development.

　　(A) to build an effective competitive energy market

　　Vigorously cultivate diversified market players, break monopoly, relax access, encourage competition, build a unified, open and orderly energy market system, focus on eliminating market barriers, and improve the efficiency and fairness of energy resource allocation.

　　Cultivate multiple energy market players. Support all kinds of market players to enter the energy field outside the negative list on an equal footing according to law, and form a pattern in which multiple market players participate together. Deepen the reform of oil and gas exploration and exploitation system, open the oil and gas exploration and exploitation market, and implement competitive transfer of exploration blocks and stricter block withdrawal mechanism. Support qualified enterprises to import crude oil. Reform the operation mechanism of oil and gas pipeline network to realize the separation of pipeline transportation and sales business. We will steadily promote the reform of the power sales side, open the power distribution business to social capital in an orderly manner, and deepen the separation of the main and auxiliary power grid enterprises. Actively cultivate emerging market players such as power distribution, energy storage and comprehensive energy services. Deepen the reform of state-owned energy enterprises, support the development of non-public ownership, actively and steadily carry out the reform of mixed ownership in the energy field, and stimulate the vitality of enterprises.

　　Build a unified, open and competitive energy market system. According to the characteristics of different energy sources, build a trading platform for coal, electricity, oil and natural gas to promote the interaction between supply and demand. Promote the construction of a modern coal market system and develop futures trading of thermal coal, coking coal and crude oil and spot trading of natural gas. We will fully liberalize the power generation and consumption plans of operating power users, and build a power market that combines long-term transactions, spot transactions and other electric energy transactions with auxiliary service transactions. Actively promote the construction of a unified national electricity market and a national carbon emission trading market. (See Box 9)

　　(2) Improve the mechanism that energy prices are mainly determined by the market.

　　In accordance with the general idea of "controlling the middle and letting go of both ends", we will steadily liberalize prices in competitive areas and competitive links, promote prices to reflect market supply and demand, and guide resource allocation; Strict government pricing cost supervision and examination, and promote scientific and reasonable pricing.

　　Orderly liberalize the price of competitive links. Promote the step-by-step realization that the sale price of electricity other than public welfare is formed by the market, and power users or power sales entities can determine the transaction price with power generation enterprises through marketization. We will further deepen the reform of the on-grid electricity price mechanism for coal-fired power generation and implement a market-oriented price mechanism of "benchmark price+fluctuation". Steadily promote the determination of the on-grid electricity price of new wind power and photovoltaic power generation projects by competitive bidding. Promote the formation of inter-provincial and inter-regional power transmission prices through negotiation or marketization in accordance with the principle of "risk sharing and benefit sharing". Improve the formation mechanism of refined oil prices and promote the market-oriented reform of natural gas prices. Adhere to the principle of ensuring basics and promoting economy, and fully implement the residential ladder electricity price and ladder gas price system.

　　Scientifically verify the price of natural monopoly links. According to the principle of "allowable cost+reasonable income", the transmission and distribution prices of power grid and natural gas pipeline network are reasonably formulated. Carry out two regulatory cycles of transmission and distribution pricing cost supervision and examination and electricity price verification. Strengthen the price supervision of gas transmission and distribution, carry out cost supervision and examination, and build a price supervision system for all links in the field of natural gas transmission and distribution. (See Box 10)

　　(3) Innovative scientific energy management and optimized services

　　Further transform government functions, simplify administration and decentralize power, combine management with decentralization, optimize services, and strive to build a service-oriented government. Give play to the guiding role of energy strategic planning and macro-policies, and concentrate on major events. Strengthen energy market supervision, improve supervision efficiency, and promote fair competition among various market players. Adhere to the concept of people first and life first, and firmly hold the bottom line of energy safety production.

　　Stimulate the vitality of market players. Deepen the energy "streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services" reform, reduce the approval of energy projects at the central government level, delegate the approval authority of some energy projects to local governments, and cancel the approval of energy projects that can be independently decided by market players. Reduce pre-approval items, lower market access thresholds, and strengthen and standardize post-event supervision. Improve the service level of "access to electricity" and reduce the time, link and cost of running electricity. Carry out the "internet plus Government Affairs" service, promote the "one-window acceptance" and "one-stop" service of energy government affairs, and improve the "one-stop" service level. (See Box 11)

　　Guide the direction of resource allocation. Formulate and implement the Strategy of Energy Production and Consumption Revolution (2016— 2030), as well as energy development planning and a series of special plans and action plans, to clarify the overall goals and key tasks of energy development and guide the investment direction of social subjects. We will improve fiscal, taxation, industrial and investment and financing policies in the energy sector, fully implement ad valorem taxation of crude oil, natural gas and coal resources, increase consumption tax on refined oil, and guide market players to rationally develop and utilize energy resources. Build a positive incentive system for green finance, promote new energy vehicles and develop clean energy. Support RMB pricing and settlement of bulk energy commodity trade.

　　Promote fair competition in the market. Straighten out the responsibility relationship of energy supervision and gradually realize the transformation from electricity supervision to comprehensive energy supervision. Strict supervision of power trading, dispatching, power supply services and market order, and strengthening supervision of fair access to power grid, power grid investment behavior, cost and investment operation efficiency. Strengthen the fair and open supervision of oil and gas pipeline network facilities, promote the information disclosure of oil and gas pipeline network facilities enterprises, and improve the utilization rate of oil and gas pipeline network facilities. Fully implement the "double random and one open" supervision to improve the fairness and impartiality of supervision. Strengthen the construction of the credit system in the energy industry, establish a list system of serious untrustworthy subjects according to laws and regulations, implement the punishment of dishonesty, and improve the efficiency of credit supervision. Inclusive and prudent supervision of emerging formats to promote the development and growth of new kinetic energy. Open the energy supervision hotline and play the role of social supervision.

　　Build a safe production bottom line. Improve the responsibility system for coal mine safety production, improve the efficiency of coal mine safety supervision and law enforcement, build a standardized management system for coal mine safety production, enhance the ability of disaster prevention and control, and the overall situation of coal mine safety production has improved. Implement the main responsibility of electric power safety enterprises, industry supervision responsibility and territorial management responsibility, improve the supervision and management of power system network security, and strengthen the construction safety supervision and quality supervision of electric power construction projects. The safety risks of power system are generally controllable, and no large-scale power outage accidents have occurred. Strengthen the safety supervision of the whole oil and gas industry chain, and keep the situation of oil and gas safety production stable. We will continue to strengthen the construction of nuclear safety supervision system and improve the ability of nuclear safety supervision. The overall safety status of nuclear power plants and research reactors is good, and the construction quality of projects under construction is under overall control.

　　(4) Improve the energy legal system.

　　Give full play to the role of the rule of law in ensuring stability, stability and long-term benefits, adhere to the convergence of energy legislation with reform and development, and timely amend and abolish laws and regulations that do not meet the requirements of reform and development; Adhere to the statutory duties must be, the law is not authorized, and fully perform government functions according to law.

　　Improve the energy legal system. Promote the revision of laws and administrative regulations in the field of energy, strengthen the supervision and inspection of the implementation of laws and regulations in the field of energy, accelerate the process of "changing regulations and normative documents in the fields of electricity, coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear power and new energy", and reflect the reform results in laws, regulations and major policies.

　　Promote energy management according to law. Promote the construction of a government ruled by law, and promote the rule of law throughout the whole process of formulating, implementing, supervising and managing energy strategies, plans, policies and standards. We will build a new pattern of energy law popularization in which government and enterprises are linked and supported each other, and form a good atmosphere of respecting, learning, abiding by and using the law. Innovate the way of administrative law enforcement, fully implement the publicity system of administrative law enforcement, the record system of the whole process of administrative law enforcement, and the legal review system of major law enforcement decisions, and fully implement the responsibility system of administrative law enforcement. Smooth the channels of administrative reconsideration and administrative litigation, ensure that cases are handled according to laws and regulations, protect the legitimate rights and interests of administrative counterparts according to law, and let people feel fairness and justice in every case.

　　Vii. strengthening international cooperation in energy in all directions

　　China practices the concept of green development, follows the principle of mutual benefit and win-win, carries out international cooperation, strives to achieve energy security under open conditions, expands the opening-up of the energy sector, promotes the high-quality construction of the Belt and Road Initiative, actively participates in global energy governance, guides international cooperation in tackling climate change, and promotes the building of a community of human destiny.

　　(1) Continue to deepen the opening up of the energy sector.

　　China steadfastly maintains the stability of the global energy market and opens wider to the outside world in the energy field. We will greatly relax foreign investment access, create a market-oriented and legalized international business environment, and promote trade and investment liberalization and facilitation. We will fully implement the system of pre-entry national treatment plus negative list management, and the access restrictions for foreign investment in the energy sector will continue to decrease. Completely cancel the restrictions on foreign investment in coal, oil and gas, electric power (except nuclear power) and new energy. Promote the development of energy industry in Guangdong, Hubei, Chongqing, Hainan and other free trade pilot zones, and support the open development of the entire oil and gas industry chain in Zhejiang Free Trade Zone. The investment scale of international energy companies such as ExxonMobil, General Electric, Bibi, EDF and Siemens has increased steadily in China. Major foreign-funded projects such as Shanghai Tesla electric vehicles have landed in China one after another, and the number of foreign-funded gas stations has increased rapidly. (See Box 12)

　　(2) Efforts will be made to promote the joint construction of the "Belt and Road" energy cooperation

　　China adheres to the principle of cooperation, co-construction and sharing, adheres to the concept of openness, greenness and honesty, strives to achieve high standards, benefits people’s livelihood and sustainability, and strengthens energy cooperation with other countries under the framework of jointly building the Belt and Road Initiative, so as to benefit other countries and people while realizing its own development and create favorable conditions for promoting common development.

　　Promote mutually beneficial and win-win energy cooperation. China has carried out extensive cooperation with more than 100 countries and regions in the fields of energy trade, investment, production capacity, equipment, technology and standards. Enterprises in China build high-standard energy projects that meet the urgent needs of cooperative countries, help local enterprises to transform their resource advantages into development advantages, promote local technological progress, employment expansion, economic growth and improvement of people’s livelihood, and realize complementary advantages and common development. Through third-party market cooperation, we will cooperate with some countries and large multinational companies in the field of clean energy and promote the formation of an open, transparent, mutually beneficial and win-win energy cooperation pattern. In 2019, 30 countries including China jointly established the Belt and Road energy partnership.

　　Building a Green Silk Road. China is the world’s largest renewable energy market and the largest manufacturer of clean energy equipment. Actively promote the green and low-carbon transformation of global energy, and extensively carry out renewable energy cooperation, such as the hydropower project in Careta, Guinea, the photovoltaic power plant in Kaubosburg, Hungary, the wind power project in Morula, Montenegro, the photovoltaic hybrid power generation project in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, the photovoltaic project in carlot, Pakistan and the first phase of Jinnah Photovoltaic Park. The wide application of renewable energy technology in China market has promoted the reduction of the cost of renewable energy worldwide and accelerated the process of global energy transformation.

　　Strengthen the interconnection of energy infrastructure. Actively promote cross-border and cross-regional energy infrastructure connectivity, and create conditions for complementary cooperation and mutually beneficial trade in energy resources. China, Russia and China — A number of landmark major energy projects, such as oil and gas pipelines in Central Asia and China-Myanmar, have been completed and put into operation. China has realized power interconnection with seven neighboring countries, and the interconnection level of energy infrastructure has been significantly improved, which has promoted the optimal allocation of energy resources in a wider scope and promoted economic cooperation among regional countries.

　　Improve global energy accessibility. Actively promote the domestic implementation of the sustainable development goal of "ensuring affordable, reliable and sustainable modern energy for all", actively participate in international cooperation on energy accessibility, adopt various financing models to develop grid-connected, microgrid and off-grid power projects for areas without electricity according to local conditions, donate clean stoves to areas using traditional cooking fuels, improve the energy popularization level of cooperative countries, and benefit local people’s livelihood.

　　(3) Actively participate in global energy governance.

　　China firmly supports multilateralism, conducts bilateral and multilateral energy cooperation in accordance with the principle of mutual benefit and win-win, actively supports the role of international energy organizations and cooperation mechanisms in global energy governance, actively promotes the stability and security of global energy market and the green transformation and development of energy under the framework of international multilateral cooperation, and contributes China’s wisdom and China’s strength to the sustainable development of global energy.

　　Integrate into multilateral energy governance. Actively participate in international energy cooperation under multilateral mechanisms such as the United Nations, G20, APEC and BRICS, and make positive progress in joint research and publication of reports and establishment of institutions. China has established intergovernmental energy cooperation mechanisms with more than 90 countries and regions, and established cooperative relations with more than 30 international organizations and multilateral mechanisms in the energy field. Since 2012, China has successively become a member of the International Renewable Energy Agency, a signatory observer of the International Energy Charter and a member of the International Energy Agency Union.

　　Advocate regional energy cooperation. China has established regional energy cooperation platforms with ASEAN, the Arab League, the African Union, Central and Eastern Europe, and established the East Asia Summit Clean Energy Forum. China has promoted cooperation in capacity building and technological innovation, and provided 18 countries with training in the fields of clean energy utilization and energy efficiency. (See Box 13)

　　(D) Work together to address global climate change

　　China adheres to the concept of a community of human destiny, unites and cooperates with other countries to cope with global climate change, and actively promotes green and low-carbon energy transformation.

　　Strengthen international cooperation on climate change. With the support of the United Nations, the World Bank, the Global Environment Facility, the Asian Development Bank and German countries, China has carried out extensive and sustained bilateral and multilateral cooperation with relevant countries in the fields of renewable energy development and utilization, low-carbon city demonstration and so on through experience sharing, technical exchange and project docking.

　　Support developing countries to improve their ability to cope with climate change. Deepen South-South cooperation in the field of climate change and support the least developed countries, small island countries, African countries and other developing countries to meet the challenges of climate change. Starting from 2016, China has launched 10 low-carbon demonstration zones, 100 climate change mitigation and adaptation projects and 1,000 cooperative projects on climate change training places in developing countries to help developing countries develop clean and low-carbon energy and jointly cope with global climate change.

　　(E) China’s proposition of jointly promoting the sustainable development of global energy.

　　Mankind has entered the era of interconnection, and maintaining energy security and coping with global climate change have become major challenges facing the world. At present, the COVID-19 epidemic, which continues to spread, highlights that the interests of all countries are closely related and their destinies are closely linked. China proposes that the international community make joint efforts to promote the sustainable development of global energy, meet the challenge of climate change and build a clean and beautiful world.

　　Work together to promote the green and low-carbon transformation of energy and promote the construction of a clean and beautiful world. To meet the challenge of climate change and improve the global ecological environment requires the joint efforts of all countries. Countries should choose the green development path, adopt a green and low-carbon cycle and sustainable production and life style, promote energy transformation, coordinate and solve problems in energy development, work together to cope with global climate change, and make positive contributions to building a clean and beautiful world.

　　Collaborate to consolidate multilateral cooperation in the energy field and accelerate the green recovery and growth of the economy. Improve the international energy governance mechanism and maintain an open, inclusive, inclusive, balanced and win-win multilateral international energy cooperation pattern. Deepen dialogue, communication and pragmatic cooperation in the energy field to promote economic recovery and integrated development. Strengthen transnational and trans-regional clean and low-carbon energy technology innovation and standard cooperation, promote energy technology transfer and popularization, and improve international collaborative intellectual property protection.

　　Cooperate with international energy trade and investment to maintain the stability of the global energy market. Eliminate energy trade and investment barriers, promote trade and investment facilitation, carry out energy resources and capacity cooperation, deepen energy infrastructure cooperation, improve the level of interconnection, and promote efficient allocation of resources and deep market integration. Adhere to the principle of cooperation, joint construction and sharing, actively seek the greatest common denominator of development interests, promote the sustainable development of global energy, and jointly safeguard global energy security.

　　Cooperate to promote energy accessibility in underdeveloped areas and strive to solve the problem of energy poverty. Work together to achieve the goal of sustainable development in the energy field, and support people in underdeveloped countries and regions who lack modern energy supply to obtain basic energy services such as electricity. Help underdeveloped countries and regions to popularize and apply advanced green energy technologies, train energy professionals, improve the energy service system, and form a new model of integrating green energy development with energy poverty eradication.

　　Concluding remarks

　　China is about to embark on a new journey of building a socialist modern country in an all-round way. Entering a new stage of development, China will continue to unswervingly push forward the energy revolution, accelerate the construction of a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient energy system, and provide a strong energy guarantee for basically realizing socialist modernization in 2035 and building a socialist modernization power in the middle of this century.

　　The world today is experiencing a great change that has never happened in a hundred years. The ecological environment is related to human survival and sustainable development, and all countries need to unite and cooperate to meet challenges together. Adhering to the concept of a community of human destiny, China will continue to work with other countries to deepen global energy governance cooperation, promote global energy sustainable development, safeguard global energy security, strive to achieve more inclusive, balanced and equal development, and build a cleaner, more beautiful, prosperous and livable world.

　　(Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, December 21st)

　　People’s Daily (10th edition, December 22, 2020)

On April 16th, BYD personalized brand equation Leopard Technology Tide SUV Titanium 3 was officially launched, with a total of five versions, with a surprise price of 133,800 yuan, and a financial discount policy of up to 5,500 yuan and five super-value car purchase rights.

"One abnormal titanium gives birth to everything", Equation Leopard Titanium 3 creates the trend aesthetics with science and technology. With its unique "one machine, three cabins" trend configuration, "E+2C" intelligent three-piece suite and "iCT" safety three-piece suite, it has the super-value value of surpassing technology, space and configuration, and at the same time, it further realizes the "scientific and technological trend products, which are shared by the whole people". Titanium 3 will work with all users to open a new chapter in urban travel and create a new era of high-tech products.

Titanium 3 configuration is full, technology is full, value is full, sincerity is full

Inspired by "Star Wars Aesthetics", Titanium 3 has created a new category of "science and technology fad" and led a brand-new "science and technology fad" with its unique technology of "one machine and three cabins". "One Machine" refers to the intelligent vehicle-mounted unmanned aerial vehicle system of Lingyuan jointly developed by BYD and DJI, which can easily achieve a good shot with one button.

"No.3 cabin" refers to the electric front cabin, ecological cockpit and convenient rear cabin. The electric front cabin is equipped with the only electric opening and closing function at the same level and a large volume of 151L; Eco-cockpit includes multifunctional smart island, ergonomic chair, custom buttons, 15.6-inch central control screen, dual-temperature air conditioner, cold and warm refrigerator, Divale audio, 6kW high-power external discharge, one-button down of the rear seat, and official customized air mattress, which can easily lie flat and change into a big bed room every second; 28L’s convenient rear schoolbag is stylish in appearance and dry in content, which can meet the daily personalized storage needs of more yuan and more flexibility.

The "iCT" safety three-piece set makes the safety technology configuration full, including iTAC intelligent torque control system, extremely fast vehicle response and one-button drift mode; CTB vehicle safety structure, which is resistant to extrusion, folding and collision, makes every trip feel at ease; TSC high-speed tire burst stability control system, assisted by 140km/h high-speed tire burst control, allows users not to panic when they are in danger. Let every time you drive actively and passively, it is safe, and the safety guard will accompany you all the time.

The "E+2C" intelligent three-piece set makes the intelligent technology configuration full, including the intelligent EVO+ platform, which has a product performance of 1 super and 3 strong, and its unique iATS intelligent all-terrain recognition system can automatically identify road conditions such as grass/sand/mud/snow, and automatically switch driving modes, so that users’ travel scenes can be opened infinitely; High efficiency, shortening the charging time of users at low temperature by 40% and the charging time of 30-80%SOC at room temperature by 18min；; Strong handling, titanium 3 is equipped with a million-class suspension, and the front two-ball joint McPherson rear five-bar linkage brings users the ultimate driving feeling; Strong performance, 20000 rpm motor, 100 km acceleration of 4.9 s; Eye of God C high-order intelligent driving assistance system can easily realize high-speed navigation assistance, intelligent parking and active obstacle avoidance; Active preview+Yunqi -C intelligent damping body control system can realize intelligent preview of road conditions and intelligent damping control, and bring users a driving experience with light sensitive cornering, smooth handling, stable body posture and strong road adaptability. Let the platform drive intelligently, and intelligent technology is always online.

Titanium 3 surprise listing, rights and interests in place, 0 yuan can also buy.

Titanium 3 successfully set off a "tide wind" and brought three surprises. First of all, it has brought a very competitive price of 133,800 Pro version of 501KM rear-drive intelligent driving, 139,800 Max version of 501KM rear-drive intelligent driving, 153,800 Max version of 501KM four-wheel drive intelligent driving, 163,800 Ultra version of 501KM four-wheel drive intelligent driving, and 193,800 UAV version of 501KM four-wheel drive intelligent driving, which will be delivered as soon as it goes on the market, with excellent price and the whole people can close their eyes.

Secondly, Titanium 3 also brought a financial discount policy of up to 5,500 yuan, and provided multiple financial schemes of "0 down payment, 0 interest and 0 monthly payment" for selection. "0 down payment", up to 5 years long loan; "0 interest", starting from 50% down payment, 24 installments with 0 interest; "Payment in 0 months", with 50% down payment and 50% final payment, and payment in 0 months at least for one year.

Finally, it sent out four great car purchase rights! Replacement subsidy of up to 6000 yuan; 7kW charging piles are delivered free of charge, and the first owner enjoys the rights and interests of charging pile basic installation service within two years from the date of self-delivery; Smart internet services, including lifelong OTA upgrade, online navigation, free car traffic for 2 years and 5G every month, etc. After-sales service, the whole vehicle repair of non-operating vehicles for 6 years or 150 thousand kilometers, the lifetime warranty of the "three power" system, etc.

Titanium 3 has launched two major reform plans, which are often used for renovation.

Titanium 3 breaks the traditional doll model of the car and provides the world’s first front face modular dressing system, so that titanium 3 truly has a variety of titanium and Vientiane forms. At the release site, the "Titanium 3 Face Change Plan" was officially released, and a variety of front face plans will be put on the official store of Equation Leopard one after another. You can make an appointment with one click, and the national Equation Leopard store can make a face change.

Titanium 3 has brought 12 joint tide reform schemes in conjunction with a number of tide reform brands. This time, the SUPER 3 version of the tide reform plan will be added, and it will also be put on the official mall simultaneously. In addition, Equation Leopard announced the launch of the "Titanium 3 Tide Reform Co-creation Competition" on April 23, and Equation Leopard official will invest a million bonus pools to help users realize their dreams of tide reform! This competition has set up a number of tracks, such as national track and professional track, so you can pay attention to the official information of the follow-up equation leopard.

High-tech products are shared by the whole people. Equation Leopard Titanium 3 is officially listed.

I. Basic information of the project

Project number: SJZGK20250234

Project Name: Dog Management Security Service of Shijiazhuang Public Security Bureau

Budget amount: 857200

Maximum price limit (if any): 857200

Procurement demand: This project mainly includes: the dog certification service center of the public security police detachment of Shijiazhuang Public Security Bureau and the dog detention center need to hire 18 security guards to provide security services, assist the police to investigate and deal with large dogs and fierce dogs that are illegally kept, take in stray dogs, carry out civilized dog-raising publicity activities, and conduct street inspections on uncivilized dog-raising behaviors.

Duration of contract performance: 12 months.

This project does not accept consortium bidding.

Second, the applicant’s qualification requirements:

1. Meet the provisions of Article 22 of the Government Procurement Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC);

2. Qualification requirements for implementing the government procurement policy: 1. This project is specially designed for small and medium-sized enterprises to purchase; 2 Other qualification requirements for implementing government procurement policies (if any): Inquire through channels such as Credit China (https://www.creditchina.gov.cn), China Government Procurement Network (http://www.ccgp.gov.cn) and China Executive Information Open Network (http://zxgk.court.gov.cn). Not included in the list of parties involved in major tax violation cases, the list of records of serious illegal and untrustworthy behaviors of government procurement, and the list of untrustworthy executors published by the Supreme People’s Court (subject to the results of the purchaser’s inquiry after the bidding deadline).

3. Specific qualification requirements for this project: None.

Third, obtain the tender documents

Time: from April 29th, 2025 to May 8th, 2025, from 00: 00 am to 12: 00 am and from 12: 00 pm to 23:59:59 pm (Beijing time, except legal holidays).

Location: Shijiazhuang public resources trading platform download, website: http://110.249.147.67/G2/, bidders should pay attention to whether the project has any correction announcement in time.

Mode: Other

Price: 0

IV. Deadline for submission of bid documents, time and place of bid opening

09: 30 May 22, 2025 (Beijing time)

Venue: Shijiazhuang Public Resource Trading Platform, website: http://110.249.147.67/G2/.

V. Announcement Period

5 working days from the date of this announcement.

VI. Other Supplementary Matters

According to the "Hebei Provincial Department of Finance Hebei Provincial Government Service Management Office on the issuance of<政府采购公开招标项目全面实行“双盲”评审实施方案>According to the relevant requirements of the Notice, this project adopts a "double-blind" review. The supplier shall make the commercial bid and the technical bid separately according to the requirements of the tender documents, and the bid evaluation committee shall review the commercial bid and the technical bid according to the requirements. Obtain bidding (procurement) documents: log on to Shijiazhuang Public Resources Trading Platform (http://110.249.147.67/G2/) and download the bidding (procurement) documents (*.HBZ). 1. Before obtaining the documents, the supplier shall register (telephone number 0311-89668589) according to the "Government Procurement Supplier Operation Manual 20210701", and consult the CA certificate business: the national public resource trading platform (Hebei Province) shall handle the CA certificate business in http://publicservice.hebpr.gov.cn:8181/. Download Path: Business Guide of Shijiazhuang Public Resource Trading Network (http://110.249.147.67/G2/)-Download Center 2. After obtaining the documents, the supplier should download the [Government Procurement] (Bidding) Document Preparation Tool 7.8.2005.2330, the "CA Certificate Driver Installation Program Download Instructions" and the "Government Procurement Response Document Preparation Tool Operation Instructions" before installing these tools. Download path: Shijiazhuang public resource trading network(http://110.249.147.67/G2/) "Business Guide"-"Download Center" Technical Tel: 0311-89868327 3. When opening bids, the supplier shall decrypt the electronic bidding (response) documents with the CA digital certificate. 4. This project is subject to "double blind" evaluation, that is, the evaluation experts are randomly selected from the provincial expert database to realize "blind selection" of the evaluation experts; The commercial bid and technical bid of bidding (response) documents are made separately, and the evaluation committee adopts the open bid evaluation and the hidden bid evaluation for the commercial bid as required, so as to realize "blind evaluation" in the evaluation process. Due to the market subject’s own reasons, the consequences caused by the failure to obtain and submit documents within the effective time shall be borne by the market subject itself.

7. For inquiries about this tender, please contact in the following ways.

1. Purchaser information

Name: Shijiazhuang Public Security Bureau

Address: No.66 Yuannan Road, Shijiazhuang

Contact information: 0311-89667000

2. Information of purchasing agency (if any)

Name: Shijiazhuang Public Resource Trading Center

Address: Xingshi Square, No.87 Shengli South Street, qiaoxi district, Shijiazhuang.

Contact: 0311-89665583

3. Contact information of the project

Project Contact: Gu Yi

Tel: 0311-89667000

VIII. Annexes

CCTV News:A few days ago, Ni Hong, Minister of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, said that a series of policies and measures introduced this year, such as denying housing loans, reducing down payment ratio and interest rate, continuing to implement personal income tax policies to support residents to buy houses, and reducing intermediary fees for second-hand housing sales, have played a positive role in stabilizing the real estate market.

For the real estate market next year, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development said that it will continue to optimize real estate policies, support cities to adjust real estate policies according to local conditions, and at the same time further increase support for the first and improved housing policies to benefit the people. In addition, we will continue to do a good job in ensuring the delivery of buildings, people’s livelihood and stability.

Shanghai: the new real estate policy promotes the active first-hand housing market.

Last week, Shanghai introduced a new real estate policy, adjusting ordinary housing standards and optimizing differentiated housing credit policies. A week after the introduction of the new policy, the reporter visited the market and found that the actual exhibition and transaction volume of some new housing projects have increased to some extent compared with before the introduction of the policy.

This new house in Songjiang District was officially opened shortly before the introduction of the New Deal in Shanghai. From the afternoon of this week’s working day to the evening, the reporter saw that buyers would visit from time to time. According to this new policy, Shanghai has implemented a differentiated policy in the Lingang New Area of the Free Trade Zone and six administrative regions of Jiading, Qingpu, Songjiang, Fengxian, Baoshan and Jinshan, and the down payment for the second home has been reduced to a minimum of 40%.

According to industry insiders, since Shanghai began to implement the policy of "recognizing houses but not loans" in September, the market has generally stabilized and picked up. After this policy optimization, it is expected to effectively enhance the activity of the real estate market and improve the level of second-hand houses and new houses.

Beijing: In the first week of the New Deal in the property market, some demand for home purchases began to be released.

Beijing also introduced a new policy of real estate adjustment and optimization a week ago. These two days, the reporter visited and found that although the second-hand housing market is still relatively strong at present, there have been some changes in the new housing market affected by policies.

On December 14th, Beijing issued a new property market policy, which lowered the minimum down payment ratio of the first set of housing personal housing loans to 30%, and the minimum down payment ratio of the second set of housing personal housing loans to 50% in the six districts of the city and 40% in the six districts of the non-city. At the same time, the mortgage interest rate, loan life and general housing standards have been optimized and adjusted. After the release of the New Deal, many people who are interested in buying houses have chosen to come out to see the house.

The reporter saw in this sales office in Fangshan District, Beijing that although it was the morning of a working day, there were still some people who came to see the house. After a round of inquiries, the reporter found that most of them are customers who want to improve their sexual needs and just-needed groups who want to buy the first suite.

According to the sales staff of the sales office, the new policy has lowered the threshold for buying houses, broadened everyone’s choice space, and at the same time reduced the repayment burden of loans, which has stimulated the activity of buyers. Now, the number of consultations, exhibitions and sales of stores has improved to a certain extent.

However, the reporter observed that not all new housing projects are like this, and there are not a few properties with less passenger flow. Insiders told reporters that it will take more time for the market to improve because the New Deal was promulgated only one week ago.

Text/Zhang Xinmeng

It took only one year for the industry’s TOP3 threshold to soar from 200 billion to 300 billion.

In 2016, China’s real estate turnover increased by nearly 30%. What is this concept? "The automobile industry grew by 9%, e-commerce by 20%, and express delivery by 50%. The only thing that exceeded the real estate growth rate in China was express delivery. However, the express base is too small, which is nothing compared with real estate. " Chen Jinsong, chairman of World Bank, made a comparison in the recent Midtown Alliance Forum, which made the 10 trillion real estate plate more specific.

The TOP20 threshold increased by 81% year-on-year

Real estate rivers and lakes, a year of melee, Evergrande surpassed Vanke with sales of 373.15 billion, becoming the first real estate enterprise. Vanke and Country Garden ranked second and third with 363.3 billion and 309.03 billion respectively. Time went back to a year ago, when the leaders were Vanke, Evergrande and Greenland, and the record of the top three remained at 200 billion+.

Sales amount of China real estate enterprises in 2016 TOP20

According to Kerry data, the threshold of TOP20 housing enterprises has increased from 35.8 billion yuan to 64.67 billion yuan, a substantial increase of 81% year-on-year. The total sales of TOP20 increased from 2012.28 billion yuan to 2967.32 billion yuan. The threshold for entering the top 100 has also increased from 10.38 billion yuan to 15.68 billion yuan, up 51% year-on-year.

In terms of sales area, the entry threshold of TOP100 housing enterprises has also improved, from 900,000 square meters in 2015 to 1.29 million square meters, up 43% year-on-year. The biggest increase was the TOP50 threshold, which increased from 1.63 million cubic meters in 15 years to 2.38 million cubic meters, up 46% year-on-year.

According to the data of the National Bureau of Statistics, from January to November 2016, the national sales of commercial housing reached 10,250.3 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 37.5%. According to the forecast of the growth rate in the first 11 months, the national commercial housing sales will exceed 11 trillion yuan in 2016.

According to the growth rate of commercial housing sales in the first 11 months, in 2016, the total sales concentration of the top 200 real estate enterprises has exceeded 50%, accounting for half of the real estate market in China. It is expected that the concentration of housing enterprises will further increase in the future, and the situation of "strong and strong" will be further intensified.

Billion clubs expanded to 12.

In the TOP20 list, there are four new housing enterprises, namely Xincheng Holding, Shoukai, Xuhui and Luneng.

The market development momentum is strong, and its significance to medium-sized housing enterprises may exceed that of giants such as Vanke. As Peng Kong, the helm of Xuhui Beijing, who just broke 10 billion yuan, said in an interview with Netease Real Estate, "At least Xuhui Beijing is a 10 billion-dollar organization, just like an Olympic champion. It is not won every day, but there is an essential difference between winning and not winning." Team combat capability may be able to reach a higher level with the experience of scale.

Country Garden, the "King of Suburbs", jumped from the seventh place to the third place, and its annual performance increased by 121%, reaching the threshold of 300 billion yuan, successfully achieving the screaming goal of the group. Earlier, Mo Bin, president of Country Garden Group, talked about this year’s performance and admitted that the market played a great role. It is worth mentioning that in the land market, Country Garden is even more fruitful. In the whole year, 74,461,800 cubic meters of land was added, which not only ranked first among 30 typical housing enterprises, but also set the largest land acquisition area in Country Garden over the years, with an increase of 95% compared with 2015.

In addition to the established 700 billion housing enterprises, in 2016, Sunac, Huaxia Happiness, Greentown, China Resources and Jindi also entered the threshold of 100 billion for the first time, and the number of 100 billion clubs expanded to 12. Excluding the factors of rising house prices, mergers and acquisitions have become a booster for these housing enterprises to rapidly increase their scale. In particular, Sunac’s acquisition in the industry has provided it with a large number of low-cost saleable values. Take Sunac’s acquisition of seven projects of Lemon International in 2016 as an example, with a total price of 4.394 billion yuan and an average unit price of only 2,751 yuan. More importantly, Sunac successfully completed the layout of all first-tier cities with this acquisition.

With its strong expansion, Evergrande finally realized its "One Brother Dream". The data shows that from the listing of Evergrande in 2009 to 2016, the compound annual growth rate of sales is as high as 43.6%, the compound annual growth rate of turnover is also 69%, and the average core net profit rate is about 10.45%. Just as the industry generally believes that 2017 is the year of real estate adjustment, Evergrande announced on January 2 that the expected sales from 2017 to 2019 are about 450 billion yuan, 500 billion yuan and 550 billion yuan respectively.

Wanda, which has been committed to de-real estate, fell from the fourth place in the rankings to the tenth place. During the annual period of the industry, the sales amount of Wanda actually showed negative growth, down by 41.24 billion yuan. At the beginning of 2015, Wang Jianlin announced that the real estate sales target would be lowered by 40%, from 164.08 billion yuan in 2015 to 100 billion yuan. Previously, Wang Jianlin had repeatedly stated that by the end of 2016, Wanda would no longer be a real estate enterprise. In the process of transformation, traditional real estate investment and sales will inevitably be squeezed.

TOP10 local housing enterprises in Beijing account for six seats.

In the first eleven months of this year, the total supply of new commercial housing in four first-tier cities in the north, Guangzhou and Shenzhen reached 28.15 million square meters. It decreased by 22% year-on-year, of which the supply of commercial housing in Beijing was 6.38 million square meters, with a turnover of 12.56 million square meters, up by 14% year-on-year. Although the supply of housing in first-tier cities has declined, house prices have risen rapidly. Taking Beijing as an example, the sales of TOP10 housing enterprises have all exceeded 10 billion.

Beijing sales amount TOP10 housing enterprises

According to the ranking of sales amount of Kerui real estate enterprises, the total sales amount of TOP10 real estate enterprises in Beijing market in 2016 was 216.9 billion yuan. Among them, the first one ranked seventeenth in the country, occupying the first place in the Beijing market in terms of sales amount and sales area.

In the first sales share of 65.41 billion yuan, the Beijing market accounted for 52.5%, reaching 34.364 billion yuan. The old state-owned enterprises that have been deeply involved in Beijing for 36 years, at the brand launch conference in 2015, the first figures announced were 29 projects that were on sale and about to enter the market. In the Beijing market, where land is scarce, the "big landlord" first put forward the strategy of "urban revitalization officer" and turned his attention to shed reform, old community reform and other fields.

In the Beijing market in 2016, Sunac was the biggest dark horse. The annual sales performance reached 26.993 billion yuan, 17.192 billion yuan higher than the previous year, and jumped from the eighth place in 2015 to the second place.

In fact, Sunac won the sales crown in Beijing in 2013, and its performance at that time was 12 billion, which was basically close to the sales of the tenth financial street this year. However, with the rapid development of its projects, the prolonged digestion cycle of high-end projects and the tight policies, Sunac’s performance in the Beijing market was average in 2014 and 2015, and even its performance fell below 10 billion in 2014. With the loose policy, Dinghao’s market performance is extremely outstanding, and the "No.1 Hospital" products laid out by Sunac have finally ushered in spring.

In 2016, the real estate industry experienced an upward-downward curve, and the indicators of sales, investment and start-up showed an anticlimactic trend. With the continuous tightening of policies, many executives of real estate enterprises have made it clear that the market in 2017 is definitely not as good as that in 2016, and the market target will be lowered.

This article comes from WeChat WeChat official account:Gu San Gu Si (ID: GH _ A68D56C34119), Author: Gu Yuan, the first picture from: vision china.

There are not so many things in this world, but there are always some people who create various theories to create various problems. Medical impossible trinity is such a stupid theory.

There is a Mundell impossible trinity in financial theory. It is said that the financial system can only choose two of the three: free capital flow, exchange rate stability and monetary policy independence, and it is impossible to have all three, otherwise it will lead to financial collapse. In this financial theory, there is actually a premise, and that is legal tender.

Someone made up another theory with this theory, which is called impossible trinity’s theory of medical system. Cheap, efficient and good service. You can’t have both, otherwise it will lead to collapse.

At first glance, does this theory make sense? It seems to make sense.

Let me discuss the common views of this theory first. For example, the United States has chosen high efficiency and good service, which leads to extremely high medical costs. It’s so expensive that ordinary families can go bankrupt by getting a rabies vaccine and calling an ambulance. The United States is efficient and has good service, but it is expensive.

Many people praise American medical care and find it particularly humanized. Doctors and nurses are patient and smiling because they choose high efficiency and good service. Since efficiency and good service are satisfied in impossible trinity, the cost can never be cheap.

American nuclear magnetic resonance imaging costs $1,100, appendicitis surgery costs about $15,000, and hospitalization costs $5,000 a day. A federal survey in 2012 found that the average cost per ambulance ride was $224.(about 1485 yuan)To $2204(about 14610 RMB)Between

For another example, Commonwealth countries and Europe choose cheap and good service, and as a result, it is difficult to see a doctor and queue up to death. Make an appointment with a dentist for one month, an ophthalmologist for seven months, and a B-ultrasound for three months. As long as it’s not a dying disease that needs emergency treatment, you have to queue up slowly. In the case of limited medical resources, low price and good service are required, and the result is extremely low efficiency.

Similarly, the medical systems in impossible trinity, the Commonwealth and Europe chose cheap and good service. The reason is simple. Good service requires doctors to listen patiently to every patient and give them time to talk. It takes at least half an hour to see a patient like this. Every doctor can see 16 patients in an eight-hour working day.

The limited number of doctors leads to the limited number of patients you can see every day, so you need to queue up in advance to make an appointment. As long as it’s not a dying disease, it’s not unusual to wait for three to five months before it’s your turn. The Canadian documentary "You are Dead" is about the problem of long queues in the medical systems of Commonwealth countries.

Choice determines efficiency, which is the case in all Commonwealth and European countries. The inefficiency of medical system is everywhere. In order to prevent patients from waiting too long, there is even a law that 90% of patients should be treated by a specialist within 13 weeks, and the rest must be treated within 26 weeks. The waiting time for surgery should not exceed 18 months.

China, with its large population and tight per capita expenses, chose cheap and efficient.The price is high-intensity work of doctors, high turnover of beds and high turnover of outpatient clinics, so that everyone can see a doctor.

Because of the large population and limited medical resources, and I hope everyone can see a doctor, we can only choose cheap and efficient. Choosing cheap and efficient means that it is normal to see a person for three minutes and ask two sentences to diagnose the disease.

If you register in the public top three, you shouldn’t queue up. Doctors need to serve smiles and have patience to listen. Is it possible? How many patients are there in a big hospital a day? Really want to engage in patient service, every patient has to talk about his illness for half an hour, and the efficiency is simply not allowed.

It is also the best hospital in China and America. The Mayo Clinic has 15 times as many medical staff as Concord, but only half the number of patients. 15 times the number of medical staff and 1/2 of the number of patients, which means that the efficiency of Concord is 30 times that of Mayo Clinic.

The outpatient fee of Mayo Clinic started at $500, but after the outpatient fee increased in Beijing, it was 50 Qian Qi.

Do you think Concord is tired enough? In fact, compared with Beijing Children’s Hospital, Concord is already relaxed. The average daily attendance of Beijing Children’s Hospital in winter is 12,000, with a peak of 16,000. In other words, 360,000 people will be treated every month in winter.

But now the first-and second-level hospitals and community clinics can basically be on call. Except for some top hospitals, most tertiary hospitals can also go to the hospital on the same day, see a doctor on the same day, and get the results within the same day or a few days. If this is all difficult to see a doctor, it is hard to imagine that Canada, where the average waiting time for emergency treatment is six to eight hours, and Britain and the United States, where appointments are made for several months.

It is difficult to see a doctor in people’s mouth now. In fact, it is difficult to find the top three famous experts in the region.It is actually not difficult to find the top three directors in the region to see a doctor, because many hospitals are not limited to the number, and they will finish reading it on the same day. Patients are crowded into the top three, which also causes a structural shortage of hospital bed resources. Judging from the number of inpatients undertaken by hospitals at all levels, the trend is very obvious. Low-level hospitals are getting empty, but high-level hospitals are getting crowded.

The beds in the top three are overcrowded. Let’s take a look at the first-and second-level hospitals and community hospitals below. Except for the old people who prescribe drugs for chronic hypertension for a long time, they are basically empty. Why? Because patients simply don’t believe that they can cure the disease.

Ok, is there a problem with the above discussion? Is it the actual situation?The reality discussed above is true, but the theory is wrong.What’s wrong with that?

The first big mistake: the definition of inefficiency, free and high quality in the Commonwealth system is wrong

If you don’t talk about other countries, say Britain. In Britain, the annual per capita absolute medical cost is 3327 pounds.($4,356). However, in recent years, the average life expectancy in Britain has remained basically unchanged, while in other countries, it has improved significantly. For example, in Singapore, the average life expectancy is 82.7 years, and medical expenditure only accounts for 4.3% of GDP.

Health care in the UK has increased from 21 in 2014.(A total of 56 countries participated in the ranking)It fell to 35 places in 2015, down 14 places, and currently lags behind Chile, Algeria and the Czech Republic. This change means that it has fallen to the bottom half of the Bloomberg list, and it is now behind Mexico, which is equivalent to Slovakia and Peru. The NHS is notorious for frequent accidents, insufficient supply and low efficiency.

It can be seen that the medical system of the Commonwealth system is expensive, poor in quality and inefficient. Medical impossible trinity theory,Mistreating welfare medical care as free medical care and giving him a cheap label is actually just medical care implemented by taxation.The cost is very high,Per capita expenditure is close to half that of the United States.

Secondly, medical impossible trinity theory.Completely ignoring people’s needs, and actually treating queuing for medical treatment as a good service.It takes months to see a doctor. Is this called service? Is there only one dimension of good attitude as the standard of medical service quality?

I won’t see a doctor. I’m not a doctor. If you are sick, you can spend 10 thousand yuan to find me. I will accompany you with a smile all day. Is it called service? Helping patients to solve their pain is the first dimension of medical service quality, and even seeing a doctor in time can’t be done. How can this be called good service?

The second big mistake: the definition of the most special American medical care in the world is wrong.

Impossible trinity Theory defines the United States as expensive, good in service and efficient.

Consumers are pursuing cost performance when they consume any commodity.

If you spend 30 yuan to press a foot in a street foot bath shop, you won’t pursue a luxurious hall and beautiful welcome. As long as you press it comfortably, you will say that the service is really good because of its high cost performance. On the contrary, you spend 500 yuan to press a foot in a high-end club. If a stingy man brings you tea and water, you will turn around and leave, because you will calculate your input-output ratio, and you spend more money in the hope of enjoying better service.

That ambulance will cost 1200 dollars for a trip. Is this called service? Just like if you order a fast food, you get 1000 yuan RMB. Who will say that this is good service? I can’t afford to get sick. You told me that this service is efficient and good? What kind of dog theory is this?

Let’s look at what is efficient.Whether efficiency only refers to speed depends on the result.Barefoot doctors in China used to see a doctor very quickly. Most patients came to prescribe some anti-inflammatory drugs and painkillers and sent them away. There was no inspection equipment, so the speed was certainly fast.

Efficiency depends on what the result is. What is an important criterion for the quality of medical services? It is the index of life expectancy and the calculation of input cost. Americans spend an average of tens of thousands of dollars a year on medical care, but the average life expectancy of Americans is the lowest in developed countries, and it often drops in some years. What kind of efficiency and good service is this?　

The third mistake: take medical service for granted as a pot of rice.

According to impossible trinity’s definition, a good doctor’s service attitude means a good service. Hurry up and see that a doctor is called efficient and a low fee means cheap. He also made a big mistake. He ignored people’s different needs.

Does the catering market exist in impossible trinity? If you have a big dining hall that everyone must go to, there will be impossible trinity:

Ma Yun came to dinner and ate the dishes of migrant workers, which is called poor service.

It is not expensive for middle-class people to eat, but they have to queue up, which is called inefficiency.

When the poor go to eat, they find that the price is more expensive than the roadside stalls. This is called the price is not cheap.

But didn’t the multi-level catering market completely solve this problem? Isn’t it cheap, efficient and good service for everyone to eat in a place that suits them?You mix all the people at all levels of consumption. Isn’t this an artificial contradiction?As a result, no one is satisfied. Is this the inevitable impossible trinity of the medical market?

More market-oriented medical care is that the needs of the poor will also be met, and it will be efficient and cheap.

India, which we despise, will show the world a model of medical marketization in 20 or 30 years. Private hospitals in India have innovated ophthalmic cataract surgery. One doctor performed cataract surgery for five or six patients at the same time. The doctor only did the key parts, while the rest were all operated by nurses. Low cost, low charge, high efficiency and good effect.

There is a private hospital in India that needs only $1,200 for heart surgery, which is a few tenths of the price of such surgery in the United States, but the level of surgery has surpassed that of ordinary hospitals in the United States. Just because other fields in India have not developed and people’s consumption power is insufficient, the results of medical marketization in India are not eye-catching.

The fourth mistake: misjudgment of China medical care.

If we just compare the United States, Commonwealth countries and China, my point is,Compared with medical care in these countries, medical care in China is efficient, good in service and cheap.

The per capita medical expenditure in China is about 10,000 yuan, but the average life expectancy in China is close to that in the United States. That is to say, it is close to that in the United States at one sixth of the medical expenses of Americans. Isn’t this efficient? When Chinese is ill, he can see a doctor at any time. Even if he goes to see an expert, he doesn’t have to wait for months. As long as you go to the queue, even if you buy a number from a scalper, you can always see him.

If you have to wait a month to meet experts in Beijing, how can 700 thousand people go to Beijing every day? In other words, you can quickly see experts who are equal to the severity of the disease, which is good service. Because the first dimension of medical service is not a good attitude, but that the other party can solve your problems.

Then it’s cheaper, the total expenditure is less, and of course it’s cheaper. The total expenditure of Chinese is lower than that of the United States or the United Kingdom. Once again, this is a comparison, and the bar is fine.

Then why? There’s actually only one reason,The degree of marketization of medical care in China is higher than that in Europe and America.

Nani, what are you talking about? It’s acceptable to say that all medical services in Britain are public, while hospitals and insurance companies in the United States are mainly private, while hospitals in China are mainly public. What makes you conclude that medical services in China are more market-oriented?

The world is often so strange, and the name is easy to deceive people. American hospitals are playing a private name, as if they were the product of marketization. Is this true? No, you have to look at the essence through the phenomenon. What is medical marketization? To put it more popularly, it isHospitals and doctors aim at making money, and the process of making money is less interfered.The less intervention, the higher the degree of marketization.

Do you think hospitals and doctors in China aim at making money? Of course it is. Because hospitals in China are not like public hospitals in Britain, which are fully funded, but hospitals in China have very little financial allocation.The main income of the hospital comes from the fees paid by patients.

Zhu Hongbiao, inspector of the Department of Physical Reform of the National Health and Wellness Commission, said that the direct subsidies from all levels of finance to public hospitals nationwide increased from 84.9 billion yuan in 2010 to 270.5 billion yuan in 2018. There are 50,000 public hospitals and health centers, with an average allocation of more than 5 million a year. Even the money for buying equipment is not enough, let alone paying salaries.

Therefore, hospitals in Britain do not aim at making money. They are the same as civil servants, and they are fully funded units. They do not need to cater to the needs of consumers, so they have a fixed source of income.

What is the difference between a fully funded hospital and a hospital that relies on patients to pay for medical treatment? The difference is,If you want to earn money, you must cater to consumers.Otherwise, consumers will not come to see you.

Although public hospitals are subject to various controls,But doctors in China have the motivation to improve their medical skills and to form a good reputation in the local society.Because skills and reputation can be exchanged for money, which can make more consumers come here.

Why can so many doctors operate for more than ten hours from day to night? What are they for? Because medical skills need practice, contact with various cases and repeated operations. Such doctors will become scarce resources, and thus get higher income.

If doctors are managed according to the civil service system, why should doctors improve their medical level? Why are you working so hard? Can’t you see fewer patients? Can’t you do a few less operations? Don’t I get the same salary? Under real public ownership, doctors have no incentive to improve efficiency.

Therefore, for a long time, doctors in public hospitals in China have been working hard, because efforts will have results, and efforts can increase income. At present, the level of treatment and operation of doctors in China is not inferior to that of developed countries, and even leads the world in many fields. The treatment level is high and the fees are not high, which is called good service.

It’s just that Dr. China’s income is limited, so he can’t raise the operation fee, so he can replace it with a red envelope, but he can’t raise the outpatient fee, so he can replace it with drug commission and inspection commission. Of course, these methods are not good, but they still constitute an incentive for doctors, and finally they have not blocked the way for doctors to make money.

Therefore, China hospitals have the motivation to continuously expand their scale, increase equipment and wards, and doctors have the motivation to continuously improve their level. Because they can make money, although they are restricted, they still have access.

At present, the scale of well-known top-three hospitals in various places is often very large, and some of them have operating income as high as several billion yuan. Is this entirely funded by the government? No. It is brought by the rush of consumers. There are always endless queues at the entrance of the top three hospitals, and the bustling crowds come to the door on their own initiative, and they vote with banknotes.

Many people say that private hospitals in China are terrible, and there is nothing wrong. Except ophthalmology and dentistry, other private medical services are really not so good, and they are full of fraud and low quality. Why is this? Because the marketization of public hospitals is not low. If it was a fully funded unit, the doctor would have finished running.

This makes it more difficult for private hospitals and public hospitals to compete. Many doctors don’t want to leave the public to go private for the simple reason.There are many public patients, and consumers have voted with their feet to prove that public hospitals in China can partially satisfy consumers.

Going back to American medical care, American medical care is completely private. Why is it so expensive? American medical care is subject to a lot of government control. Although it is nominally private, it must be handled according to various government regulations, which is called insufficient marketization. Give a few examples and you will understand.

Private hospitals in the United States need to apply to the government to increase beds. Is this called marketization?

Doctors in the United States need to apply to the government for interstate practice. Is this called marketization?

The number of doctors in the United States is controlled by doctors’ unions, and the supply quantity is artificially controlled. Is this called marketization?

The profit rate of medical insurance companies in the United States is set by the government. Is this called marketization?

How many restrictions are there like this? There are hundreds of them, and it takes tens of thousands of words to make them clear, so I won’t expand them here.

Then I’ll tell you again, even if all the medical enterprises in China are private enterprises now, it can’t be called marketization. Because in today’s China, the government-run medical insurance is dominant, and the government becomes the consumer of medical care, and he sets the rules. Even if you are a private medical service, your customers are also the government.

Under the current medical insurance control means, private medical care will also become an inefficient service organization, because it no longer serves consumers, but caters to and obeys the rules of government-run medical insurance.

It doesn’t matter whether the medical institution is public or private. What matters is whether it is market-oriented enough. As long as there are more market-oriented factors, so that consumers can choose with their feet and medical service providers can only make money by satisfying consumers, then medical care can be cheap, good and efficient.

The so-called medical impossible trinity theory is a stupid theory, and it is an argument for the specialization of medical services. In fact, medical care and eating are the same thing, both of which are service industries. How should medical care be done?Would you be satisfied with running a public canteen now?

This article comes from WeChat WeChat official account:Gu San Gu Si (ID: GH _ A68D56C34119), author: Gu Yuan